(in English): The objective of this diploma thesis is to show the way of Mario Vargas Llosa's literary vision and his interpretation of Lima in the novel The Time of the Hero. My aim is also to express the particularity and distinctiveness of the imagery of Lima in the novel. In the beginning, I mention the most important facts of history of the city, specifically the 50's and the 60's of the 20th century, which are the decades of the novel's formation and publication. This part is based on the book of essays Lima la horrible of Sebastián Salazar Bondy in which the author describes the world of the Lima's population in this period. I also introduce briefly evolution of the image of the city in the Peruvian literature. This part is based, besides others, on the essay "Lima, ciudad sin novella" of Julio Ramón Ribeyro. In the main part of my thesis I mention the storyline of the novel. After that, I focus my attention on the structure of the novel The Time of the Hero, which is characterized by alternation of narrative spaces and tenses. This aspect helps to make the story uncertain. I also describe the formal side of the novel, primarily the arrangement of the main chapters and their smaller parts which are symmetricaly ordered according to the concerned topic, place or time. I present the main two...

Esta pesquisa trata da análise de paratextos de determinadas obras escritas em francês, com as respectivas traduções para o português, a saber: Traité de Mécanique Élémentaire e o Tratado Elementar de Mechânica, de Francoeur; Élémens de Géometrie e Elementos de Geometria de LaCroix, e Traité dOptique e Óptica de Lacaille. Representantes das chamadas matemáticas mistas (em oposição às puras), esses manuais, compêndios elementares e tratados foram utilizados pelos alunos da Academia Real Militar do Rio de Janeiro, no início do século XIX. O propósito da pesquisa é mostrar como o processo de tradução do corpus utilizado na Academia Real Militar, bem como o projeto político em que se insere, marcado pela patronagem, evidenciam-se no processo de adaptação nas edições das obras em português. Não foi feita aqui uma abordagem com base em teorias didático-pedagógicas, e sim de natureza historiográfica e epistemológica. Nossa metodologia elegeu particularmente os paratextos dessas obras. Para compreender a distinção entre matemáticas mistas e puras, recorremos largamente a dicionários da época, a textos programáticos e estatutários e à Enciclopédia Francesa. Esta pesquisa também procura mostrar a Academia Real Militar enquanto uma última expressão do antigo regime, a rede clientelar envolvida na sua criação e a agência dos tradutores das obras para o português. / This research deals with the analysis of paratexts of a few books originally written in French along with their translations into Portuguese, namely the Traité de Mécanique Élémentaire and the Tratado Elementar de Mechânica, by Francoeur; Élémens de Géometrie and Elementos de Geometria by LaCroix; and Traité dOptique and Óptica by Lacaille. Representing the so called mixed mathematics (in opposition to pure mathematics), these manuals, elementary compendia and treatises were employed by the students of the Royal Military Academy of Rio de Janeiro in the early 19th century. The aim of the work is to show how the process of translation of such corpus employed in the Royal Military Academy, as well as the political project in which it is inserted, present themselves in the adaptation process necessary for the editions in Portuguese. We do not rely in any didactic-pedagogical approaches, but on historiographical and epistemological analyses. Our particular methodological option was to focus on the paratexts of such books. In order to understand the distinction between pure and mixed mathematics, we largely employed contemporary dictionaries, statutes, programmatic texts and the French Encyclopedia. The research also tries to present the Royal Military Academy as a final expression of the Ancien Régime, the clientele networks involved in its creation and the agency of the translators of the books into Portuguese.

