Thesis (M.S. in Human Systems Integration)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010. / Thesis Advisor(s): O'Connor, Paul E. ; Acosta, Hector M. ; Second Reader: McCauley, Michael E. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 16, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Human systems Iitegration, human readiness level, technology readiness level, human view, Defense Acquisition. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-62). Also available in print.

The use of co-ordinates as a description of land boundaries and their limitations has been investigated given recent advances in GPS measurement technology and its proliferation in the surveying and mapping industry. While the use of coordinate information is in essence a representation of reality at a given point in time, it is shown that they can be used within a well-defined framework for summary purposes. The conceptual and operational elements of a measurement-based spatial information system are developed in order to determine if it could aid in the organisation of land boundary information. The fundamental concepts of this information system are that measurements are the primary carriers of metric information. The investigation reveals that measurement-based concepts can serve as the foundation of a multi-purpose spatial information system. Increasing instrument precisions available to surveyors are providing quality measurements with decreasing uncertainties from standard daily operations. Much of this measurement information is in digital form and can provide useful additions of new information as and when they become available to the system. Control measurements are integrated into the system in the same manner as cadastral measurements. The addition of measurements increases the accuracy of the information system over time. The concept of a local controlled area and surface movement indicators are briefly covered relating to geo-movements of cadastral evidence. Some issues surrounding the historical foundations of geodetic datums are studied as they provides a basis of knowledge of where future spatial information developments may occur given current understandings and technological ability. A review of International and Australian measurement systems is presented. In this context, issues surrounding GPS traceability are explored as a means of demonstrating conformance with suitably recognised quantities of length and time. Discussion is held on the legal acceptance of measurements and reviews rules of evidence questioning the term geographical position used in Australian courts. An investigative study into rural property boundary surveys for subdivision purposes has been undertaken to provide comparative discussion on issues of changing methods and evolving technology approaches to the measurement challenges using GPS techniques.

Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe, die Dissertationen der Professur Mess- und Sensortechnik beinhaltet.

[pt] A quebra do monopólio na exploração do petróleo em território brasileiro passou a exigir maior controle metrológico dos sistemas de medição aplicados ao setor. O objetivo da presente pesquisa de mestrado em metrologia relaciona-se à caracterização das demandas qualificadas por serviços de metrologia. A motivação para desenvolvimento do trabalho tem origem na entrada em vigor da Portaria Conjunta no 1 ANP-INMETRO, que promoveu estudos e pesquisas relacionados à ciência das medições e incentivou uma nova cultura de medição no Brasil. O trabalho se desenvolveu no contexto do aumento da demanda por petróleo no mundo - reflexo do crescimento acelerado das economias de países emergentes e com impacto no preço desta commodity - o que passou a requerer sistemas de medição com baixos níveis de incerteza e maior exatidão. A metodologia utilizada inclui: (i) análise do ambiente de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás natural no Brasil; (ii) estudo da legislação aplicável e (iii) identificação das tecnologias de medição e das melhores práticas internacionais de medição de vazão. Como resultado foram identificadas as demandas por metrologia consideradas mais relevantes baseadas na experiência de medição da Petrobrás, notadamente da sua Unidade de Negócios da Bacia de Campos (UNBC). A partir da percepção das demandas identificadas, o trabalho propõe uma sistemática para identificar tipos de tecnologias de medição e de medidores adequados às necessidades metrológicas do setor de petróleo e gás natural visando nortear estudos de viabilidade técnica e econômica. O trabalho contribuiu para o avanço do entendimento da legislação e do conhecimento da medição no setor de petróleo e gás e hoje já subsidia a Petrobras no equacionamento da compatibilização da oferta com a demanda de serviços. Como conclusão sinaliza a vulverabilidade metrológica no setor. / [en] The breakup of the monopoly of crude oil exploration in Brazil has led to the need for a better assessment of measurement instruments. Brazil, which recently announced massive oil finds -the largest discovery in the West Hemisphere in the last three decades-, requires better national metrology infrastructure. The objective of this M.Sc. dissertation is to characterize qualified demands for basic metrology services. And its motivation stems from a new bill (Portaria Conjunta ANP-INMETRO) that prompted research and development programmes in the realm of metrology and gave rise to a new culture of measurement in Brazil. The research work was carried out in the context of a sharp increase in oil demand -particularly from India and China- in recent years. High oil prices driven by rising demand now call for measuring devices with low level of measurement uncertainty and greater accuracy. The methodology used included: (i) the analysis of oil and gas exploration environment in Brazil, (ii) the study of applicable legislation and (iii) the application of international best practices in flow measurement. Relevant metrology demands were identified -this was the major result of the research project- based on Petrobras`s own experience, notably from its Business Unit in the Campos Basin, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The work suggest a procedure to identify the various types of measuring schemes and meters most adequate for the oil industry and contributes to a better understanding of the applicable legislation. In addition, it helps Petrobras to balance supply and demand for metrology services. As a conclusion, the work highlights the vulnerability of metrology in the sector.

