Orientadores: Milton Mori, Marcos Akra D'Ávila / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T08:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mori_ErickDjin_M.pdf: 2359279 bytes, checksum: ee684b815a4962d2a25990de40b76d0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Escoamentos gás-líquido-sólido em colunas de bolhas ainda são pouco compreendidos pela comunidade científica. Conhecer melhor a hidrodinâmica em uma coluna de bolhas é condição primordial para o sucesso em seu dimensionamento. Se a natureza do escoamento multifásico por si só é complexa, a tarefa de estudá-lo se torna ainda mais desafiadora, tendo em vista que são poucos os trabalhos consistentes publicados na literatura que abordam a temática. No presente estudo, utiliza-se a técnica da fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD), para conduzir simulações tridimensionais e transientes, a fim de se descrever a hidrodinâmica de um sistema gás-líquido-sólido em uma coluna de bolhas com quantidade intermediária de sólidos. O problema é tratado por meio de uma abordagem Euleriana e a interação interfásica é descrita exclusivamente pelo arraste entre as fases gás-líquido e sólido-líquido. Os resultados numéricos obtidos são confrontados com resultados experimentais da literatura e comprovam a capacidade da ferramenta computacional em descrever o sistema em questão. A análise dos modelos de arraste para a interação sólido-líquido mostrou a relevância da escolha da lei de arraste para descrever corretamente a circulação de sólidos no leito. Para a interação gás-líquido sob as condições analisadas, os modelos que consideram distorções da fase gasosa mostraram melhor desempenho, frente os modelos que consideram apenas bolhas esféricas. A turbulência no meio contínuo foi descrita por modelos de duas equações, os modelos kepsilon e RNG k-epsilon. O último mostrou melhor desempenho em descrever o padrão de escoamento, possivelmente por ter sido concebido para escoamentos vorticiais / Abstract: Gas-liquid-solid flows inside bubble columns are not fully comprehended by scientific community yet. A better knowledge regarding the hidrodynamics of a bubble column is the first step towards reaching its sizing successfully. If the multiphase flow nature by itself presents great complexity, the task of studying it becomes even more challenging, since few are the consistent published work in the literature treating this subject. In the present study, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to capture the hidrodynamics of a gas-liquid-solid flow inside a bubble column with intermediate solid concentration. The Eulerian approach was used as frame of reference and for the interphase forces only the drag between gas-liquid and solid-liquid phases were considered. The numerical results were compared to experimental data of the literature, showing the ability of CFD in describing the multiphase flow. Furthermore, analysis of drag models for the solid-liquid interaction indicates that the drag law plays an important role in describing the solid circulating in the system. For the gas-liquid interaction under the analyzed conditions, it has been found that the drag laws considering the bubble distortion showed better agreement with experimental data in comparison to the ones that considered bubbles as rigid spheres. The turbulence in the continuous phase was described by a two equation model. Comparison between standard k-epsilon and RNG k-epsilon revealed that in this case, the latter represented better the flow pattern, since it was developed for swirling flows / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientadores: Milton Mori, Jhon Jairo Ramirez Behainne / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T08:54:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hodapp_MaximilianJoachim_D.pdf: 4872915 bytes, checksum: 9619785faa8fc5ab19790d59903b0a7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A queima de carvão mineral em Leito Fluidizado Circulante (CFBC) tem interessado pesquisadores por várias décadas, tendo sido propostos inúmeros modelos matemáticos que visam descrever os complexos fenômenos de transferência de massa, energia e quantidade de movimento deste sistema gás-sólido. A fase sólida é uma mistura de materiais inertes, como a areia e a cinza de carvão, um agente desulfurizante, além do próprio combustível. A técnica de Fluidodinâmica Computacional tem sido aplicada com sucesso para simular não somente escoamentos multifásicos mas também problemas que envolvem reações químicas e troca de calor. Apesar disto, a caracterização individual dos diversos materiais da fase sólida não é muito estudada. Deste modo, neste trabalho foi pesquisada a representação numérica do escoamento no interior de um leito fluidizado por CFD. Numa primeira etapa estudou-se a fluidodinâmica gás-sólido a quente e numa segunda a implementação de uma abordagem trifásica para representar o processo de queima de carvão mineral. Assim, a fase gás e o material inerte foram considerados fluídos, conforme a abordagem Euleriana, enquanto o