This thesis puts focus on the technological challenges for Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) implementation, and presents novel semiconductor optical devices for deployment at the optical network unit (ONU). The first-ever reported L-band Reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) is presented based on InP-base material. A theoretical model is developed to estimate the optical gain and the saturation power of this device compared to a conventional SOA. Experiments on this device design show long-range telecom wavelength operation, with polarization-independent gain of greater than 20 dB, and low saturation output power of 0 dBm suitable for PON applications. Next, the effect of the amplified spontaneous emission noise of RSOA devices on WDM-PON system is investigated. It is shown through theoretical modeling and simulations that the RSOA noise combined with receiver noise statistics increase probability of error, and induce considerable power penalties to the WDM-PON system. By improving the coupling efficiencies, and by distributing more current flow to the input of these devices, steps can be taken to improve device noise characteristics. Further, in spectrally-spliced WDM-PONs deploying RSOAs, the effect of AWG filter shape on system performance is investigated. Simulation modeling and experiments show that deployment of Flat-band AWGs is critical for reducing the probability of error caused by AWG spectral shape filtering. Flat-band athermal AWGs in comparison to Gaussin-shape counterparts satisfy the maximum acceptable error probability requirements, and reduce the power penalty associated with filtering effect. In addition, detuning between two AWG center wavelengths impose further power penalties to the WDM-PON system. In the last section of this thesis, motivated by RSOA device system limitations, a novel injection-locked Fabry-Perot (IL-FP) device is presented which consists of a gain section monolithically integrated with a phase section. The gain section provides locking of one FP mode to a seed source wavelength, while the phase modulator allows for adjusting the wavelength of the internal modes by tuning bias current to maintain mode-locking. This device counters any mode drifts caused by temperature variations, and allows for cooler-less operation over a wide range of currents. The devices and the performance metrics subsequently allow for a hybrid integration platform on a silicon substrate and integrate many functionalities like reflective modulator with thin film dielectric filter and receiver on a single chip for deployment at the user-end of future-proof low cost WDM-PONs.

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted by many broadband wireless communication systems for the simplicity of the receiver technique to support high data rates and user mobility. However, studies also show that the advantage of OFDM over the single-carrier modulation schemes could be substantially compromised by timing or frequency estimation errors at the receiver. In this thesis we investigate the synchronization problem for practical OFDM systems using a system model generalized from the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16 standards. For preamble based synchronization schemes, which are most common in the downlink of wireless communication systems, we propose a novel timing acquisition algorithm which minimizes false alarm probability and indirectly improves correct detection probability. We then introduce a universal fractional carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimator that outperforms conventional methods at low signal to noise ratio with lower complexity. More accurate timing and frequency estimates can be obtained by our proposed frequency-domain algorithms incorporating channel knowledge. We derive four joint frequency, timing, and channel estimators with different approximations, and then propose a hybrid integer CFO estimation scheme to provide flexible performance and complexity tradeoffs. When the exact channel delay profile is unknown at the receiver, we present a successive timing estimation algorithm to solve the timing ambiguity. Both analytical and simulation results are presented to confirm the performance of the proposed methods in various realistic channel conditions. The ranging based synchronization scheme is most commonly used in the uplink of wireless communication systems. Here we propose a successive multiuser detection algorithm to mitigate multiple access interference and achieve better performance than that of conventional single-user based methods. A reduced-complexity version of the successive algorithm feasible for hardware real-time implementation is also presented in the thesis. To better understand the performance of a ranging detector from a system point of view, we develop a technique that can directly translate a detector�s missed detection probability into the maximum number of users that the method can support in one cell with a given number of ranging opportunities. The analytical results match the simulations reasonably well and show that the proposed successive algorithms allow a base station to serve more than double the number of users supported by the conventional methods. Finally, we investigate inter-carrier interference which is caused by the timevarying communication channels. We derive the bounds on the power of residual inter-carrier interference that cannot be mitigated by a frequency-domain equalizer with a given number of taps. We also propose a Turbo equalization scheme using the novel grouped Particle filter, which approaches the performance of the Maximum A Posterior algorithm with much lower complexity.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Adaptation Layer Type 2 (AAL2) has been developed to carry low and variable bit rate traffic. It provides high bandwidth efficiency with low packing delay by allowing voice traffic from different AAL2 channels to be multiplexed onto a single ATM virtual channel connection. Examples of where AAL2 are used include the Code Division Multiple Access and the Third Generation mobile telephony networks. The main objective of this thesis is to study traditional and novel AAL2 multiplexing methods and to characterise their performance when carrying low and variable bit rate (VBR) voice traffic. This work develops a comprehensive QoS framework which is used as a basis to study the performance of the AAL2 multiplexer system. In this QoS framework the effects of packet delay, delay variation, subjective voice quality and bandwidth utilisation are all used to determine the overall performance of the end-to-end system for the support of real time voice communications. Extensions to existing AAL2 voice multiplexers are proposed and characterised. In the case where different types of voice applications are presented to the AAL2 multiplexer, it was observed that increased efficiency gains are possible when a priority queuing scheme is introduced into the traditional AAL2 multiplexer system. Studies of the voice traffic characteristics and their effects on the performance of the AAL2 multiplexer are also investigated. It is shown that particular source behaviours can have deleterious effect on the performance of the AAL2 multiplexer. Methods of isolating these voice sources are examined and the performance of the AAL2 multiplexer re-evaluated to show the beneficial effects of a particular source isolation technique. The extent to which statistical multiplexing is possible for real time variable VBR sources is theoretically examined. These calculations highlight the difficulties in multiplexing VBR real time traffic while maintaining guaranteed delay bounds for these sources. Based on these calculations, multiplexing schemes that incorporate data transfers within the real time traffic transfer are proposed as alternatives for utilising unused bandwidth caused by the VBR nature of the voice traffic.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-154).

