Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidas antenas planares de micro-ondas multibandas para aplicação em terminais móveis de sistemas de comunicação sem fio. Foi realizado um estudo sobre antenas planares de micro-ondas, com ênfase em técnicas de projeto que possibilitam a operação das mesmas em bandas largas e em múltiplas bandas. A partir dos conhecimentos adquiridos com esse estudo, foram propostas configurações de antenas para terminais móveis de sistemas atuais de telefonia móvel, de WLAN e de WPAN, sistemas esses que têm experimentado nos últimos anos uma grande popularização mundial. Por meio de um procedimento de projeto auxiliado por simulação eletromagnética computacional, as configurações propostas de antenas foram analisadas e otimizadas, visando atender às especificações de projeto estabelecidas para operação nos sistemas mencionados. O desempenho que pode ser obtido com essas configurações de antenas depende de diversos parâmetros geométricos das mesmas, resultando em flexibilidade de projeto para obtenção das bandas de operação desejadas. Protótipos das antenas projetadas foram construídos e caracterizados para validar as configurações propostas de antenas e o procedimento de projeto empregado. Foram desenvolvidas quatro antenas para operação em sistemas de telefonia móvel, de WLAN e de WPAN empregados no Brasil, na Europa e nos EUA: uma antena planar em F-invertido tri-band com configuração original para operação nas bandas dos padrões GSM, DCS e PCS; uma antena planar em F-invertido penta-band com configuração original para operação nas bandas dos padrões GSM, DCS, PCS e UMTS e na banda ISM de 2.400 MHz; duas antenas quad-band, uma delas planar em F-invertido e a outra monopolo impresso com configuração original, para operação nas bandas ISM de 2.400 MHz e de 5.800 MHz e nas bandas de 5.200 MHz e de 5.600 MHz. Os resultados experimentais dos protótipos construídos apresentaram, de modo geral, boa concordância com os resultados fornecidos por simulação e mostraram que as antenas desenvolvidas atenderam às especificações de projeto para elas estabelecidas. Por meio de ambos os resultados experimentais e de simulação, o desempenho das antenas desenvolvidas pôde ser verificado, e demonstrou-se a efetividade do procedimento de projeto adotado. / In this work, multi-band microwave planar antennas for application in mobile terminals of wireless communication systems were developed. A study on microwave planar antennas was performed with emphasis on design techniques that enable their operation in wide bands and multiple bands. From the knowledge gained from this study, antenna configurations for mobile terminals of current mobile telephony, WLAN and WPAN systems, which have experienced in recent years great popularity worldwide, were proposed. By means of a design procedure aided by computer electromagnetic simulation, the proposed antenna configurations were analyzed and optimized in order to meet the design specifications established for operation in the afore mentioned systems. The performance that can be obtained with these antenna configurations depends on their several geometric parameters, resulting in design flexibility for obtaining the desired operation bands. Prototypes of the designed antennas were fabricated and characterized to validate the proposed antenna configurations and the design procedure employed. Four antennas were developed for operation in mobile telephony, WLAN and WPAN systems employed in Brazil, Europe and USA: a tri-band planar inverted-F antenna with novel configuration for operation in GSM, DCS and PCS standard bands; a penta-band planar inverted-F antenna with novel configuration for operation in GSM, DCS, PCS and UMTS standard bands and 2,400 MHz ISM band; two quad-band antennas, one of them planar inverted-F and the other printed monopole with novel configuration, for operation in 2,400 MHz and 5,800 MHz ISM bands and 5,200 MHz and 5,600 MHz bands. The experimental results from the fabricated prototypes exhibited, in general, good agreement with the results provided by simulation and showed that the developed antennas met the specifications established for them. By means of both simulation and experimental results, the performance of the developed antennas could be verified, and the effectiveness of the design procedure adopted was demonstrated.