material reativo foi representado pela descrição Lagrangeana. A combustão ocorre principalmente num leito fluidizado de 4 m de altura e 0,1 m de diâmetro, operado no regime de baixa densidade de sólidos e rápida fluidização. As reações do sistema são aquelas que ocorrem na fase gasosa devido à liberação de voláteis do carvão, bem como a reação heterogênea do carbono. Os resultados das simulações CFD mostraram-se de acordo com os dados experimentais disponíveis para temperatura e composição dos gases de saída. A escolha de modelos de reação heterogênea e do inventário de sólidos do sistema se mostrou de grande importância à simulação do processo. Concluí-se que a abordagem trifásica apresentada mostra-se viável para sistemas nos quais a massa de material reativo sólido no sistema representa apenas uma fração da massa total dos sólidos presentes / Abstract: Coal combustion in Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustors (CFBC) has received great attention from researchers who have developed several approaches in order to model the complex phenomena of mass, energy and momentum exchange in this gas-solid system. The solid phase is usually a mixture of inert material, sand and ash, a desulfurization material such as limestone and the fuel itself. Computational Fluid Dynamics has been successfully applied to simulate not only the fluid dynamics of multiphase flow in components of CFBC's, but also to study the associated heat and mass transfer phenomena. However, the inclusion of more than one solid phase is not usually the · subject of research. Ideally each particle could be tracked in a Lagrangian formulation, which, for denser flows, could include inter-particle interactions. However even for small-scale plants the total number of particles by far exceeds currently available computing resources. In this work, a three-phase approach was applied to model fast bed CFBC riser, in which the gas phase and the inert particle phase are described in an Euler-trame while the reacting coal particles are tracked individually in a Lagrangian approach. A small pilot-plant unit feed with ash-rich Brazilian coal has been chosen as a study case. The combustion took place in a riser of 4m height and 0,1 m internal diameter, operating in the low-density regime. The chemical reactions in the system were those of the gas-phase homogeneous oxidation of the devolatilized components and the heterogeneous char combustion. The simulation results were in good agreement with experimental measurements for temperature and flue gas composition, hence the three-phase modeling showed to be a viable alternative to a more complete simulation of the CFBCs coal combustion process / Doutorado / Processos em Tecnologia Química / Doutor em Engenharia Química

[pt] Uma grande parcela da população depende de águas subterrâneas para o consumo. Assim, vazamentos dos tanques de gasolina representam um risco significativo de saúde pública, além dos riscos de incêndio e explosão que o vazamento de vapores destes tanques pode causar nas linhas de esgotos dos edifícios. Estes tanques estão em geral localizados na zona não saturada dos solos, acima do nível freático. Torna-se assim importante avaliar a mobilidade destes compostos nestas condições e em particular de prever a sua chegada no lençol freático. Esta avaliação pode ser feita através de procedimentos numéricos de análise. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é a implementação numérica de um programa que simule o fluxo transiente de NAPLs (non aqueous phase liquids) em meios porosos não saturados. A solução numérica é obtida pela utilização do método dos volumes finitos. Para representar as características hidráulicas dos solos, a função Brooks e Corey e os modelos de Brooks e Corey-Burdine são utilizados. O trabalho apresenta detalhes do programa desenvolvido e o seu uso para simular ensaios de fluxo de gasolina e gasolina misturada com etanol realizados na PUC em estudos anteriores. / [en] A large proportion of the population depends on groundwater for consumption. Thus, leakage of gasoline tanks represents a significant risk to public health besides the risk of fire and explosion in the sewer lines, due to the flammable gases. These tanks are generally located in the unsaturad soil above the groundwater level. It is therefore important to evaluate the mobility of these compounds under these conditions and in particular to predict its arrival in the water table. This assessment can be done by numerical procedures for analysis. The main objective of this work is the numerical implementation of a program that simulates the transient flow of NAPLs (non aqueous phase liquids) in unsaturated porous media. The numerical solution is obtained by using the method of finite volumes. To represent the hydraulic characteristics of soils, the function of Brooks and Corey, as well as the Brooks and Corey-Burdine’s model are used. The essay presents details of the program developed and its use to simulate the flow testing of gasoline and gasoline blended with ethanol made in the PUC in previus studies.