Thesis (M.Eng.(Electronic Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Summaries in Afrikaans and English. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [92]-99).

Thesis (M.App.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-134). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Computing and Engineering. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2004. / "A dissertation in engineering and computer networking." Advisor: Ghulam Chaudhry. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Feb. 22, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-157). Online version of the print edition.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή ασχολείται με τη μελέτη της τεχνικής μετάδοσης OFDM. Η τεχνική OFDM είναι πια μια ώριμη τεχνολογία με αποδεδειγμένη ικανότητα να προσφέρει υψηλούς ρυθμούς μετάδοσης δεδομένων με ιδιαίτερα μεγάλη αποτελεσματικότητα ακόμα και σε δύσκολα περιβάλλοντα μετάδοσης. Αυτό αντικατοπτρίζεται και από την πολύ μεγάλη διείσδυσή της στην αγορά με ενσωμάτωσή της σε πολλά εμπορικά προϊόντα. Όμως οι σύγχρονες ανάγκες επικοινωνιών επιτάσσουν ακόμα πιο μεγάλη αποτελεσματικότητα στην μετάδοση δεδομένων και πλέον συστήματα και λύσεις που προτάθηκαν πριν 2 με 3 χρόνια θεωρούνται αναποτελεσματικά. Κύριο σημείο για την αύξηση της αποτελεσματικότητας αποτελεί η δυνατότητα προσαρμογής του συστήματος στις συνθήκες μετάδοσης. Οι συνθήκες μετάδοσης χαρακτηρίζονται κυρίως από το ασύρματο κανάλι. Για να επιτευχθεί η μεγαλύτερη δυνατή αποτελεσματικότητα το σύστημα θα πρέπει να είναι ικανό να εκτιμά τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά του ασύρματου καναλιού και στην συνέχεια να προσαρμόζει ανάλογα τα χαρακτηριστικά μετάδοσης. Ένα τέτοιο προσαρμοστικό σύστημα έχει σημαντικό πλεονέκτημα απέναντι σε ένα μη προσαρμοστικό σύστημα το οποίο αντιμετωπίζει την κάθε περίπτωση με έναν ενιαίο μη βέλτιστο τρόπο. Ένα άλλο σημαντικό πρόβλημα, το οποίο συναντάται σε όλα τα συστήματα και στο OFDM, είναι η διαφορά της απόδοσης των αλγορίθμων ανάμεσα στην εξομοίωση τους σε λογισμικό και στην υλοποίηση τους σε υλικό. Η παρούσα διατριβή έχει τρεις στόχους. Ο πρώτος στόχος είναι να μελετηθεί το κανάλι μετάδοσης και να διερευνηθούν τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά του. Η εκτίμηση των χαρακτηριστικών αυτών θα αποτελέσει την προσεγγιστική εκτίμηση καναλιού. Στην συνέχεια το σύστημα βασιζόμενο σε αυτά τα χαρακτηριστικά θα μπορεί να προσαρμοστεί κάθε φορά με τον βέλτιστο τρόπο. Αποτέλεσμα αυτής της μελέτης είναι να αποφασιστεί ότι οι συντελεστές που περιγράφουν προσεγγιστικά το κανάλι είναι ο λόγος σήματος προς θόρυβο, η συχνότητα Doppler, η εξάπλωση καθυστέρησης και ο συντελεστής Κ του καναλιού Ricean και να αναπτυχθούν αλγόριθμοι εκτίμησης για κάθε έναν. Μέσω των προτεινόμενων αλγορίθμων το σύστημα θα μπορεί να εκτιμήσει τις συνθήκες μετάδοσης και να προσαρμοστεί κατάλληλα. Ο δεύτερος στόχος της διατριβής είναι η μελέτη της ακριβούς εκτίμησης καναλιού και η ενίσχυση της απόδοσης του συστήματος μέσω αυτής. Για την μελέτη αυτή επιλέχθηκαν δύο διαφορετικοί τρόποι προσέγγισής της. Η πρώτη προσέγγιση ασχολείται με την λεπτομερή εκτίμηση χαρακτηριστικών του καναλιού όπως ο αριθμός των διαδρομών του και η χρονική τοποθέτησή τους. Στην συνέχεια αυτά τα στοιχεία χρησιμοποιούνται για την εκτίμηση των συντελεστών του καναλιού. Η δεύτερη προσέγγιση ασχολείται με την εκτίμηση καναλιού με την χρήση τεχνικών παρεμβολής. Η μελέτη των τεχνικών παρεμβολής οδήγησε στον προσδιορισμό των βασικών προβλημάτων τους και στην πρόταση νέων τεχνικών εκτίμησης καναλιού. Αρχικά προτείνεται μία νέα μέθοδος εκτίμησης μέσω αντικατάστασης των εικονικών υποφορέων του συστήματος με πιλότους. Για την μέθοδο αυτή δίνεται μια νέα μαθηματική ανάλυση η οποία προσδιορίζει τα χαρακτηριστικά της απόδοσής του. Τέλος