A presente investigação pretende, de forma qualitativa, compreender se os vídeos indexados podem modificar o planejamento pedagógico do professor de escola municipal de Porto Alegre. Para atingir esse objetivo, buscamos embasamento em uma fundamentação teórica de fundo piagetiano, voltada para a construção do conhecimento e suas diversas possibilidades, além das teorias relativas às questões do vídeo e do computador no processo educativo, a partir do seu envolvimento como suporte pedagógico orientado na pedagogia de projetos. Inserido nesse contexto, propõe-se o SACCA (Sistema Automático de Catalogação de Conteúdo Audiovisual), que possibilita o processo de indexação de vídeos com a intermediação de um usuário que assiste ao vídeo e define as palavras-chaves que irão compor o índice. Posteriormente, poderá se navegar no interior desses vídeos permitindo ter uma visão rápida do que o vídeo trata. Foram acrescentados 49 vídeos da História do Brasil e disponibilizados para os professores de História do 3º Ciclo das Escolas da Rede Municipal de Porto Alegre participantes da pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas. A partir das perguntas norteadoras da pesquisa e da investigação realizada, são definidas categorias de análise para as reflexões e as conclusões desta tese. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o uso dos vídeos indexados pode modificar o planejamento pedagógico do professor. / The present investigation intends to understand in a qualitative way if the indexed videos can modify the teacher's pedagogical planning of a public school in Porto Alegre. We searched for a theoretical Piagetian approach, in order to achieve this purpose, turned to the construction of knowledge and its several possibilities, besides the theories related to the points of the video and computer in the educational process, starting from its involvement as a pedagogical support guided in the pedagogy of projects. Inserted in this context, SACCA (Automatic System of Cataloguing of Audiovisual Content) is proposed, which makes the process of indexation of videos possible, with the user's intermediation who sees the video and defines the key-words, which will compose the index. Later, one can navigate in the interior of these videos allowing a fast vision of what the video deals with. 49 videos of the Brazilian History were added and available for the History teachers of the 3rd Cycle of the Public Schools in Porto Alegre, participants in the research. The data were collected through interviews. Starting from the directed questions of the research and of the accomplished investigation, analysis categories for the reflections and the conclusions of this theory are defined. The obtained results indicate that the use of the indexed videos can modify the teacher's pedagogical planning.

Continuous improvements to the state of the art have made it easier to create, send and receive vast quantities of video over the Internet. Catalysed by these developments, video is now the largest, and fastest growing type of traffic on modern IP networks. In 2015, video was responsible for 70% of all traffic on the Internet, with an compound annual growth rate of 27%. On the other hand, concerns about the growing energy consumption of ICT in general, continue to rise. It is not surprising that there is a significant energy cost associated with these extensive video usage patterns. In this thesis, I examine the energy consumption of typical video configurations during decoding (playback) and encoding through empirical measurements on an experimental test-bed. I then make extrapolations to a global scale to show the opportunity for significant energy savings, achievable by simple modifications to these video configurations. Based on insights gained from these measurements, I propose a novel, energy-aware Quality of Experience (QoE) metric for digital video - the Energy - Video Quality Index (EnVI). Then, I present and evaluate vEQ-benchmark, a benchmarking and measurement tool for the purpose of generating EnVI scores. The tool enables fine-grained resource-usage analyses on video playback systems, and facilitates the creation of statistical models of power usage for these systems. I propose GreenDASH, an energy-aware extension of the existing Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP standard (DASH). GreenDASH incorporates relevant energy-usage and video quality information into the existing standard. It could enable dynamic, energy-aware adaptation for video in response to energy-usage and user ‘green' preferences. I also evaluate the subjective perception of such energy-aware, adaptive video streaming by means of a user study featuring 36 participants. I examine how video may be adapted to save energy without a significant impact on the Quality of Experience of these users. In summary, this thesis highlights the significant opportunities for energy savings if Internet users gain an awareness about their energy usage, and presents a technical discussion how this can be achieved by straightforward extensions to the current state of the art.

