Results from direct numerical simulations (DNS) of multiphase bubbly flows in vertical and horizontal channels were compared to averaged models of multiphase flows (two-fluid model etc.). The data from the direct numerical simulation were also used to calibrate and improve the averaged models. Steady state laminar flow in a vertical channel was analyzed first. Results from direct numerical simulations are compared with prediction of the steady-state two-fluid model of Antal, Lahey, and Flaherty (1991). The simulations are done assuming a two-dimensional system and the model coefficients are adjusted slightly to match the data for upflow. The model is then tested by comparisons with different values of flow rate and gravity, as well as down flow. Results agree reasonably in the middle of the channel. However, for upflow, model performs poorly near the no-slip wall. To better understand the flow with rising bubbles hugging the no-slip wall, detailed direct numerical simulations of the problem were performed in three dimensions. Deformability of the bubbles was found to play a significant role in the flow structure and averaged flow rate. Finally, the transient buoyancy driven motion of two-dimensional bubbles across a domain bounded by two horizontal walls is studied by. The bubbles are initially released next to the lower wall and as they rise, they disperse. Eventually all the bubbles collect at the top wall. The goal of the study is to examine how a simple one-dimensional model for the averaged void fraction captures the unsteady bubble motion. By using void fraction dependent velocities, where the exact dependency is obtained from simulations of homogeneous bubbly flows, the overall dispersion of the bubbles is predicted. Significant differences remain, however. Results suggest that bubble dispersion by the bubble induced liquid velocity must be included, and by using a simple model for the bubble dispersion improved agreement is found.

"Swirling multiphase flows are found in a wide range of industrial processes. Such flows are used for separation of flows containing phases of different densities and for devices such as the spinning tensiometer. These flows are challenging to predict computationally, due to the presence of a phase boundary and the large pressure gradient generated by the swirl. In the present work the applicability of the front tracking method to swirling multi-phase flows is demonstrated by studying the evolution of a bubble in spinning tensiometer. Previous studies show that the evolution of a bubble in the spinning drop tensiometer can be used to measure the interfacial tension and other rheological properties. The front tracking method is applied to the spinning tensiometer problem to study several cases and verify the convergence of the solutions. The results are validated with other computational methods, theoretical models and experimental results. The length scales obtained from the front tracking method are in agreement with the corresponding values from experiments and other computational studies. The shape of the end of the elongated bubble obtained from the simulations is found to be similar to that suggested by a theoretical expression from previous studies. The simulations predict that the relaxation of bubble radius is exponential with time, at a rate that is found to be slightly greater than that predicted by the theoretical model."

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-02-17T16:06:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Alfredo Genehr_.pdf: 3248455 bytes, checksum: 2c7c7d772f1c7cc1743b696d11f69d05 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-17T16:06:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Alfredo Genehr_.pdf: 3248455 bytes, checksum: 2c7c7d772f1c7cc1743b696d11f69d05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-20 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / Este trabalho apresenta a caracterização física de amostras de biomassas e inertes e a caracterização da fluidodinâmica de misturas binárias entre biomassa e areia, através da determinação das curvas de fluidização destas misturas. Como biomassa foram utilizadas casca de eucalipto (Eucalyptus) e casca de pinus (Pinus elliotti). Os experimentos foram realizados em um leito de bancada desenvolvido na Unisinos com diâmetro interno de 9,4 cm e 1,2 m de comprimento. A amostra de pinus