The accurate measurement of multiphase flows of oil/water/gas is a critical element of oil exploration and production. Thus, over the last three decades; the development and deployment of in-line multiphase flow metering systems has been a major focus worldwide. Accurate measurement of multiphase flow in the oil and gas industry is difficult because there is a wide range of flow regimes and multiphase meters do not generally perform well under the intermittent slug flow conditions which commonly occur in oil production. This thesis investigates the use of Doppler and cross-correlation ultrasonic measurements made in different high gas void fraction flow, partially separated liquid and gas flows, and homogeneous flow and raw slug flow, to assess the accuracy of measurement in these regimes. This approach has been tested on water/air flows in a 50mm diameter pipe facility. The system employs a partial gas/liquid separation and homogenisation using a T-Y junction configuration. A combination of ultrasonic measurement techniques was used to measure flow velocities and conductivity rings to measure the gas fraction. In the partially separated regime, ultrasonic cross-correlation and conductivity rings are used to measure the liquid flow-rate. In the homogeneous flow, a clamp-on ultrasonic Doppler meter is used to measure the homogeneous velocity and combined with conductivity ring measurements to provide measurement of the liquid and gas flow-rates. The slug flow regime measurements employ the raw Doppler shift data from the ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter, together with the slug flow closure equation and combined with gas fraction obtained by conductivity rings, to determine the liquid and gas flow-rates. Measurements were made with liquid velocities from 1.0m/s to 2.0m/s with gas void fractions up to 60%. Using these techniques the accuracies of the liquid flow-rate measurement in the partially separated, homogeneous and slug regimes were 10%, 10% and 15% respectively. The accuracy of the gas flow-rate in both the homogeneous and raw slug regimes was 10%. The method offers the possibility of further improvement in the accuracy by combining measurement from different regimes.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Bannwart / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T07:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paternost_GuilhermeMiranda_M.pdf: 4957872 bytes, checksum: 34efcf3e5536aa84d89fa2b289df6cee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O bombeio centrífugo submerso (BCS) é o segundo método de elevação artificial mais utilizado em poços de petróleo no mundo. Nestes poços, o equipamento está sujeito à influência de fluidos viscosos e à presença de gás livre, os quais impactam significativamente seu desempenho já que este é resultado da dinâmica de fluidos nos impelidores e difusores da bomba. Historicamente, devido ao escoamento de gás e de fluidos viscosos se tratarem de situações distintas, as maiorias dos estudos realizados analisam estes fenômenos separadamente vistos a complexidade e particularidades existentes de cada. O objetivo deste trabalho é a realização de um estudo experimental de avaliação do desempenho de uma bomba centrífuga sob os dois fenômenos, onde foi mensurado o impacto e a interação das principais variáveis que afetam seu desempenho. Para isto, foi construída uma bancada experimental constando de uma bomba centrífuga do tipo voluta, permitindo medir seu desempenho com água e fluido viscoso juntamente com os efeitos de fração de vazio, diâmetro de bolha e pressão de entrada. Foi também avaliada uma proposta existente de mapeamento do comportamento de uma bomba centrífuga operando com escoamento monofásico em função de números adimensionais que traduzem os efeitos combinados da viscosidade e da rotação. Foram sugeridas modificações e correlações baseadas nesta proposta e seus resultados comparados aos dados experimentais obtidos / Abstract: The Electrical Submersible Pumping (ESP) is the second most commonly used artificial lift method worldwide, being responsible for the highest amount of total fluids produced (oil and water). In wells using this method, the equipment may be subjected to viscous fluids and free gas flow, both affecting pump performance since it is a result of the fluid dynamics inside its impellers and diffusers. Generally, since the presence of free gas and liquid viscosity are independent phenomena, most studies so far have examined their effect separately due to their complexity. The purpose of this experimental study is to take another step towards understanding the performance