A presente investigação pretende, de forma qualitativa, compreender se os vídeos indexados podem modificar o planejamento pedagógico do professor de escola municipal de Porto Alegre. Para atingir esse objetivo, buscamos embasamento em uma fundamentação teórica de fundo piagetiano, voltada para a construção do conhecimento e suas diversas possibilidades, além das teorias relativas às questões do vídeo e do computador no processo educativo, a partir do seu envolvimento como suporte pedagógico orientado na pedagogia de projetos. Inserido nesse contexto, propõe-se o SACCA (Sistema Automático de Catalogação de Conteúdo Audiovisual), que possibilita o processo de indexação de vídeos com a intermediação de um usuário que assiste ao vídeo e define as palavras-chaves que irão compor o índice. Posteriormente, poderá se navegar no interior desses vídeos permitindo ter uma visão rápida do que o vídeo trata. Foram acrescentados 49 vídeos da História do Brasil e disponibilizados para os professores de História do 3º Ciclo das Escolas da Rede Municipal de Porto Alegre participantes da pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas. A partir das perguntas norteadoras da pesquisa e da investigação realizada, são definidas categorias de análise para as reflexões e as conclusões desta tese. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o uso dos vídeos indexados pode modificar o planejamento pedagógico do professor. / The present investigation intends to understand in a qualitative way if the indexed videos can modify the teacher's pedagogical planning of a public school in Porto Alegre. We searched for a theoretical Piagetian approach, in order to achieve this purpose, turned to the construction of knowledge and its several possibilities, besides the theories related to the points of the video and computer in the educational process, starting from its involvement as a pedagogical support guided in the pedagogy of projects. Inserted in this context, SACCA (Automatic System of Cataloguing of Audiovisual Content) is proposed, which makes the process of indexation of videos possible, with the user's intermediation who sees the video and defines the key-words, which will compose the index. Later, one can navigate in the interior of these videos allowing a fast vision of what the video deals with. 49 videos of the Brazilian History were added and available for the History teachers of the 3rd Cycle of the Public Schools in Porto Alegre, participants in the research. The data were collected through interviews. Starting from the directed questions of the research and of the accomplished investigation, analysis categories for the reflections and the conclusions of this theory are defined. The obtained results indicate that the use of the indexed videos can modify the teacher's pedagogical planning.

A presente investigação pretende, de forma qualitativa, compreender se os vídeos indexados podem modificar o planejamento pedagógico do professor de escola municipal de Porto Alegre. Para atingir esse objetivo, buscamos embasamento em uma fundamentação teórica de fundo piagetiano, voltada para a construção do conhecimento e suas diversas possibilidades, além das teorias relativas às questões do vídeo e do computador no processo educativo, a partir do seu envolvimento como suporte pedagógico orientado na pedagogia de projetos. Inserido nesse contexto, propõe-se o SACCA (Sistema Automático de Catalogação de Conteúdo Audiovisual), que possibilita o processo de indexação de vídeos com a intermediação de um usuário que assiste ao vídeo e define as palavras-chaves que irão compor o índice. Posteriormente, poderá se navegar no interior desses vídeos permitindo ter uma visão rápida do que o vídeo trata. Foram acrescentados 49 vídeos da História do Brasil e disponibilizados para os professores de História do 3º Ciclo das Escolas da Rede Municipal de Porto Alegre participantes da pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas. A partir das perguntas norteadoras da pesquisa e da investigação realizada, são definidas categorias de análise para as reflexões e as conclusões desta tese. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o uso dos vídeos indexados pode modificar o planejamento pedagógico do professor. / The present investigation intends to understand in a qualitative way if the indexed videos can modify the teacher's pedagogical planning of a public school in Porto Alegre. We searched for a theoretical Piagetian approach, in order to achieve this purpose, turned to the construction of knowledge and its several possibilities, besides the theories related to the points of the video and computer in the educational process, starting from its involvement as a pedagogical support guided in the pedagogy of projects. Inserted in this context, SACCA (Automatic System of Cataloguing of Audiovisual Content) is proposed, which makes the process of indexation of videos possible, with the user's intermediation who sees the video and defines the key-words, which will compose the index. Later, one can navigate in the interior of these videos allowing a fast vision of what the video deals with. 49 videos of the Brazilian History were added and available for the History teachers of the 3rd Cycle of the Public Schools in Porto Alegre, participants in the research. The data were collected through interviews. Starting from the directed questions of the research and of the accomplished investigation, analysis categories for the reflections and the conclusions of this theory are defined. The obtained results indicate that the use of the indexed videos can modify the teacher's pedagogical planning.

With the advance in computer and network technologies, multimedia systems and Internet applications are becoming more popular. As broadband network is prevailing, more clients are able to watch streaming videos or to play multimedia data over the Internet in real-time. Consequently, there is an increasing demand in the Internet for streaming video systems. As the run-time environment of such applications tends to be dynamic, it is imperative to handle transient overloads effectively. The goal of this work is to develop an algorithm that would provide a robust and controlled behavior of the video system so that important data is delivered on time to the video clients. In order to address this problem, we propose a QoS-sensitive approach that is using the technique of imprecise computation and is based on the principle of tuning. Our algorithm is aimed to provide the best possible QoS to the clients in the current available network capacity. As an environment to work with we have used a video system called QMPEGv2. A set of experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. Through experiments, we show that the system can adapt to dynamic changes in network conditions and provide almost always the best possible QoS to its clients. Guaranteeing a certain minimal QoS level to all clients is only possible when, in run time, an admission controller adjusts the number of clients admitted tothe system according to the capacity of the network and video servers.