Esta pesquisa trata da análise de paratextos de determinadas obras escritas em francês, com as respectivas traduções para o português, a saber: Traité de Mécanique Élémentaire e o Tratado Elementar de Mechânica, de Francoeur; Élémens de Géometrie e Elementos de Geometria de LaCroix, e Traité dOptique e Óptica de Lacaille. Representantes das chamadas matemáticas mistas (em oposição às puras), esses manuais, compêndios elementares e tratados foram utilizados pelos alunos da Academia Real Militar do Rio de Janeiro, no início do século XIX. O propósito da pesquisa é mostrar como o processo de tradução do corpus utilizado na Academia Real Militar, bem como o projeto político em que se insere, marcado pela patronagem, evidenciam-se no processo de adaptação nas edições das obras em português. Não foi feita aqui uma abordagem com base em teorias didático-pedagógicas, e sim de natureza historiográfica e epistemológica. Nossa metodologia elegeu particularmente os paratextos dessas obras. Para compreender a distinção entre matemáticas mistas e puras, recorremos largamente a dicionários da época, a textos programáticos e estatutários e à Enciclopédia Francesa. Esta pesquisa também procura mostrar a Academia Real Militar enquanto uma última expressão do antigo regime, a rede clientelar envolvida na sua criação e a agência dos tradutores das obras para o português. / This research deals with the analysis of paratexts of a few books originally written in French along with their translations into Portuguese, namely the Traité de Mécanique Élémentaire and the Tratado Elementar de Mechânica, by Francoeur; Élémens de Géometrie and Elementos de Geometria by LaCroix; and Traité dOptique and Óptica by Lacaille. Representing the so called mixed mathematics (in opposition to pure mathematics), these manuals, elementary compendia and treatises were employed by the students of the Royal Military Academy of Rio de Janeiro in the early 19th century. The aim of the work is to show how the process of translation of such corpus employed in the Royal Military Academy, as well as the political project in which it is inserted, present themselves in the adaptation process necessary for the editions in Portuguese. We do not rely in any didactic-pedagogical approaches, but on historiographical and epistemological analyses. Our particular methodological option was to focus on the paratexts of such books. In order to understand the distinction between pure and mixed mathematics, we largely employed contemporary dictionaries, statutes, programmatic texts and the French Encyclopedia. The research also tries to present the Royal Military Academy as a final expression of the Ancien Régime, the clientele networks involved in its creation and the agency of the translators of the books into Portuguese.

This essay examines the social relations between colored and white cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point during the late 19th century. Through letters we are able to take part of two microhistories that show the social structure from two different angles. Exclusionary rhetoric and practices made it possible for white cadets to shut out colored cadets from their social community. When the first African-American, James Webster Smith entered the Academy in 1870 a controversial question was raised about social relations between colored and none-colored cadets. By studying Smith ́s letters in tandem with those of a white cadet who attended West Point at the same time, Hugh Lenox Scott, this thesis aims to study how racism played out in everyday encounters and practices. In doing so it reveals a complex tension between exclusion and confrontation involving colored cadets, as a result of the structural racism at the Academy and in the American society at large in the post-Civil War era.

Background: In 2009, the European Union (EU) adopted the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). This contributed to an already on-going change amongst the armed forces of the Union. No previous research has examined how the skills required of young officers in the EU are taught at the Basic Officer Education within either Sweden or Austria. Purpose: This thesis examines to what extent the skills needed of young officers in a CSDP-environment are taught during the Basic Officer Educations in Sweden and Austria. The purpose is to conclude if the Swedish and Austrian Basic Officer Educations are complying with the political wills of their respective countries, to adapt their armed forces to the EU and CSDP. Method: The author compares the Swedish and Austrian Basic Officer Education by examining curriculums and syllabuses, as well as conducting expert interviews with officials at the schools and comparing the results. The educations are examined based on how they educated the concept of CSDP and how interoperability and a European culture of defence are promoted. Conclusion: The results show that both Sweden and Austria educate their cadets in the CSDP and take measurements to promote interoperability and a European culture of defence. The results suggest that Austria does so to a further extent. Based on the results, the author suggests increased exchanges, Pooling &amp; Sharing during Basic Officer Education and further developments towards a common European Basic Officer Education. / <p>Erasmus</p>