possui um tamanho de partícula médio de 579,13 μm e a amostra de eucalipto um tamanho médio de partícula de 537,50 μm com massas específicas de 1,271 g/cm³ e 1,386 g/cm³ respectivamente. As misturas foram feitas com proporções entre 1,43% até 41,89% de massa de biomassa. Para os ensaios fluidodinâmicos foram determinadas as velocidades características inicial (ufi), aparente (ufa) e completa (ufc), além da velocidade de mínima fluidização (umf). Os métodos empregados foram o gráfico de queda de pressão em função da velocidade do gás e observações. As análises foram feitas com base na influência da natureza da biomassa, a fração de massa de biomassa contida na mistura e a comparação dos resultados experimentais em relação a correlação proposta na literatura. Os resultados mostraram que com o aumento da proporção de biomassa as velocidades características tendem a aumentar, com exceção das amostras de areia 01 com pinus. A correlação proposta pelos autores Paudel e Feng (2013) apresentou uma boa estimativa para a previsão da velocidade de mínima fluidização de misturas de biomassa e inerte com erros relativos médios absolutos de 12,70%, 31,90%, 140,33% e 19,10% para as misturas de areia 01 com eucalipto, areia 02 com eucalipto, areia 01 com pinus e areia 02 com pinus, respectivamente. / This paper presents the physical characterization of samples of biomass and inert and the characterization of fluid dynamics of binary mixtures of sand and biomass, by determining the fluidization curves from these mixtures. Eucalyptus bark (Eucalyptus) and pine bark (Pinus elliottii) were used as biomass. The experiments were performed in a bench bed developed at the Unisinos with an internal diameter of 94 cm and 1.2 m in length. The biomass samples have an average particle size of 579.13 μm for pine and 537.50 μm for eucalyptus with specific real mass of 1,271 g/cm³ and 1.386 g/cm³ respectively. The mixtures were prepared with proportions between 1.43% to 41.89% by weight of biomass. The initial (ufi), the apparent (ufa), the complete (ufc), and the minimum fluidization velocity (umf) were determined for fluid dynamic tests. The methods employed were the pressure drop graph as a function of gas velocity and observations. The analyzes have been performed concerning the influence of the nature of the biomass, the mass fraction of biomass contained in the mixture and comparison of the experimental results regarding the correlation proposed in the literature. The results showed that with the increase of the proportion of biomass characteristics speeds tend to increase, with the exception of the sand 01 with pine mixtures. The correlation proposed by the authors Paudel and Feng (2013) presented a good estimate for the prediction of the minimum fluidization velocity of mixtures of biomass and inert with absolute average relative errors of 12.70%, 31.90%, 140.33% and 19.10% for mixtures of sand 01 with eucalyptus, sand 02 with eucalyptus, sand 01 with pine and sand 02 with pine respectively.

A indústria de petróleo e gás tem trabalhado para o desenvolvimento de métodos que permitam o monitoramento e controle da produção de fluidos nos poços. Para isso são desenvolvidos equipamentos específicos para medição de vazões. Este trabalho apresenta um sistema baseado em medidores de vazão por obstrução ou pressão diferencial (placas de orifício, bocais e Venturis) para determinação em linha de vazões de produção (óleo, gás e água) em poços de petróleo. A partir das equações de conservação da massa e do momento para escoamento unidimensional e considerando escoamento isotérmico com fases incompressíveis, sem mudança de fase, com fases líquidas homogeneizadas e com escorregamento constante entre as fases líquida e gasosa, é deduzida uma relação geral entre vazão mássica total e queda de pressão. Utilizando a correlação de Chisholm para o escorregamento, é realizada uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos com o modelo homogêneo e o modelo de escorregamento constante. Por meio de uma caracterização dos fluidos em produção em estado permanente e utilizando o modelo de black oil para o sistema óleo-gás, são determinadas as vazões de produção na condição de referência. São realizadas validações dos resultados do modelo com dados experimentais obtidos numa bancada experimental em Aracaju (Sergipe) e em poços de Urucu (Amazonas). A comparação com os resultados