In this thesis we present a system to extract the eye motion from a video stream containing a human face and applying this eye motion into a virtual character. By the notation eye motion estimation, we mean the information which describes the location of the eyes in each frame of the video stream. Applying this eye motion estimation into a virtual character, we achieve that the virtual face moves the eyes in the same way than the human face, synthesizing eye motion into a virtual character. In this study, a system capable of face tracking, eye detection and extraction, and finally iris position extraction using video stream containing a human face has been developed. Once an image containing a human face is extracted from the current frame of the video stream, the detection and extraction of the eyes is applied. The detection and extraction of the eyes is based on edge detection. Then the iris center is determined applying different image preprocessing and region segmentation using edge features on the eye picture extracted. Once, we have extracted the eye motion, using MPEG-4 Facial Animation, this motion is translated into the Facial Animation arameters (FAPs). Thus we can improve the quality and quantity of Facial Animation expressions that we can synthesize into a virtual character.

In this thesis work a part of the video coding standard H.264 has been implemented. The part of the video coder that is used to code the I-frames has been implemented to see how well suited it is for regular image coding. The big difference versus other image coding standards, such as JPEG and JPEG2000, is that this video coder uses both a predictor and a transform to compress the I-frames, while JPEG and JPEG2000 only use a transform. Since the prediction error is sent instead of the actual pixel values, a lot of the values are zero or close to zero before the transformation and quantization. The method is much like a video encoder but the difference is that blocks of an image are predicted instead of frames in a video sequence. / I det här examensarbetet har en del av videokodningsstandarden H.264 implementerats. Den del av videokodaren som används för att koda s.k. I-bilder har implementerats för att testa hur bra den fungerar för ren stillbildskodning. Den stora skillnaden mot andra stillbildskodningsmetoder, såsom JPEG och JPEG2000, är att denna videokodaren använder både en prediktor och en transform för att komprimera stillbilderna, till skillnad från JPEG och JPEG2000 som bara använder en transform. Eftersom prediktionsfelen skickas istället för själva pixelvärdena så är många värden lika med noll eller nära noll redan innan transformationen och kvantiseringen. Metoden liknar alltså till mycket en ren videokodare, med skillnaden att man predikterar block i en bild istället för bilder i en videosekvens.

Användningen av strömmande video ökar snabbt just nu. Ett populärt konceptär adaptive bitrate streaming som går ut på att en video kodas i flera olikabithastigheter. Dessa videor tas sedan och delas upp i små filer och görstillgänglig via internet. När du vill spela upp en sådan video laddar du först hemen fil som beskriver vart filerna finns och i vilka bithastigheter de är kodade i.Mediaspelaren kan där efter börja ladda hem filerna och spela upp dom. Om defysiska förutsättningarna, som exempelvis nedladdningshastighet eller CPUbelastning,ändras under uppspelningen kan mediaspelaren enkelt byta kvalitépå videon genom att börja ladda filer av en annan bithastighet och slippa attvideon laggar. Denna rapport tar därför en närmare titt på fyra tekniker inomadaptive bitrate streaming. De som undersöks är HTTP Live Streaming,Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, HTTP Dynamic Streaming ochSmooth Streaming med avseende på vilka protokoll som dom använder.Rapporten undersöker även hur Apple och FFmpeg har implementerat HTTPLive streaming med avseende på hur mycket data som behövs läsas i en filinnan videon kan börja spelas upp. Rapporten visar att det inte är så storaskillnader mellan de fyra teknikerna. Dock sticker Dynamic AdaptiveStreaming over HTTP ut lite genom att vara helt oberoende av vilket ljud ellervideoprotokoll som används. Rapporten visar också på en brist i specificeringenav HTTP Live Streaming då det inte är specificerat att första komplettabildrutan i videoströmmen bör ligga i början av filen. I Apples implementationbehövs upp till 30 kB data läsas innan uppspelning kan påbörjas medan iFFmpegs implementation är det ca 600 byte. / The use of streaming video is growing rapidly at the moment. A popular conceptis adaptive bitrate streaming, which is when a video gets encoded in severaldifferent bit rates. These videos are then split into small files and made availablevia the internet. When you want to play such a video, you first download afile that describes where the files are located and in what bitrates they are encodedin. The media player then begin downloading the files and play them. Ifthe physical conditions, such as the download speed or CPU load, changes duringplayback, the media player can easily change the quality of the video bystarting to downloading files of a different bit rate and avoid that the video lags.This report will take a closer look at four techniques in adaptive bitrate streaming.They examined techniques are HTTP Live Streaming, Dynamic AdaptiveStreaming over HTTP, HTTP Dynamic Streaming and Smooth Streaming andwhich protocols they use. The report also examines how Apple and FFmpeg hasimplemented HTTP Live Streaming with respect to how much data is needed toread a file before the video can begin to be played. The report shows that thereare no large differences between the four techniques. However, Dynamic AdaptiveStreaming over HTTP stood out a bit by being completely independent ofany audio or video protocols. The report also shows a shortcoming in the specificationof HTTP Live Streaming as it is not specified that the first completeframe of the video stream should be at the beginning of the file. In Apple's implementationits needed to read up to 30 KB of data before playback can bestarted while in FFmpeg's implementation its about 600 bytes.

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