Herbs have been the basis for medical treatments through much of human history, and even now such herbalism is still widely practiced around the world. Most frequently and traditionally, water is used as the extraction solvent for preparing medicinal herbs to generate decoction or infusion for medicinal purpose. In other words, in most cases, multiple chemical components in water extracts should be responsible for therapeutic (toxic and side, if any) effects of medicinal herbs. Phytochemical analysis of water extracts for quality control of medicinal herbs is therefore important to ensure their safeties and efficacies. Unfortunately, however, it is not given enough attention in the modern research whereas the relative current studies are intensively focused on organic solvent-extracts of medicinal herbs. In this project, analysis of medicinal herbs’ water extracts is thus focused. Various analytical approaches have been exhaustively developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemicals in water extracts of medicinal herbs. However, many research challenges in methodology still exist. Polysaccharides and small molecules are two most important kinds of chemcials in water extracts of medicinal herbs, so they also widely regarded as markers for quality evaluation. For analysis of small molecules, the levels of quantitative determination are always far unsatisfactory, normally less than 10%. For analysis of polysaccharides, the existed problems are even more serious in both sample preparation and chemical analysis. Ethanol precipitation is always the first step for crude polysaccharide preparation. But it is just directly used without optimization and its capacity has never been evaluated. Following that, chemical analysis of natural polysaccharide also suffers severe methodological bottlenecks and many drawbacks occurre in qualitative and quantitative characterization. Besides, polysaccharides and small molecules in medicinal herbs are always individually investigated but hardly studied together before. Concerning these issues, here several approaches and stratigies were accordingly proposed to improve the current situations using decoctions of some traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) as the research objects and examples. In detail, first, a quantitative method was developed for quality evaluation of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang. In this study, quantitative levels of small molecules were greatly improved, compared with the current analogous studies for quality evaluation of medicinal herbs. Then, shifting to polysaccharides, availability of ethanol precipitation for natural polysaccharide precipitation was critically evaluated. Parameters which could affect the ethanol precipitation results, such as structural features, molecular size of polysaccharide, and ethanol concentration were systematically investigated. Successively, a novel and rapid HPGPC-based strategy for quality control of saccharide-dominant medicinal herbs was proposed using Dendrobium officinale as the example. Polysaccharides in the decoction of Dendrobium officinale were qualitatively and quantitatively determined. The methodological superiority of the developed method compared with conventional approaches was highlighted. To facilitate this study, research on chemistry, bioactivity and quality control of Dendrobium was systematically reviewed in advance. After that, small molecules and polysaccharides in in Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Chuanxiong Rhizoma were compared together. Lastly, effects of ginseng polysaccharides on the in vivo pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rg1 on induced immunosuppressive model rats was investigated to provide a chemically holistic view for Du-Shen-Tang. By these studies, the above mentioned predicament in chemical analysis on both small molecuels and polysaccharides in water extracts of medicinal herbs were methodologically improved to varying degrees. Concerning small molecules and polysaccharides from multiple perspectives, the successive studies are helpful for enhancing quality evaluation and scientific understanding of medicinal herbs’ decoctions.