of a centrifugal pump under these two phenomena, measuring the impact of the main variables involved. A testing rig consisting of a centrifugal pump of volute type was built, where its performance was measured with the varying effects of viscosity, void fraction and rotational speed / Mestrado / Explotação / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Orientador: Rosângela Barros Zanoni Lopes Moreno / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T12:56:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dominguez_LuciaGarcia_M.pdf: 8169227 bytes, checksum: 3b6d0e210f4dc8a2db3d9f8b9f93f6c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A capacidade de armazenamento de hidrocarbonetos no reservatório depende do tipo de rocha e da estrutura dos poros. Uma das propriedades rocha-fluido mais estudadas é a permeabilidade relativa, ou seja, a medida da resistência ao escoamento que um fluido apresenta na presença de outro. A permeabilidade relativa é essencial para a avaliação dos processos de recuperação de hidrocarbonetos e previsão do escoamento multifásico de fluidos através do reservatório. A permeabilidade relativa depende de outros parâmetros que têm sido estudados por especialistas durante os últimos anos, como saturação dos fluidos, molhabilidade, tensão interfacial, estrutura porosa, temperatura, heterogeneidades e vazão de deslocamento. Em relação ao efeito da vazão de deslocamento na permeabilidade relativa, muitas pesquisas têm sido realizadas sem conseguir um acordo. Por tanto, a principal motivação deste estudo é a falta de conformidade na literatura. O foco do trabalho é encontrar se existe dependência da permeabilidade relativa com a vazão e avaliar este efeito em óleos de diferentes viscosidades. Foram realizados quinze testes de deslocamento em regime transiente a temperatura e vazão constantes. Os experimentos de laboratório foram executados com três plugues, cortados a partir de uma amostra única de rocha carbonática e saturados com três óleos de viscosidades diferentes, respetivamente. Foram utilizadas três vazões diferentes para cada amostra, que correspondem aos valores mínimo, máximo e intermediário de acordo o critério de dos Santos et al (1997) que visa balancear as forças viscosas, capilares e gravitacionais. Estas vazões foram variadas começando pela maior e diminuindo até a menor e posteriormente revertendo o ciclo, para observar se a sequência seguida influencia nos resultados. A análise dos resultados foi realizada mediante o método de Johnson-Bossler-Naumann para calcular as permeabilidades relativas ao óleo e à água. Sob as condições dos testes realizados, observou-se que as saturações e permeabilidades dos pontos terminais bem como as curvas de permeabilidade relativa, dependem da vazão. Além disso, pode-se observar que as variações foram diferentes dependendo da viscosidade do óleo utilizado. Deste modo, o óleo de menor viscosidade sempre se comportou de modo contrário ao de maior viscosidade e a mistura dos outros dois teve um comportamento intermediário. Este comportamento tem sido atribuído, nos óleos mais viscosos, a um aumento no ângulo de contato e consequente diminuição do número capilar em resposta à vazão mais elevada. Já nos óleos menos viscosos, a vazão não altera significativamente o ângulo de contato e, portanto, o número capilar aumenta com a vazão. Estas diferenças na variação do número capilar, dependendo do óleo utilizado, podem gerar as tendências diferentes nos resultados e explicar o desacordo na literatura / Abstract: The storability of hydrocarbons in the reservoir is dependent upon the rock formation and the pore structures. One of the main important rock-fluid property is the relative permeability, a measure of the flow resistance of one fluid in the presence of another one into the rock. Relative permeability depends on other parameters which have been studied by researchers during the years like fluid properties and saturation, wettability, interfacial tension, porous structure, temperature, heterogeneity and flow rate. Many researchers have focused on flow rate influence in relative permeability curves without obtaining agreement. Therefore, the main motivation for this study is the lack of conformity in the literature. The focus of the work is to find whether there is dependence of relative permeability with the flow and evaluate this effect in oils of different viscosities. Fifteen transient displacement tests were performed at constant temperature and flow rate. The laboratory experiments were performed with three plugs, cut from a single sample of carbonate rock and saturated with three fluids of