Abstract The dielectric properties of material are of importance in various industrial and scientific applications of measurement technology. These properties are usually measured by microwave sensors, methods that provide an average result of the entire sample volume. However, the need to know the dielectric properties of single particles has increased in various segments. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) as a method provides a way to determine dielectric properties, such as permittivity and conductivity, of single particles with good precision by using a sufficiently simple system. In this thesis the DEP platform consists of four electrodes with hyperbolic edge geometry. Geometry produces a linear electric field gradient which leads to a constant DEP force in the active region and ensures fairly straightforward determination of particle properties by means of their DEP mobility. Particle mobility is dependent on particle size, the slope of the electric field gradient, the conductivity of the carrier fluid and the frequency of the electric field. For this thesis has been studied particle characterization on a 2D platform, particle 3D behavior, simultaneous multiphenomena observation and the applicability of transparent indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrode material to DEP platforms. Experiments were made with polystyrene particles, using carrier fluids of varying conductivity. Electrode transparency enabled holographic 3D imaging and thus also the observation of particle behavior in the depth direction. This 3D imaging revealed the restricted working distance from the electrode plane, as well as the mobility of particles in the depth dimension under the DEP force. It was also observed that there was only a marginal difference between 3D mobility and 2D mobility inside the active region. The dielectric properties of the polystyrene particles were determined and found to differ from those of solid polystyrene, and thus the properties of the carrier fluid have a distinctive effect on particle properties. The measurement achieved good precision in a single particle measurement and thus the total particle consistency could be very low. The main restrictions of the DEP method are the limited working distance and restricted range of particle sizes: based on the results of this thesis, with a fixed size platform the particle size may not vary by more than tenfold. / Tiivistelmä Materiaalin dielektriset ominaisuudet ovat merkittäviä monissa teollisissa sekä tieteellisissä mittausteknisissä sovelluksissa. Yleensä nämä ominaisuudet mitataan mikroaaltosensoreilla, joilla mitataan näytetilavuuden keskiarvo. Tarve tietää yksittäisen partikkelin dielektriset ominaisuudet on kuitenkin lisääntynyt useilla segmenteillä. Dielektroforeesi (DEP) on menetelmä, jolla voidaan toistettavasti mitata yksittäisen partikkelin permittiivisyys ja johtavuus suhteellisen yksinkertaisella mittaussysteemillä. Tässä työssä DEP-alusta koostuu neljästä elektrodista, joilla on hyperbelin muotoinen elektrodin reunan muoto. Geometria tuottaa lineaarisen sähkökentän gradientin, mikä johtaa vakio DEP-voimaan alustan aktiivisella alueella. Niinpä partikkelin ominaisuuksien määrittely niiden liikkuvuuden perusteellä on suoraviivaista. Liikkuvuus on riippuvainen partikkelin koosta, sähkökentän gradientin kulmakertoimesta, kantajaliuoksen johtavuudesta sekä käytetyn sähkökentän taajuudesta. Työssä on tutkittu partikkelin karakterisointia 2D-alustalla, partikkelin 3D-käyttäytymistä, samanaikaista moni-ilmiötarkkailua sekä indium-tina-oksidi (ITO) elektrodimateriaalin soveltuvuutta DEP-alustoihin. Kokeet tehtiin polystyreenipartikkeleilla käyttäen eri johtavuuksisia kaliumkloridi-kantajaliuoksia. Elektrodien läpinäkyvyys mahdollisti holografisen 3D-kuvantamisen, jonka avulla havaittiin alustan rajallinen toimintaetäisyys sekä partikkelin syvyyssuuntainen liike DEP-voiman vaikutuksesta. Kuitenkin 3D- ja 2D-liikkeen välillä havaittiin vain vähäinen ero. Määritellyt partikkelin dielektriset ominaisuudet eroavat kiinteän polystyreenin arvoista, jolloin kantajaliuoksen ominaisuuksilla on merkittävä vaikutus määriteltyihin partikkelin ominaisuuksiin. Mittauksilla saavutettiin hyvä toistettavuus jopa yksittäisen partikkelin mittauksista, niinpä näytteen partikkelipitoisuus voi olla erittäin pieni. DEP-menetelmän merkittävimpiä rajoitteita ovat rajallinen toimintaetäisyys sekä rajallinen partikkelikoon variaatio, mikä voi olla yhdellä DEP-alustalla noin kymmenkertainen.