Pelargonium inquinans which belongs to the family Geraniaceae, is an essential oil yielding plant. P. inquinans was collected from two different sites in Grahamstown (wild) and Alice, at the University of Fort Hare botanical garden. Authentication of the plant was done by Dr. T. Dold at Schonland herbarium, and the voucher specimen being T01. This study is focused at determining the chemical constituents and biological properties of the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans across different seasons, as the plant grows throughout the year. Seasonal collection of wild and cultivated P. inquinans was achieved in a duration of 12 months. 32 essential oil samples of P. inquinans were obtained by extraction using hydro-distillation technique for 3-4 hours. The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined using GC/MS and GC/FID. Amongst the 32 essential oils only 4 samples wild ( fresh stem and leaf) and cultivated ( fresh stem and leaf) from summer season were evaluated for analgesic activity using acetic acid induced writhings and hot plate nociception models in mice, anti-inflammatory activity was determined on the egg albumin- induced rat paw oedema in rats. The results obtained from GC-MS revealed a total of 169 components obtained from the leafstem, fresh/dry wild and cultivated P. inquinans. These essential oils showed a great deal of chemotaxonomic variation and similarity in the major and minor components along the season. In spring season the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans had abundance of hydrogenated sesquiterpenes (20.6percent-66.7percent). The major components were found to be α-caryophyllene (9.1percent-26.8percent), p-xylene (23.3percent-27.5percent), β-caryophyllene (11.4percent-30.9percent), o-xylene (6.3percent-39.4percent), β-thujene (8.7percent), isocaryophyllene (13.9percent), isoborneol (14.2percent), β-myrcene (5.7percent), geranyl acetate (13.8percent), toluene (7.9percent), β-gurjunene (18.5percent), α-cadinene (15.8percent), β-farnesene (14.2percent), 3-carene (12.1percent) and camphene (9.0percent). In summer season the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans were found to have abundance of hydrogenated sesquiterpenes (50.3percent- 63.0percent), oxygenated monoterpenes (30.4percent) and hydrogenated monoterpenes (20.8percent- 61.0percent). The major components were found to be α-caryophyllene (12.3percent-25.8percent), β-caryophyllene (15.1percent- 31.7percent), trans-caryophyllene (10.3percent- 17.8percent), phytol (14.2percent- 20.2percent), camphor (46.5percent), sabinene (27.8percent), elemol (18.1percent), z3-hexenyl isobutyrate (16.3percent), limonene (12.1percent), menthone (12.1percent)< E.E-β-farnesene (14.7percent), palmitic acid (9.6percent), eugenol (9.4percent), cis- β-ocimene (8.7percent), α-terpineol (8.7percent), geranyl acetone (7.8percent), β- humulene (7.5percent). linoleic acid (7.4percent), trans-linalool oxide (7.4percent), β-bisabolene (7.1percent), cis- linalool oxide (7.1percent), ionone (6.9percent), caryophyllene oxide (6.9percent) and germacrene d (6.3percent). In autumn season the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans were found to be rich in hydrogenated sesquiterpenes (29.3percent- 65.2percent) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (22.8percent- 31.4percent). The major components were found to be α-caryophyllene (15.5percent- 23.4percent), β-caryophyllene (15.2percent- 17.2percent), β-myrcene (7.7percent-13.8percent), β-humulene (8.7percent- 15.2percent), caryophyllene oxide (9.8- 16.2percent), trans- caryophyllene (16.7percent- 23.3percent), α-humulene (11.8percent- 18.6percent), linoleic acid (11.2percent), palmitic acid (10.4percent), phytol acetate (8.5percent), -longipinene (8.3percent) and citronellol (7.8percent). In winter season the essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans were found to have abundance of hydrogenated sesquiterpenes (25.1percent- 48.6percent), oxygenated monoterpenes (47.6percent), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (22.2percent- 28.0percent). The major components were found to be β-caryophyllene (14.6percent- 23.0percent), α-caryophyllene (9.4percent- 18.0percent), trans- caryophyllene (12.2percent- 14.6percent), α-cedrene (26.2percent), germacrene –d-4-ol (16.8percent), 2,6-dihydroxyacetophenone (15.6percent), (+) epibicyclosesquiphellandrene (15.3percent), E-β- farnesene (13.0percent), β-phellandrene (11.7percent), 2-nitrophenol (9.5percent), palatinol (8.4percent), geranyl acetate (7.7percent) and linoleic acid (7.4percent). The oils from the wild and cultivated sources showed significant (p<0.05-0.001) decrease in number of writhes induced by the acetic acid compared to vehicle; caused significant (p<0.05-0.001) delay in reaction time on the hot plate at 60 and 90 min post-treatment and significantly (p<0.05-0.001) reduced oedema size caused by the egg albumin injection compared to the vehicle. The oils from the wild plant showed more potency compared to the cultivated. The essential oils of wild and cultivated P. inquinans showed qualitative, quantitative and chemotaxonomic variation with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. These essential oils need to be explored for further biological analysis because of the major components they contain.