different viscosities, respectively. Three different flow rates were used for each sample, corresponding to the minimum, maximum and intermediate according to dos Santos et al criterion (1997) which aims to balance the viscous, capillary and gravitational forces. These flow rates were varied starting with the largest and decreasing to the smallest, and subsequently reversing the cycle, to see if the next sequence influences the results. Experimental results were analyzed using JBN method (Johnson-Bossler-Naumann) to calculate oil and water relative permeability curves. Under the studied circumstances, it was observed that the end point saturations and permeabilities and the relative permeability curves depend on the flow rate. Moreover, variations were different depending on the viscosity of the oil used. Thus, the lower viscosity oil will always behave in a contrary manner to the higher viscosity and the mixture of the other two had an intermediate performance. This behavior has been attributed, for more viscous oils, to an increment in contact angle and thus diminution in the capillary number in response to the higher flow. Nevertheless in lower viscous oils, the flow rate does not alter significantly the contact angle and thus the capillary number increases with flow rate. These differences in the variation of the capillary number depending on the oil used may generate the differences on the results trends and explain the disagreement in the literature / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestra em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Este trabalho consiste em introduzir uma nova abordagem de representação de superfície no ambiente de simulação Freeflow2D. Consiste em usar Partição da Unidade Implícita para estimar da superfície a geometria, normais e curvatura. Procurando se valer das vantagens de métodos do tipo meshless (sem malha) conservando no entanto a malha Lagrangiana, no interesse de manter o fácil acesso de vizinhança, inserção e eliminação de pontos / The objective of this work is to introduce a new approache of surface representation within the Freeflow system. It consists of using implicit functions by means of Partition of Unit Implicit to estimate surface geometry, normals and curvature. Aiming at the advantages of meshless methods of surface representation whilst keeping the Lagrangian mesh in order to preserve ease of access of geometric vicinity, particle insertion and removal

Depleting oil reserves and fluctuating oil prices have necessitated to increase the efficiency of oil production process. This thesis is focused on developing low-cost sensors, which can increase oil production efficiency through real-time monitoring of oil wells and help in safe transport of oil products from the wells to the refineries. Produced fluid from an oil well is a complex mixture of oil, water and gases, which needs to be quantified for various strategic and operational decisions. For many years, test separators have been used to separate oil, water and gases into three separate streams and then to analyse them individually. However, test separators are being replaced by multiphase flow meters (MPFM) which can analyse the complex mixture of oil, water and gas without separating it. However, existing MPFMs are either intrusive or require fluid mixing before the sensing stage. In contrast to existing techniques, first part of this thesis presents a microwave sensor, which can measure water fraction in oil in a non-intrusive way without requiring it to be mixed. Gas fraction sensing can also be performed using the same microwave sensor, which is an on-going work. The sensor operates on dielectric measurement principles and comprises a microstrip T-resonator that has been optimized for a 3D pipe surface. Certain locations on an oil field have limited available space, for which we have also presented a compact version of the microwave water-fraction sensor in this thesis. In this version, metallic housing of the sensor has been used to function as a ground plane for the coaxially located spiral resonator. This housing also protects the sensor from environmental effects. In addition to the efficient production of oil, its safe transport is also a concern for the industry. It is physically impossible to inspect a network of thousands of kilometres of pipelines manually. The existing leak detectors suffer from low sensitivity, high false alarms and dependence on environmental effects. In the last part of this thesis, we present a flexible ringresonator based leak detector, which can be clamped at vulnerable locations along the pipeline for early leak detection.

