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published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Mechanical Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

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This study examines the static recovery behaviour of a clad aluminum alloy manufactured by Novelis FusionTM technology after 72% cold rolling. The clad alloy system studied consisted of a core AA6XXX alloy clad on one side with AA3003. The Recovery at the inter-alloy region is compared with the recovery of core AA6XXX at the same depth from the rolling surface. Sample coupons from the inter-alloy region and core AA6XXX were heated isochronally and isothermally, at different temperatures and times, respectively, to probe the recovery kinetics of the X-ray peak broadening, X-ray macro-texture and micro-hardness from the cold rolled state. The recovery of the {220} and {311} X-ray line profiles were observed between the anneals. A pseudo-Voigt fit function was fit to the profile to obtain the defect related information. Recovery in the peak broadening began by 100°C and correlated to a decrease in the hardness. Sharpening of X-ray profiles during recovery is attributed to the microstructural evolution resulting from preferred release of the stored energy due to dislocation rearrangement and annihilation. Kinetic behaviour of the recovery is measured by observing the evolution of X-ray profiles and hardness during isothermal annealing at two different temperatures. Recovery behaviour in the inter-alloy region is measured to be relatively slower than the recovery of the core AA6XXX after same macroscopic pre-strain. Activation energy for recovery is calculated from the isothermal data to deduce a recovery mechanism. The activation energy calculated in core AA6XXX, 1.7eV, is close to the activation energy value for diffusion of Mg in Al (1.3-1.7eV). This indicates a possible role of Mg diffusion in the recovery of AA6XXX. The relatively higher activation energy for recovery of 2.9eV measured in the inter-alloy region may be due to pinning by nano-scale Al-Mn precipitates. The X-ray broadening data is deconvoluted to determine the apparent dislocation content using a modified Williamson-Hall model. The dislocation density measured in the AA6XXX and inter-alloy regions in the deformed and recovered conditions indicates that dislocation density is a suitable parameter that represents the stored energy that drives subsequent structural evolution during recovery. / Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-09-30 19:02:44.02

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The need to develop light-weight and high strength materials for car frames which improve fuel efficiency and provide increased passenger safety during dynamic events such as automobile crashes has been the focus of the steel and automobile industries for the past 30 years. In recent years, the development of high strength steels such as multi-phase TRIP (Transformation-Induced Plasticity)-aided steels have shown great promise due to their excellent combination of high strength and ductility. The savings in automobile weight is provided by the inherent strength of TRIP steels which allows for the use of thinner sections. The TRIP effect is characterized by the phenomenon known as strain-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) which enhances the work hardenability of such steels as the austenite phase transforms to the much harder martensite phase during plastic straining. This results in a resistance to local necking which subsequently enhances the strength, ductility, and formability of such steels. However, various factors exist which affect the mechanical behaviour of TRIP steels. This study will aim, through the use of finite element models, to investigate the role and influence of each of these factors on the TRIP effect in type 304 austenitic and multi-phase TRIP steels. These factors include the rate at which the martensitic transformation proceeds, the state of stress to which the material is subjected to, the interaction between the surrounding matrix and embedded retained austenite islands in multi-phase TRIP steels, and the volume fraction and morphology of the retained austenite islands. Investigation of these factors will provide further insight on each of their contributions to the TRIP effect in order to exploit the potential benefits offered by these steels.