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:53:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_vm_me_botib.pdf: 317215 bytes, checksum: ff0dcd5619e23c674cb1a4079dd8c95c (MD5) / Adepressão e as desordens de ansiedade são distúrbios psiquiátricos de alta prevalência, cuja falta ou o tratamento inadequado acarretam um impacto negativo expressivo na vida social, física e mental do individuo. Historicamente, depressão e ansiedade são clinicamente consideradas desordens separadas e distintas, predominantemente devido aos diferentes tratamentos utilizados, usualmente os antidepressivos tricíclicos e os benzodiazepínicos, respectivamente. Entretanto, muitos estudos clínicos têm demonstrado uma grande sobreposição entre esses dois estados e vários antidepressivos são também utilizados no tratamento da ansiedade. Porém, mesmo com o arsenal terapêutico disponível, muitos portadores destes transtornos não respondem ao tratamento, a terapêutica efetiva leva algumas semanas para manifestar seus efeitos e estes são muitas vezes acompanhados por efeitos adversos. Neste contexto, as plantas medicinais desempenham um importante papel na busca de novos compostos, mais eficazes e seguros para o tratamento dessas desordens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a atividade do óleo essencial obtido da espécie Rosmarinus offi.cinalis L. em modelos experimentais clássicos de depressão (Teste do Nado Forçado), transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (Labirinto em Cruz Elevado) e Transtorno Obsessivo Compulsivo (Teste de Esconder Esferas). Os resultados são promissores, pois o óleo essencial demonstrou ser ativo na dose de 500 mglkg no Teste do ado Forçado e no Teste de Esconder Esferas, sem apresentar indícios de alterações sobre o sistema motor no Teste da Barra Giratória. Não foi observada atividade no modelo de ansiedade generalizada. O conjunto de resultados sugere a presença de efeito compatível com atividade sobre a depressão e sobre o transtorno obsessivo compulsivo. A continuidade deste estudo objetivará o esclarecimento do mecanismo de... / Depression and anxiety are psychiatric disorders of high prevalence. Lack or inappropriate treatment has a significant negative impact on person' s social and physical life as well as on mental well-being. Historically, depression and anxiety were considered separated and distinct disorders in the medical concept, due to different approaches usually used for their treatment, such as tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines, respectively. However, many clinical studies have shown a great overlapping between these two states and many antidepressants are also used for the treatment of anxiety. Although a wide range of therapeutic drugs is available, many patients do not respond to the antidepressant treatment. Some weeks are required for an effective therapeutic response and treatment effects are usually accompanied by unwanted side-effects. Thus, attempts in order to find new, more effective and safe treatment options are necessary. ln this perspective, medicinal plants play an important role on the research of new drugs for treatment of these disorders. The objective ofthis paper was to evaluate the effect of essential oil obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis L. in c1assical experimental models of depression (Forced Swimming Test), generalized anxiety disorder (Elevated Plus Maze) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (Marble Burying Test). Our results are promising, such essential oil was active at 500 mglkg in the Forced Swimming Test and in the Marble Burying Test, without impairment upon the motor system, evaluated in the Rota-rod Test. There was no observed activity in the experimental procedure to generalized anxiety. Data analysis suggests the presence of depression and obsessivecompulsive disorder-like effects. The continuity of this study will intend the elucidation of action mechanisms, pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicity of essential oil form Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 camargo_ees_dr_arafcf.pdf: 2843351 bytes, checksum: 6cef82229e6c2adebf97fcde6b8ae17a (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Os sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo estão em fase de transição. As mudanças nos trazem diariamente diferentes prioridades e expectativas e uma nova série de acrônimos a ser aprendida. No Brasil, vários municípios e estados, implantaram programas de distribuição de plantas medicinais e medicamentos fitoterápicos, com o objetivo de garantir o acesso dos usuários ao medicamento. As informações para o diagnóstico dos programas foram obtidas por meio de