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’intégration des films minces ferroélectriques de BaxSr(1-x)TiO3 au sein de dispositifs microondes. Dans un premier temps, les caractéristiques diélectriques des films de B0.3S0.7TiO3 déposés par pulvérisation cathodique ont été déterminées. Il a été mis en évidence l’intérêt d’une couche tampon dans le contrôle de l’orientation des films ainsi que son impact dans l’évolution des propriétés diélectriques. L’utilisation d’une structure coplanaire optimisée a été utilisée dans le but de déterminer les évolutions fréquentielles de la permittivité, des pertes ainsi que de l’accordabilité jusqu’à 67 GHz. La caractérisation du matériau a permis la réalisation et la qualification de l’élément de base dans la conception de dispositifs microondes accordables : la capacité ferroélectrique. Le phénomène d’agilité a été mis en exergue au sein de cette structure.Par la suite, une analyse complète a été menée sur un dispositif de type résonateur. Une étude analytique couplée à la réalisation de démonstrateur a permis de mettre en évidence la configuration nous permettant d’exploiter au mieux les propriétés des films de BST. / This work is dedicated to the integration of ferroelectric BaxSr(1-x)TiO3 thin films in microwave devices. Initially, the dielectric properties of B0.3S0.7TiO3 films deposited by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering were determined. It has been demonstrated the influence of a buffer layer in the control of orientation films and the impact in the evolution of dielectric properties. The realization of optimized coplanar waveguide has permit to determine the frequency evolution of permittivity, loss factor and tunability up to 67 GHz. The characterization of the dielectric properties has enabled the realization and qualification of the basic element in the design of tunable microwave devices: the ferroelectric capacitance. The agility property has been highlighted within this structure. Subsequently, a complete analysis was conducted on a resonator. An analytical study coupled with the demonstrator realization highlighted the configuration allowing us to exploit the properties of BST films.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer de nouvelles technologies permettant de faciliter l’intégration des isolateurs dans les chaînes radiofréquences de satellites. Ces composants sont utilisés pour contrôler l’adaptation des amplificateurs dans les sections d’entrée et de sortie des équipements RF bas niveaux. Nous proposons deux voies de réalisation de ces isolateurs. Une première voie basée sur l’utilisation de matériaux ferricomposites est étudiée pour concevoir des composants en bande Ku. Une deuxième voie, basée sur l’utilisation d’hexaferrites de strontium et de baryum préorientés, a été étudiée pour concevoir des composants auto-polarisés (sans aimants) en bandes Q et Ka. / The goal of this PhD thesis is to explore new technologies that make possible to improve the integration of isolators in radiofrequency chain of satellites. These components are especially used to control matching of amplifiers.We propose two ways of producing these isolators. At first, ferricomposite materials are studied to design low-cost isolators at Kuband.Then, we studied pre-oriented strontium or barium hexaferrites to design self-biased components (without magnets) for Q and Ka band frequencies.