Zentrales Thema des Oberflächenkolloquiums 2017 ist die anwendungsorientierte, funktionale geometrische Spezifikation und Messung der Oberfläche im Sinne der Gesamtgeometrie. Neben der Mikrogestalt wird dabei das Zusammenwirken mit der Makrogeometrie zur Erfüllung funktionaler Anforderungen diskutiert. Interessante Beiträge aus Industrie und Wissenschaft zeigen sowohl Lösungen als auch Probleme verschiedenster Fachbereiche auf. / Key issue of the International Colloquium on Surfaces 2017 is the application‐oriented, functional geometrical specification and verification of surfaces as part of the entire geometry. Therefore we discuss the interaction of micro and macro geometry, to fulfill functional requirements. Interesting articles from industry and research point out solutions as well as problems from multifaceted fields of expertise.

Wissenschaftliche Schriftenreihe, die Dissertationen der Professur Mess- und Sensortechnik beinhaltet. / Scientific series containing dissertations of the Professorship of Measurement and Sensor Technology.

Zentrales Thema des Oberflächenkolloquiums 2017 ist die anwendungsorientierte, funktionale geometrische Spezifikation und Messung der Oberfläche im Sinne der Gesamtgeometrie. Neben der Mikrogestalt wird dabei das Zusammenwirken mit der Makrogeometrie zur Erfüllung funktionaler Anforderungen diskutiert. Interessante Beiträge aus Industrie und Wissenschaft zeigen sowohl Lösungen als auch Probleme verschiedenster Fachbereiche auf. / Key issue of the International Colloquium on Surfaces 2017 is the application‐oriented, functional geometrical specification and verification of surfaces as part of the entire geometry. Therefore we discuss the interaction of micro and macro geometry, to fulfill functional requirements. Interesting articles from industry and research point out solutions as well as problems from multifaceted fields of expertise.