questionário, enviados a 124 municípios, os quais estavam cadastrados no Departamento de Assistência Farmacêutica da Secretaria de Ciência e Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos do Ministério da Saúde, como sendo detentores de programas de fitoterapia. Após o recebimento dos questionários respondidos e verificados quais encontravam em atividades, foram selecionados 10 programas dos quais realizou-se visitas in loco no sentido de confirmar as respostas obtidas nos respectivos questionários. Os resultados obtidos através dos questionários, foram concordantes aos observados nas visitas técnicas. Do total de questionários enviados, foram devolvidos 36% e desses, 55% estão em atividades no país. As regiões nordeste e sudeste concentram o maior número de programas em atividades. Porém a região sudeste também se destaca no número de programas que abandonaram suas atividades. Os motivos relacionados a implantação dos programas foram atribuídos a demanda da população em utilizar plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos. A iniciativa que levou os municípios implantarem os programas foram atribuídos em aproximadamente 58%, pelos gestores, porém as dificuldades encontradas na implantação, em 91% deles, atribuíram a falta de recursos financeiros. Mesmo assim, esses municípios usaram recursos próprios para efetivação dos serviços. Um fator bastante forte, que assegura a continuidade dos serviços, atribui-se em... / Health systems around the world are in transition. Changes in daily bring different priorities and expectations and a new set of acronyms to learn. In Brazil, many municipalities and states have implemented programs for the distribution of medicinal plants and herbal medicines, in order to ensure users access to medicine. The information for the diagnosis of the programs were obtained through a questionnaire sent to 124 municipalities, which were registered in the Department of Pharmaceutical Services of the Department of Science and Technology and Strategic Inputs of the Ministry of Health, as having programs for herbal medicine. Upon receipt the answered of the questionnaire, it was being able to identify which programs are in activity. Then, it was selected ten programs to technical visit for confirmation of the answers in their questionnaires. The results obtained from the questionnaires were in agreement with was observed in the technical visits. Of the total questionnaires, it was returned 36%, and of these, 55% are in-country activities. The northeast and southeast regions have the highest number of programs in activity. The southeast is notable in the number of programs that have abolished their activities. The implementation of the programs occurs basically because the demand of the population in uses medicinal plants and herbal medicines. The initiative of municipalities to roll out the programs was allocated in 58% by the managers, but the lack of financial resources was the difficulties factor for implementation in 91% of theses programs. Nevertheless, 50% of theses programs are involved in organizations and communities, which is a strong factor to ensure continuity of service. It means that 50% of municipalities have being used their own resources for effective services. In approximately 80% of programs the doctors did not adhere to the herbal medicine... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:49:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_es_me_botib.pdf: 444476 bytes, checksum: 204ed9f67d83c3092663922679788606 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Garcinia achachairu Rubsy (Clusiaceae) é popularmente conhecida como achachairú, e é usada na medicina popular boliviana como cicatrizante, digestiva, propriedades laxativa e no tratamento de gastrite, reumatismo e inflamações. Apesar de sua ampla utilização terapêutica, há uma carência de dados acerca de seus efeitos genotóxicos in vivo. Contudo, neste trabalho, foi utilizado o ensaio cometa e teste do micronúcleo, respectivamente, para avaliar os possíveis efeitos genotóxicos e clastogênicos do extrato de semente de Garcinia achachairu (GAE) em diferentes células de camundongos. O extrato foi administrado via gavage em doses de 500, 1000 e 2000 mg / kg. Para as análises, foram realizados o ensaio cometa em leucócitos (coletados 4 e 24 horas após o tratamento), fígado, medula óssea e células testiculares (coletadas 24 horas após o tratamento), e o teste de micronúcleo (MN) em células da medula óssea. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada pela contagem consecutiva de 200 eritrócitos policromáticos (PCE) e normocromáticos (NCE) (PCE / NCE relação). Os resultados mostraram que o GAE não induziu danos ao DNA significativos em leucócitos (amostras de 4h e 24h), fígado, medula óssea e células testiculares (amostras de 24h amostras). Não foi evidenciado aumento significativo de eritrócitos policromáticos micronucleados (MNPCE) nas três doses testadas. A relação PCE / NCE não indicou citotoxicidade. Nas nossas condições experimentais, os dados obtidos sugerem que uma única administração oral do extrato de G. achachairu não causa genotoxicidade e clastogenicidade em diferentes células de camundongos / Garcinia achachairu Rubsy (Clusiaceae) is popularly known as achachairu, and is used in folk Bolivian medicine for its healing, digestive, and laxative properties, and in the treatment of gastritis, rheumatism and inflammation. Despite its widespread therapeutic use, there is a lack of data regarding its in vivo genotoxic effects. Therefore, in this study, we used the comet assay and the micronucleus test, respectively, to evaluate the possible genotoxic and clastogenic effects of Garcinia achachairu seed extract (GAE) on different cells of mice. The GAE was administered by oral gavage at doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. For the analysis, the comet assay was performed on the leukocytes (collected 4 and 24 hours after treatment), liver, bone marrow and testicular cells (collected 24 hours after treatment), and the micronucleus test (MN) on bone marrow cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed by scoring 200 consecutive polychromatic (PCE) and normochromatic (NCE) erythrocytes (PCE/NCE ratio). The results showed that GAE did not induce significant DNA damage in leukocytes (4h and 24 h samples), liver, bone marrow and testicular cells (24 h samples). Neither did they show any significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) at the three tested doses. The PCE/NCE ratio indicated no cytotoxicity. Under our experimental conditions, the data obtained suggest that a single oral administration of G. achachairu extract does not cause genotoxicity and clastogenicity in different cells of mice

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bechlin_ma_me_araiq.pdf: 769179 bytes, checksum: 3fbc87eedb2e2dfc72b1ccbf062be051 (MD5) / Este trabalho tem por objetivo a determinação do microelemento boro e dos macroelementos enxofre e fósforo em plantas medicinais por espectrometria de absorção atômica em chama de alta resolução com fonte contínua (HR-CS F AAS). Para a determinação do boro foram avaliadas duas linhas atômicas (λ1= 249,773 nm e λ2= 249,677 nm), para o enxofre duas linhas moleculares da molécula CS (λ1= 257,595 nm e λ2= 257,958 nm) e, para o fósforo três linhas moleculares da molécula PO (λ1= 246,400 nm; λ2= 247,620 nm e λ3= 247,780 nm). Para incrementar a sensibilidade na determinação de B, P e S, estudaram-se duas metodologias instrumentais: a integração da absorbância no comprimento de onda (WIA) e o somatório de absorbâncias. O aumento da área de integração mostrou ser mais eficiente no ganho de sensibilidade do que a estratégia do somatório de absorbâncias de diferentes linhas devido ao erro acumulado pela soma ser superior ao aumento do sinal analítico. As condições otimizadas de análise apresentaram limite de detecção de 0,5 mg L-1 (5,8 mg kg-1) e 13,7 mg L-1 (172 mg kg-1) nos comprimentos de onda 249,773 nm e 247,620 nm, com áreas de integração de 3 e 5 pixels, respectivamente, para B e P. Para S o menor limite de detecção foi obtido pela soma das absorbâncias e área de integração de 1 pixel, porém devido ao extenso tratamento de dados manual envolvido e o pequeno incremento em sensibilidade (10%), utilizou-se para as determinações a linha 257,595 nm com área de integração de 5 pixels que apresentou limite de detecção de 34,7 mg L-1 (440 mg kg-1). Titânio foi empregado como agente de liberação para impedir a interferência do cálcio na produção da molécula diatômica de PO. A avaliação da exatidão do método foi realizada pela análise de materiais certificados, cujos valores encontrados experimentalmente foram concordantes... / The goal of this work was the determination of the microelement boron and macroelements phosphorus and sulfur in medicinal plants by high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS F AAS). For boron determination, two atomic lines were evaluated (λ1= 249,773 nm and λ2= 249,677 nm), to sulfur two molecular lines of CS molecule (λ1= 257,595 nm and λ2= 257,958 nm) and, to phosphorus three molecular lines of PO molecule (λ1= 246,400 nm; λ2= 247,620 nm and λ3= 247,780 nm). To improve sensitivity in the determination of B, P and S two instrumental methodologies were also studied, the wavelength integrated absorbance (WIA) and the summation of absorbance. The increase in integration area showed better results in gain of sensitivity in comparison to the sum of absorbance of different lines due to the accumulated error to be superior of the improvement in the analytical signal. The optimized conditions of analysis presented limit of detection of 0,5 mg L-1 (5,8 mg kg-1) and 13,7 mg L-1 (172 mg kg-1) on the wavelengths 249,773 nm and 247,620 nm, with integration areas of 3 and 5 pixels, respectively, for B and P. For S the best limit of detection was obtained for the sum of absorbance and integration area of 1 pixel, however, due to the laborious manual date treatment and the little increment in sensitivity (10%) the line 257,595 nm with integration area of 5 pixels was used to determinations, and presented limit of detection of 34,7 mg L-1 (440 mg kg-1). Titanium was employed as releasing agent to prevent the interference from calcium in the formation of the diatomic molecule of PO. The accuracy was evaluated by the analysis of two certified materials, experimental values were in agreement with certified values at 95% confidence level to P and S, and 98% confidence level to B. The methodology allows the determination of boron content in 11 samples... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Wagner Vilegas / Banca: Elfriede Marianne Bacchi / Banca: Edna Tomiko Myiake Kato / Banca: Eliana Aparecida Varanda / Banca: Mary Rosa Rodrigues de Marchi Santiago da Silva / Resumo: Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul é uma planta medicinal utilizada na medicina tradicional no tratamento de doenças de pele, assim como o vitiligo. As furanocumarinas lineares psoraleno e bergapteno são os principais compostos responsáveis por esse efeito. O medicamento "V" produzido a partir do vegetal Brosimum gaudichaudii é usado pela população no tratamento do vitiligo, por ser alegado que o mesmo contém bergapteno. Entretanto, nada é conhecido a respeito do conteúdo de bergapteno nesse medicamento. Além disso, o uso de furanocumarinas tem sido relacionado ao aumento na incidência de câncer de pele e outras desordens assim como mutação gênica e aberrações cromossômicas em humanos. Este trabalho reporta análises qualitativas e quantitativas do vegetal B. gaudichaudii e do medicamento "V" por CLAE-DAD e CG-EM. As análises mostraram que as furanocumarinas estão presentes em maiores quantidades no córtex das raízes do vegetal, e que o medicamento "V" contém derivados de ácidos graxos e apenas pequenas quantidades de psoraleno e bergapteno. De acordo com a composição do extrato polar de B. gaudichaudii e do medicamento "V", os flavonóides 5,7,3',4'-tetraidroxi-6-C-glucopiranosilflavona e 5,7,3',4'-tetraidroxi-3-O-β-D-galactopiranosilflavonol foram identificados no extrato metanólico das folhas de B. gaudichaudii, mas estão ausentes no medicamento "V". Ensaios biológicos para mutagenicidade mostraram que os extratos aquoso e metanólico do córtex das raízes do vegetal são mutagênicos enquanto que os do medicamento não apresentam mutagenicidade...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Brosimum gaudchaudii Trécul is a medicinal plant that has been used in traditional medicine to treat skin diseases such as vitiligo. The linear furanocoumarins psoralen and bergapten are the main compounds responsible for this effect. Drug "V" produced from B. gaudichaudii has been used by the population for the treatment of vitiligo because its alleged content of bergapten. However, nothing is known about the bergapten content in drug V. Furthermore, the use of furanocoumarins has been linked to a higher incidence of skin cancer and other disorders such as gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations in humans. This work reports the qualitative and quantitative analyses of B. gaudichaudii and drug "V" by HPLC and CG-MS. The analyses showed that furanocoumarins are present in large amounts in the root bark of the plant, and that drug "V" contains fatty acid derivatives and only small amounts of psoralen and bergapten. Concerning the polar composition of B. gaudichaudii and drug V, the flavonoids 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-6-C-glucopyranosyl flavone and 5,7,3',4'- tetrahydroxy-3-O-β-galactopyranosyl flavonol were identified in the methanolic extract of B. gaudichaudii leaves, but are absent in drug "V". . Biological assays showed that the aqueous and methanolic extracts of the root bark of the plant are mutagenic, while drug "V" does not show mutagenicity. Preliminary cytotoxic assays showed that methanolic extracts of the root bark and of drug "V" are more cytotoxic than their respective aqueous extracts. In conclusion, B. gaudichaudii and drug "V" seems to present several differences not only in their chemical composition but also in the biological properties evaluated in this study. / Doutor

Orientador: Eliana Aparecida Varanda / Banca: Francisca da Luz Dias / Banca: Denise Crispin Tavares / Banca: Iracilda Zeppone Carlos / Banca: Daisy Maria Fávero Salvador / Resumo: No presente trabalho, foram avaliadas dez espécies vegetais, nativas do cerrado brasileiro e utilizadas popularmente no tratamento de úlceras gástricas, quanto ao seu potencial mutagênico. Foram empregados os testes de Ames (in vitro) e do micronúcleo em células do sangue periférico de camundongos (in vivo). De cada espécie vegetal foram avaliados dois tipos de extratos brutos: um polar e um apolar. Nos ensaios in vitro foi verificada mutagenicidade especialmente para os extratos polares (metanólicos) das seguintes espécies vegetais: A. castaneifolia, A. glandulosa, A. triplinervia, M. pusa, Q. grandiflora, Q. multiflora e S. pseudoquina. Nesses mesmos ensaios, os únicos extratos apolares que