There is evidence that athermal radiofrequency radiation can alter Heat Shock Protein (HSP) expression or protein phosphorylation, or alter MAP kinase signalling. Effects of long-term exposure in brain tissue due to repeated HSP perturbation (eg an inhibition of apoptosis) have been hypothesised (French et al, 2001). This study aimed to investigate the RNA expression profile (12,000 genes) and HSP family protein expression levels after either acute 1-hour or chronic 4-day intermittent exposures to simulated GSM radiation in a human primary fibroblast model. The results found minimal or no effects of GSM. Flasks were exposed to 900 MHz (217 Hz modulation) at 0.18 W/kg SAR within a Transverse Electromagnetic Mode chamber (TEM cell). Cultures rested for 2 hours before exposures. Affymetrix U95A microarray analysis of a single pilot set of experiments showed that about 40 genes were reported as upregulated &gt=2.5 fold in each condition. There was no evidence of altered expression of any MAPK-associated genes. Target genes reported in both conditions (CBFA2T1, ZNF148, ITGA1), and genes altered in one condition (CCS, PLEC1, BIRC5), and marginally altered HSP72 were selected for PCR analysis. No other members of the HSP family were altered. In three replicate experiments assayed by real-time PCR, six genes were either unchanged or showed randomly variable expression. However HSP72 RNA showed possible consistent slight upregulation of 1.37 +/- 0.21 in the chronic condition. Western immunoblots of HSP-60, -70, -72 and -V90 proteins showed no significant changes 5 hours after exposure. In preliminary studies using a serum starvation protocol, ERK-1 phosphorylation was unaltered after 5 or 30 minutes GSM (single experiments). When flasks were transiently cooled, ERK-1 phosphorylation was increased 20 minutes later, indicating a source of artefact in some protocols. An inflammatory challenge experiment with a low-dose of the cytokine IL-1???? found that acute GSM exposure post-challenge inhibited NF????B-mediated GRO???? induction by 1.5 fold (2 experiments). Preconditioning with mild heat induces transient inhibition of both NF????B signalling and apoptosis. Other studies indicate that EMF exposures similarly evoke cytoprotection. It is suggested that GSM evoked cytoprotective signalling in this inflammatory model.

In order to fully understand the role methane (CH₄) plays in the microwave emission spectra of the deep atmospheres of the outer planets, over 280 laboratory measurements of the opacity of ammonia in a methane environment have been made in the 5-20 cm wavelength range. All opacity measurements were made with either 100 or 200 mbars of ammonia and with 1 to 3 bars of added methane in the 330-450K temperature range. A formalism for the absorptivity of ammonia broadened by methane has now been developed and had been applied to the Hanley et al. (Icarus, v. 202, 2009) model for the opacity of ammonia. Due to methane's relatively low abundance at Jupiter (~0.2% by volume), its effect on the microwave spectrum which will be observed by the Juno MWR (Microwave Radiometer) will be minimal. However, these experimental results will significantly improve the understanding of the microwave emission spectrum of Uranus and Neptune where methane plays a more dominant role.

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Algunas aplicaciones tales como la radio astronomía y las comunicaciones con el espacio profundo requieren receptores muy sensibles. Esta tesis trata sobre la tecnología criogénica aplicada a la ingeniería de microondas y se centra en el diseño de amplificadores de muy bajo ruido tanto en tecnología híbrida (MIC) como monolítica (MMIC). El trabajo cubre un ancho campo de conocimiento desde la fabricación mecánica y la configuración de los sistemas hasta el diseño y medida de las aplicaciones finales. Comenzando con pautas y consejos para diseñar sistemas criogénicos (criostatos) este documento profundiza en la medida de parámetros-S y ruido. El diseño de circuitos criogénicos se inicia con el estudio de los efectos de las bajas temperaturas sobre los transistores y componentes de microondas centrándose en los dispositivos de fosfuro de indio (InP). El conocimiento adquirido en este estudio se aplica al diseño de amplificadores de muy bajo ruido en banda Ka. / Some applications such as radio astronomy and deep space communications require very sensitive receivers. This dissertation deals with the cryogenic technology applied to the microwave engineering and focuses on the design of very low noise amplifiers both in hybrid (MIC) and monolithic (MMIC) technologies. The work covers a wide field of knowledge from hardware manufacture and system set up to final applications design and measurement. Starting from guidelines and advices to design cryogenic systems (cryostats) this document goes into S-parameters and noise measurements in deep. The design of cryogenic circuits is initialized with the study of the effect of low temperatures on microwave transistors and components focusing in indium-phosphide (InP) devices. The knowledge gained with this study is applied to the design of very low noise amplifiers in Ka-band.

Se presenta un estudio de las oscilaciones microondas en régimen de gran señal en dispositivos activos de estado sólido caracterizados por su función descriptiva sinusoidal. Para ello se han confeccionado programas de cálculo frecuencial no lineal que resuelven circuitos de microondas formados por una o varias no linealidades cargadas por cualquier circuito pasivo externo. Por último se hace un estudio experimental exhaustivo para comprobar la aplicabilidad de los métodos precedentemente descritos.