In the production of paper, the quality of the pulp is an important factor both for the productivity and for the final quality. Reliable real-time measurements of pulp quality are therefore needed. One way is to use acoustic or vibration sensors that give information-rich signals and place the sensors at suitable locations in a pulp production line. However, these sensors are not selective for the pulp properties of interest. Therefore, advanced signal processing and multivariate calibration are essential tools. The current work has been focused on the development of calibration routes for extraction of information from acoustic sensors and on signal processing algorithms for enhancing the information-selectivity for a specific pulp property or class of properties. Multivariate analysis methods like Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Orthogonal Signal Correction (OSC) have been used for visualization and calibration. Signal processing methods like Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Fast Wavelet Transform (FWT) and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) have been used in the development of novel signal processing algorithms for extraction of information from vibrationacoustic sensors. It is shown that use of OSC combined with PLS for prediction of Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) using FFT-spectra produced from vibration data on a Thermo Mechanical Pulping (TMP) process gives lower prediction errors and a more parsimonious model than PLS alone. The combination of FFT and PLS was also used for monitoring of beating of kraft pulp and for screen monitoring. When using regular FFT-spectra on process acoustic data the obtained information tend to overlap. To circumvent this two new signal processing methods were developed: Wavelet Transform Multi Resolution Spectra (WT-MRS) and Continuous Wavelet Transform Fibre Length Extraction (CWT-FLE). Applying WT-MRS gave PLS-models that were more parsimonious with lower prediction error for CSF than using regular FFT-Spectra. For a Medium Consistency (MC) pulp stream WT-MRS gave predictions errors comparable to the reference methods for CSF and Brightness. The CWT-FLE method was validated against a commercial fibre length analyzer and good agreement was obtained. The CWT-FLE-curves could therefore be used instead of other fibre distribution curves for process control. Further, the CWT-FLE curves were used for PLS modelling of tensile strength and optical parameters with good results. In addition to the mentioned results a comprehensive overview of technologies used with acoustic sensors and related applications has been performed. / Vid framställning av pappersprodukter är kvaliteten på massan en viktig faktor för produktiviteten och kvalitén på slutresultatet. Det är därför viktigt att ha tillgång till tillförlitliga mätningar av massakvalitet i realtid. En möjlighet är att använda akustik- eller vibrationssensorer i lämpliga positioner vid enhetsoperationer i massaprocessen. Selektiviteten hos dessa mätningar är emellertid relativt låg i synnerhet om mätningarna är passiva. Därför krävs avancerad signalbehandling och multivariat kalibrering. Det nu presenterade arbetet har varit fokuserat på kalibreringsmetoder för extraktion av information ur akustiska mätningar samt på algoritmer för signalbehandling som kan ge förbättrad informationsselektivitet. Multivariata metoder som Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Orthogonal Signal Correction (OSC) har använts för visualisering och kalibrering. Signalbehandlingsmetoderna Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Fast Wavelet Transform (FWT) och Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) har använts i utvecklingen av nydanande metoder för signalbehandling anpassade till att extrahera information ur signaler från vibrations/akustiska sensorer. En kombination av OSC och PLS applicerade på FFT-spektra från raffineringen i en Termo Mechnaical Pulping (TMP) process ger lägre prediktionsfel för Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) än enbart PLS. Kombinationen av FFT och PLS har vidare använts för monitorering av malning av sulfatmassa och monitorering av silning. Ordinära FFT-spektra av t.ex. vibrationssignaler är delvis överlappande. För att komma runt detta har två signalbehandlingsmetoder utvecklats, Wavelet Transform Multi Resolution Spectra (WT-MRS) baserat på kombinationen av FWT och FFT samt Continuous Wavelet Transform Fibre Length Extraction (CWT-FLE) baserat på CWT. Tillämpning av WT-MRS gav enklare PLS-modeller med lägre prediktionsfel för CSF jämfört med att använda normala FFT-spektra. I en annan tillämpning på en massaström med relativt hög koncentration (Medium Consistency, MC) kunde prediktioner för CSF samt ljushet erhållas med prediktionsfel jämförbart med referensmetodernas fel. Metoden CWT-FLE validerades mot en kommersiell fiberlängdsmätare med god överensstämmelse. CWT-FLE-kurvorna skulle därför kunna användas i stället för andra fiberdistributionskurvor för processtyrning. Vidare användes CWT-FLE kurvor för PLS modellering av dragstyrka samt optiska egenskaper med goda resultat. Utöver de nämnda resultaten har en omfattande litteratursammanställning gjorts över området och relaterade applikationer. / QC 20100629