apresentaram mutagenicidade foram os obtidos de Q. grandiflora e Q. multiflora. Foram avaliados in vivo apenas os extratos polares, sendo que apresentaram mutagenicidade os extratos metanólicos de A. castaneifolia, A. glandulosa, A. triplinervia, Q. multiflora e S. pseudoquina. De acordo com as caracterizações químicas realizadas com as espécies vegetais estudadas, ficou evidente a participação bastante efetiva dos compostos fenólicos (flavonóides e taninos) na mutagenicidade observada. Também foi possível verificar o papel que possíveis interações entre os diferentes compostos químicos presentes nos extratos podem ter em suas atividades biológicas. Tendo em vista as informações obtidas, ficou clara a necessidade que os estudos biológicos e fitoquímicos apresentam para se promover uma maior compreensão dos riscos que podem estar associados aos tratamentos medicinais baseados em plantas. / Abstract: In this work we evaluate the mutagenic potential of ten vegetable species native of the Brazilian savannah and used popularly in the treatment of gastric ulcers. The Ames test (in vitro) and the Micronucleus test (in vivo) were employed. We evaluate a polar extract and a non-polar extract to each vegetal species. The in vitro assays show the mutagenicity of the methanol extracts (polar) obtained from A. castaneifolia, A. glandulosa, A. triplinervia, M. pusa, Q. grandiflora, Q. multiflora e S. pseudoquina. The non-polar extracts from Q.grandiflora e Q. multiflora were mutagenic too. In vivo, only the polar extracts were studied and the methanol extracts from A. castaneifolia, A. glandulosa, A. triplinervia, Q. multiflora e S. pseudoquina were mutagenic. The phytochemical studies with the evaluated plants permit to infer the participation of the flavonoids and tannins in the mutagenic activities observed in vitro and in vivo. We also verified in this biological activity possible interactions between the different substances present in the raw extracts. In this way, we could to observe the importance of phytochemical and biological studies to promote a better comprehension of the risks that can be associated to the medicinal treatments based in the plants use. / Doutor

Resumo: Os sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo estão em fase de transição. As mudanças nos trazem diariamente diferentes prioridades e expectativas e uma nova série de acrônimos a ser aprendida. No Brasil, vários municípios e estados, implantaram programas de distribuição de plantas medicinais e medicamentos fitoterápicos, com o objetivo de garantir o acesso dos usuários ao medicamento. As informações para o diagnóstico dos programas foram obtidas por meio de questionário, enviados a 124 municípios, os quais estavam cadastrados no Departamento de Assistência Farmacêutica da Secretaria de Ciência e Tecnologia e Insumos Estratégicos do Ministério da Saúde, como sendo detentores de programas de fitoterapia. Após o recebimento dos questionários respondidos e verificados quais encontravam em atividades, foram selecionados 10 programas dos quais realizou-se visitas in loco no sentido de confirmar as respostas obtidas nos respectivos questionários. Os resultados obtidos através dos questionários, foram concordantes aos observados nas visitas técnicas. Do total de questionários enviados, foram devolvidos 36% e desses, 55% estão em atividades no país. As regiões nordeste e sudeste concentram o maior número de programas em atividades. Porém a região sudeste também se destaca no número de programas que abandonaram suas atividades. Os motivos relacionados a implantação dos programas foram atribuídos a demanda da população em utilizar plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos. A iniciativa que levou os municípios implantarem os programas foram atribuídos em aproximadamente 58%, pelos gestores, porém as dificuldades encontradas na implantação, em 91% deles, atribuíram a falta de recursos financeiros. Mesmo assim, esses municípios usaram recursos próprios para efetivação dos serviços. Um fator bastante forte, que assegura a continuidade dos serviços, atribui-se em... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Health systems around the world are in transition. Changes in daily bring different priorities and expectations and a new set of acronyms to learn. In Brazil, many municipalities and states have implemented programs for the distribution of medicinal plants and herbal medicines, in order to ensure users access to medicine. The information for the diagnosis of the programs were obtained through a questionnaire sent to 124 municipalities, which were registered in the Department of Pharmaceutical Services of the Department of Science and Technology and Strategic Inputs of the Ministry of Health, as having programs for herbal medicine. Upon receipt the answered of the questionnaire, it was being able to identify which programs are in activity. Then, it was selected ten programs to technical visit for confirmation of the answers in their questionnaires. The results obtained from