In this thesis, a new approach combining neural networks and genetic algorithms is presented for microwave design. In this method, an accurate neural network model is developed from the experimental data. This neural network model is used to perform sensitivity analysis and derive response surfaces. An innovative technique is then applied in which genetic algorithms are coupled with the neural network model to assist in synthesis and optimization. The proposed method is used for modeling and analysis of circuit parameters for flip chip interconnects up to 35 GHz, as well as for design of multilayer inductors and capacitors at 1.9 GHz and 2.4 GHz. The method was also used to synthesize mm wave low pass filters in the range of 40-60 GHz. The devices obtained from layout parameters predicted by the neuro-genetic design method yielded electrical response close to the desired value (95% accuracy). The proposed method also implements a weighted priority scheme to account for tradeoffs in microwave design. This scheme was implemented to synthesize bandpass filters for 802.11a and HIPERLAN wireless LAN applications in the range of 5-6 GHz. This research also develops a novel neuro-genetic design centering methodology for yield enhancement and design for manufacturability of microwave devices and circuits. A neural network model is used to calculate yield using Monte Carlo methods. A genetic algorithm is then used for yield optimization. The proposed method has been used for yield enhancement of SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor and mm wave voltage-controlled oscillator. It results in significant yield enhancement of the SiGe HBTs (from 25 % to 75 %) and VCOs (from 8 % to 85 %). The proposed method is can be extended for device, circuit, package, and system level integrated co-design since it can handle a large number of design variables without any assumptions about the component behavior. The proposed algorithm could be used by microwave community for design and optimization of microwave circuits and systems with greater accuracy while consuming less computational time.

Presented in this thesis are the following theoretical investigations carried out on the non-invasive microwave hyperthermia of malignant tumours in the human body: Fundamental concepts of electromagnetic wave propagation through a biomass and its interaction with it, are discussed. Various types of applicators used for producing hyperthermia in a biomass, are also discussed. Propagation of a uniform plane electromagnetic wave through a human body is investigated for the general case of oblique incidence. Various models used for the human body have been discussed and the planar multilayer model has been chosen for this study. Reflection and transmission coefficients for both the parallel and perpendicular linear polarisations of the wave, have been determined. For normal incidence, power transfer ratio at the muscle has been defined and calculated at 433, 915 and 2450 MHz (ISM frequencies). Efects of skin thickness and also of fat thickness, on the power transfer ratio at muscle, have been studied. Effects of the thickness and dielectric constant of a bolus, and also of the dielectric constant of an initial layer, on the power transfer ratio, have been studied and their optimum values obtained at the ISM frequencies. For microwave hyperthermia, 915 MHz is recommended as the frequency of operation. Steady-state solution of the bioheat transfer equation has been obtained, assuming the biomass to be a semi-infinite homogeneous medium. Effects of various physical parameters on the temperature profile in the biomass, have been studied. Also studied is the effect of the surface temperature on the magnitude, location and the width of the temperature peak attained in the biomass. A method to determine the microwave power and the surface temperature required to produce a prescribed temperature profile in the biomass, has been developed. The transient-state solution of the bioheat transfer equation has been obtained to study the building up of the temperature profile. Procedures for the design of an open-ended rectangular metal waveguide applicator and for estimating the total microwave power requirement to produce hyperthermia in the human body, have been developed. Performance of the applicators employing linear as well as planar arrays of open-ended rectangular metal waveguide antennas, has also been studied. In order to reduce the overall physical size of the applicators, filling up of the feed waveguide with a high dielectric constant but low loss material is suggested. A simple method of obtaining the elements of the array by partitioning a large aperture by using metal walls has been adopted. Calculation of the total microwave power required by various applicators for producing hyperthermia at various depths in a biomas, have been made and a comparison of the performance of various applicators, has been presented.