experimentais mostra que as predições feitas com o modelo de escorregamento podem ser consideradas satisfatórias, levando-se em conta que o modelo foi desenvolvido de maneira independente, sem parâmetros de ajuste dos dados experimentais. / The oil and gas industry has been working to develop methods to monitor and control the fluid production in the wells. For this purpose, specific equipments are developed for measuring stream flows. This work presents a system based on differential pressure (or obstruction) flow meters (orifice plates, Venturis and nozzles) for online determination of production flows (oil, gas and water) in oil wells. Starting from the mass and momentum conservation equations for one-dimensional, isothermal flow and considering incompressible phases without phase change, homogenized liquid phases and constant slip between gas and liquid phases, a general relationship between total mass flow and pressure drop is derived. Using Chisholmts correlation for the slip, a comparison is made between the results obtained with the homogeneous model and the constant slip model. Through a characterization of the production fluids in steady state and using the black oil model for the oil-gas system, the production flows are determined at the reference condition. A validation is made between results obtained with the model and experimental data obtained in a rig at Aracaju (Sergipe) and in wells at Urucu (Amazonas). The comparison with experimental results shows that the predictions made with the slip model may be considered satisfactory, taking into account that the model was developed independently, without parameters adjusted from the experimental data.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo fundamental a construção de um sistema de identificação capaz de diagnosticar em tempo real as diferentes configurações de escoamentos bifásicos horizontais. É importante ressaltar que o desenvolvimento deste know-how é capital para a operação eficaz de instalações de manipulação e ou transporte de fluidos multifásicos, e representa, hoje, um dos grandes desafios nas indústrias do petróleo e termonuclear. O princípio de funcionamento do sistema proposto baseia-se nos sinais captados por um sensor de pressão flutuante de resposta rápida, e no seu pósprocessamento com auxílio da transformada de Gabor e de uma rede neural convenientemente treinada. A implementação é tal que a operação de diagnóstico pode ser feita on-line, desde a aquisição dos sinais até o pósprocessamento. Resultados experimentais foram obtidos no circuito experimental do NETeF - Núcleo de Engenharia Térmica e Fluidos da USP - Universidade de São Paulo, para uma secção de testes horizo ntal com 12 m de comprimento e diâmetro interno de 30 mm. Em específico foram ensaiados os seguintes padrões de escoamento ar-água: estratificado liso, ondulado, intermitente, anular e a bolhas. Os resultados mostram que, dependendo dos limites de detecção pré-estabelecidos, todos o principais padrões de escoamento bifásico horizontal são identificados corretamente. / The fundamental objective of this work is the construction of an identification system capable of diagnosing in real time different configurations of horizontal two-phase flow patterns. It is important to emphasize that the development of this know-how is capital to the efficient operation of facilities for manipulation and transportation of multiphase fluids, and represents, today, one of the most important challenges in the oil and thermonuclear industries. The working principle of the proposed system is based on the signals acquired by a rapid response fluctuating pressure sensor, and on its post processing through Gabor Transform and on a conveniently trained artificial neural network. The implementation is accomplished in way that the diagnosis operation is performed on-line, from signal acquisition to post-processing. Experimental results were obtained on the experimental circuit at NETeF - Núcleo de Engenharia Térmica e Fluidos of USP - Universidade de São Paulo, at São Carlos, using a horizontal test section, with 12 m length and 30 mm internal diameter. Experiments were done with the following air-water flow patterns: stratified smooth, wavy, intermittent, annular, and bubbly. Results show that, depending on the preset detection limits, all the main horizontal two phase flow patterns were correctly identified.