This diploma thesis focuses on the phenomena of multiphase flow in a steam generator as a one of probable causes of tubes and tubesheet weld cracking. In the first part of the work, a research was carried out focusing on the boiling and the phenomenon of two-phase flow in technical applications, its characteristics and properties. The thesis continuous with an overview of available numerical multiphase models in the ANSYS Fluent 2021 R1 and a research of previously published works focused on two-phase flow with the presence of boiling. The research is followed by a description of the particular boiler, which is part of the nitric acid production plant in the chemical company DUSLO, a.s., its operating conditions and a more detailed description of the issue that is being addressed in this thesis. The second part of the work continuous with a description of the computational model, including a description of the geometry of the model and used simplifications, the computational mesh and the description of boundary conditions. Important part is the description of calculation setting of steady-state and transient CFD simulations in ANSYS Fluent. Finally, the results of the two-phase flow calculation are presented and then discussed in the conclusions.

La modélisation des hydrosystèmes souterrains est devenue un outil crucial dans la gestion des ressources d'eaux souterraines ainsi que pour la surveillance des sites contaminés. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de modéliser l'écoulement d'une phase non-aqueuse liquide dense (DNAPL) dans les sols, et de développer un code pour la simulation des écoulements triphasiques de fluides incompressibles en milieux poreux. Le modèle mathématique pour les écoulements multiphasiques de fluides en milieux poreux est généralement constitué d'une équation de pression et de deux équations de saturation. Notre approche est fondée sur une formulation en pression globale : elle permet un découplage partiel des équations de pression et de saturations, et elle est plus efficace en termes de résolution numérique. Le nouveau modèle est discrétisé selon un schéma IMPES. Dans ce travail de thèse, la méthode des Eléments Finis Discontinus de Galerkine est combinée à un schéma de Godunov généralisé pour la résolution de la partie convective de l'équation de saturation. Un écoulement diphasique non miscible avec effets gravitaires importants et sans capillarité a été simulé. Une analyse fonctionnelle démontre que le profil de saturation de la phase non-aqueuse entrante dépend essentiellement du rapport de la vitesse totale sur la différence de densité entre la phase non aqueuse et l'eau. Le code développé a permis de simuler un drainage gravitaire à grande échelle. Enfin, un modèle numérique non-linéaire d'écoulement triphasique de fluides utilisant la Méthode des Lignes est introduit. Les causes d'oscillations instables du système en zone elliptique sont examinées. Des méthodes de relaxation et la construction d'un modèle de perméabilités relatives vérifiant la condition de Différentielle Totale sont envisagées. / Numerical simulation has become a crucial tool in addressing water-resource management and other environmental problems such as polluted sites monitoring. The aim of this work is to model the flow of a dense non aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) in the subsurface by developing a numerical code to simulate three-phase (DNAPL, water, and gas), incompressible flow in porous media. The mathematical model for multiphase flow in porous media is generally composed of a system of one pressure and two saturation equations. Our approach is based on a global pressure model : it leads to a partial decoupling of the pressure and the saturation equation and is more efficient from the computational point of view. The new model is discretized by a Mixed Hybrid Finite Elements Method (MHFEM), Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Elements (DGFEM), IMPES resolution method. In this work, the DGFEM scheme is combined with a generalised Godunov scheme to solve the convective part of the saturation equation. An immiscible two-phase flow with predominant gravity effects and whithout capillary effects has been modelled. It has been shown that the saturation profile of a displacing non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in an initially water-saturated porous medium depends strongly on the ratio between the total specific discharge and the density difference between the NAPL and water. The 2D-code enabled a simulation of a large-scale gravity drainage. Finally, a non-linear three-phase 1D flow formulation using Method of Lines (MOL) has been introduced. Unstable oscillatory behavior of the system when the initial state are in the elliptic region of the ternary diagram is examined. Non-equilibrium formulation and construction of relative permeability model satisfying the Total-Differential are foreseen.