the questionnaires were in agreement with was observed in the technical visits. Of the total questionnaires, it was returned 36%, and of these, 55% are in-country activities. The northeast and southeast regions have the highest number of programs in activity. The southeast is notable in the number of programs that have abolished their activities. The implementation of the programs occurs basically because the demand of the population in uses medicinal plants and herbal medicines. The initiative of municipalities to roll out the programs was allocated in 58% by the managers, but the lack of financial resources was the difficulties factor for implementation in 91% of theses programs. Nevertheless, 50% of theses programs are involved in organizations and communities, which is a strong factor to ensure continuity of service. It means that 50% of municipalities have being used their own resources for effective services. In approximately 80% of programs the doctors did not adhere to the herbal medicine... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Anselmo Gomes de Oliveira / Coorientador: Mary Anne Medeiros Bandeira / Banca: Mara Zélia de Almeida / Banca: Leonia Maria Batista / Banca: Nirla Rodrigues Romero / Doutor

Orientador: Mirtes Costa / Banca: Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima / Banca: Rosana de Alencar Ribeiro / Resumo: Aansiedade, um dos mais freqüentes distúrbios do sistema nervoso central, afeta uma em cada oito pessoas da população mundial, sendo que nem todos os pacientes respondem às drogas disponíveis que, ainda, podem induzir tolerància e/ou dependência. A depressão ê caracterizada como um distúrbio do humor seriamente deprimido acompanhado de sintomas adicionais tais como sentimentos de desvalia, anedonia, podendo muitas vezes chegar ao suicidio. A terapêutica disponível para essas patologias apresentam diversos efeitos colaterais importantes e não são capazes de controlar os quadros em todos os pacientes, além da demora para o início de suas ações. Deste modo a avaliação de novos compostos pode ser útil no sentido de se encontrar novas altemativas de tratamento, mais eficazes e seguras. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade ansiolítica e antidepressiva dos óleos essenciais de Mentha piperita e de Cananga odorata em dois modelos comportamentais validados, o labirinto em cruz elevado e o teste de suspensão pela cauda por via inalatória em camundongos. Os resultados dos testes farmacológicos mostraram que o óleo essencial de Mentha piperita aumentou significativamente o tempo de permanência e o número de entradas nos braços abertos do labirinto em cruz elevado, na concentração de 0,01% quando comparados com o grupo controle, indicando um efeito do tipo ansiolítico. O óleo essencial de Cananga odorata reduziu significativamente o parâmetro primário de tempo de imobilidade, no teste de suspensão pela cauda, nas concentrações de 0,10/0 e 1,0%, indicando um efeito do tipo antidepressivo. Além disso, observou-se também um aumento na latência para imobilidade reforçando o efeito do tipo antidepressivo. No teste do campo aberto, nenhuma diferença significante foi observada em qualquer dos parâmetros registrados (freqüência da locomoção e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Anxietyis one of the most frequent central nervous system disorder affecting one everyeight people in the world population. Al1the patients submitted to treatment do not always achieve a good response, and the drugs availabIe for treatment can Iead to tolerance and dependency. Depression is a chronic mental disorder c1inically characterized by a pervasive Iow mood, Ioss of interest or pIeasure in daiIy activities, Iow self-esteem, and a high suicidal tendency. The availabIe drugs present important collateral effects and they are not capabIe to control the pictures in alI the patients, also de1ayto beginning the action. This way, the efforts to fmd in new substances with potential therapeutic activity are justified. The present study aimed at assessing a possible anxiolytic and antidepressant effect in mice exposed to the inhalation of the essential oil of Mentha piperita and Cananga odorata, evaluated in experimental models of anxiety (eIevated pIus-maze) and depression (tail suspension test). The resuIts showed that the essential oil of Mentha piperita 0,01%induced a significant increase in the time spent and number ofvisits in the open arms, when compared with the control group indicating the anxiolytic-like effect.The essential oil of Cananga odorata 0,1% e 1,0%reduced immobility time in the tail suspension test, indicating the antidepressant-like effect. Moreover, we observed that an mcrease the Iatency to immobility emphasizing the antidepressant-like effect. ln the open-field test, we not observed any difference between the groups (frequency of Iocomotion and rearing). These effects can be attributed of the olfactory system activation for volatile components the essential oil or by absorption through biological membranes / Mestre