A indústria de petróleo e gás tem trabalhado para o desenvolvimento de métodos que permitam o monitoramento e controle da produção de fluidos nos poços. Para isso são desenvolvidos equipamentos específicos para medição de vazões. Este trabalho apresenta um sistema baseado em medidores de vazão por obstrução ou pressão diferencial (placas de orifício, bocais e Venturis) para determinação em linha de vazões de produção (óleo, gás e água) em poços de petróleo. A partir das equações de conservação da massa e do momento para escoamento unidimensional e considerando escoamento isotérmico com fases incompressíveis, sem mudança de fase, com fases líquidas homogeneizadas e com escorregamento constante entre as fases líquida e gasosa, é deduzida uma relação geral entre vazão mássica total e queda de pressão. Utilizando a correlação de Chisholm para o escorregamento, é realizada uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos com o modelo homogêneo e o modelo de escorregamento constante. Por meio de uma caracterização dos fluidos em produção em estado permanente e utilizando o modelo de black oil para o sistema óleo-gás, são determinadas as vazões de produção na condição de referência. São realizadas validações dos resultados do modelo com dados experimentais obtidos numa bancada experimental em Aracaju (Sergipe) e em poços de Urucu (Amazonas). A comparação com os resultados experimentais mostra que as predições feitas com o modelo de escorregamento podem ser consideradas satisfatórias, levando-se em conta que o modelo foi desenvolvido de maneira independente, sem parâmetros de ajuste dos dados experimentais. / The oil and gas industry has been working to develop methods to monitor and control the fluid production in the wells. For this purpose, specific equipments are developed for measuring stream flows. This work presents a system based on differential pressure (or obstruction) flow meters (orifice plates, Venturis and nozzles) for online determination of production flows (oil, gas and water) in oil wells. Starting from the mass and momentum conservation equations for one-dimensional, isothermal flow and considering incompressible phases without phase change, homogenized liquid phases and constant slip between gas and liquid phases, a general relationship between total mass flow and pressure drop is derived. Using Chisholmts correlation for the slip, a comparison is made between the results obtained with the homogeneous model and the constant slip model. Through a characterization of the production fluids in steady state and using the black oil model for the oil-gas system, the production flows are determined at the reference condition. A validation is made between results obtained with the model and experimental data obtained in a rig at Aracaju (Sergipe) and in wells at Urucu (Amazonas). The comparison with experimental results shows that the predictions made with the slip model may be considered satisfactory, taking into account that the model was developed independently, without parameters adjusted from the experimental data.

Escoamentos multifásicos estão presentes em diversas aplicações industriais, principalmente na indústria do petróleo. Um dos casos de aplicação, objeto de estudo desse trabalho, é a determinação da produção de poços de petróleo através de válvulas choke. É apresentada uma revisão dos efeitos físicos e do equacionamento adotado pelos principais modelos multifásicos existentes para tais válvulas. Um estudo de sensibilidade de tais efeitos físicos é realizado, analisando as possíveis alternativas para a diferença de velocidade entre as fases, o mecanismo adotado para a troca de calor entre as fases, a influência da energia cinética a montante da válvula, a influência da área efetiva da garganta e a metodologia de cálculo da recuperação de pressão a jusante da válvula. Conclui-se que dos diversos fatores que influenciam no cálculo da vazão mássica e da condição crítica, a área efetiva da garganta é um parâmetro importante e que é necessário uma maior investigação de como determinar tal parâmetro. / Multiphase flow are present in many industrial applications, mainly at the petroleum industry. One of these application cases, aim of this work study, is to determine a petroleum well production by the choke valves. It is presented a revision of the physical effects and for the adopted equation by the main existing multiphase models for such valves. A sensibility study of such physical effects is performed, analyzing the possible alternatives for the phases velocities difference, the adopted mechanism for the heat transfer between the phases, the upstream kinetic energy influence, the throat effective area influencie and the calculation methodology adopted for the valve downstream pressure recover. It is concluded that from many factors that influence in the mass flow and critical condition calculation, the throat effective area is a important parameter and it is necessary a deeper investigation in how to determine such parameter.

<p>In this thesis a set of boundary conditions for multiphase flow is suggested.</p><p>Characteristic-based boundary conditions are reviewed for single-phase flow. The problem of open-boundary conditions is investigated, and to avoid drifting values, the use of control functions is proposed.</p><p>The use of control functions is also verified with a new test which assesses the quality of the boundary conditions. Particularly, P- and PI-control functions are examined. PI-controllers have the ability to specify a given variable exactly at the outlet as well as at the inlet, without causing spurious reflections which are amplified.</p><p>Averaged multiphase flow equations are reviewed, and a simplified model is established. This model is used for the boundary analysis and the computations. Due to the averaging procedure, signal speeds are reduced to the order of the flow speed. This leads to numerical challenges. For a horizontal channel flow, a splitting of the interface pressure model is suggested. This bypasses the numerical problems associated with separation by gravity, and a physical realistic model is used. In this case, the inviscid model is shown to possess complex eigenvalues, and still the characteristic boundary conditions give reasonable results.</p><p>The governing equations are solved with a Runge-Kutta scheme for the time integration. For the spatial discretisation, a finite-volume and a finite-difference method are used. Both implementations give equivalent results. In single-phase flow, the results improve significantly when a numerical filter is applied. For two-dimensional two-phase flow, the computations are unstable without a numerical filter.</p>

<p>This Master Thesis presents TMVOC simulations of a NAPL-spill (non-aqueous phase liquid) and following pumping remediation. TMVOC is a simulation program for three-phase non-isothermal multicomponent flow in saturated-unsaturated heterogeneous media. The models presented are based on an actual remediation project. The aim of the thesis was to study if the historical development of the NAPL-spill could be simulated and how long time the pumping remediation would take. A 3D-model and a radially symmetric cylindrical model were created.</p><p>A large effort of the work done was in taking the complex TMVOC model in use and modifying it for the problem at hand. Therefore, the numerical results of the simulations should be considered as preliminary and as forming basis for future studies.</p><p>The results from the spill simulation and historical pumping simulation indicated that the spill volume could be less than the estimated 1400 m³, perhaps around 700 m³, assuming a leakage time of 30 years.</p><p>The historical pumping simulation of a 700 m³ diesel spill showed good agreement with measured values for some wells, but overestimated the recovery in other wells. The overestimation could be due to the fact that the 3D-model did not take seasonal changes in the groundwater level into consideration. Also, the model did not account for any heterogeneity or compartmentalization in soil material properties that could explain the differences between the wells. </p><p>Assuming the same spill of 700 m³, future pumping was simulated. The results from these simulations indicated the remediation time to be long due to fast decreasing mobility of the NAPL phase. The NAPL flow rate to the wells was halved in a couple of years. Much of the NAPL was distributed over a large area at near residual saturation with the highest NAPL saturation found at the opposite side of the pumping wells in the model.</p><p> </p><p>Future simulation studies should address the effect of discretization as well as the effect of uncertainties in material properties e.g. conductivity, residual NAPL saturation and soil heterogeneity.</p>

Contamination of ground water by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) has received increasing attention. The most common approach to numerical modeling of NAPL movement through the unsaturated zone is the use of the finite difference or finite element methods to solve a set of partial differential equations derived from Darcy's law and the continuity equations (Abriola and Pinder, 1985; Kaluarachchi and Parker, 1989). These methods work well in many settings, but have given little insights as to why certain non-ideal flow phenomena will occur. The network modeling method, which considers flow at the pore-scale, was used in this study to better understand macroscopic flow phenomena in porous media. Pore-scale network models approximate porous medium as a connected network of pores and channels. Two and three-dimensional pore-scale network models were constructed in this study. A uniform statistical distribution was assumed to represent the random arrangement of pore and tube sizes. Both hysteristic scanning curves and intermediate fluid distribution are studied. The simulation results suggested that network models may be used to predict the characteristic curves of three-phase systems. The results also suggested that three-dimensional models are necessary to study the three-phase problems. Two-dimensional models do not provide realistic results as evidenced by their inability to provide scale-invariant representation of flow processes. The network sizes used in this study ranged from 10 x 5 (50) to 156 x 78 (12168) pores for two-dimensional and from 10 x 5 x 5 (250) to 100 x 50 x 5 (25000) pores for three-dimensional domains. The domain size of 100 x 50 x 5 pores was large enough to provide descriptions independent of the domain scale. The one important limitation of network models is the considerable computational requirements. The use of very high speed computers is essential. Except for this limitation, the network model provides an invaluable technique to study fluid transport mechanisms in the vadose zone. / Graduation date: 1996