η απόδοση της εξετάζεται σε πρακτικό OFDM σύστημα σε ιδιαίτερα δύσκολες συνθήκες. Στην συνέχεια προτείνεται μία νέα μέθοδος εκτίμησης καναλιού μέσω παρεμβολής η οποία χρησιμοποιεί παραπάνω από ένα σύμβολα OFDM για την εκτίμηση του καναλιού. Για την μέθοδο αυτή δίνεται μία νέα μαθηματική ανάλυση η οποία εμπεριέχει την επίδραση της χρονικής μεταβολής του καναλιού στην απόδοση του συστήματος. Η απόδοση και αυτής της μεθόδου εξετάζεται σε πρακτικό OFDM σύστημα σε δύσκολες συνθήκες. Τέλος ο τρίτος στόχος της διατριβής είναι η μελέτη της διαδικασίας υλοποίησης και βελτιστοποίησης των προτεινόμενων αλγορίθμων εκτίμησης ρεαλιστικά συστήματα υλικού. Για τον λόγο αυτό επιλέχθηκε η υλοποίηση μέρους των προηγούμενων προτεινόμενων αλγορίθμων σε ένα σύστημα ψηφιακής επεξεργασίας, το οποίο είναι πολύ κοντά στο να θεωρείται μια ρεαλιστική υλοποίηση. Έτσι είναι εφικτή η μελέτη των επιλογών της υλοποίησης και των συμβιβασμών της για την βέλτιστη απόδοση του συστήματος. / This dissertation deals with the study of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) transmission. OFDM is a mature technology with a proven ability to offer high data transmission rates with particularly big effectiveness even in difficult transmission environments. This is also reflected by its very big infiltration in the market with its incorporation in a lot of commercial products. However the modern needs of communications ordain even bigger effectiveness in data transmission and henceforth systems and solutions that have been proposed 2 or 3 years before are considered ineffective. Main point for the achievement of increase in the effectiveness of the system constitutes the ability of adaptation of the system in the transmission conditions. The transmission conditions are mainly characterized by the wireless channel. In order to achieve the highest effectiveness the system must be able to estimate the channel characteristics and to adjust its transmission characteristics accordingly. Such an adaptive system has a significant advantage compared to a non adaptive system which faces each case with a uniform and not optimal way. Another important problem that all communication systems face, including OFDM, is the difference in the performance of an algorithm between its software simulation and it hardware implementation. The present dissertation has three objectives. The first objective is to study the transmission channel and investigate its main characteristics. The estimation of these characteristics will constitute the coarse channel estimation. Then the system will be able to adapt itself optimally. The result of this study is to decide that the factors that coarsely describe the channel are the signal to noise ratio, the Doppler frequency, delay spread and the Ricean channel K factor. Then new algorithms were developed to estimate each one of these factors. Through the proposed algorithms the system will be able to estimate the transmission conditions and be adapted suitably. The second objective of this dissertation is to study the exact channel estimation and the way that the system performance can be enhanced through it. For this study two different approaches were selected. The first approach deals with the detailed estimation of the channel characteristics such as the number of the paths and their placement in time. Then these elements are used to get the channel estimation coefficients. The second approach deals with the channel estimation through interpolation. The study of interpolation methods led to the determination of their basic problems and the proposal of new channel estimation techniques. Firstly a novel channel estimation is proposed through the replacement of virtual subcarriers with pilots. For this method a novel mathematic analysis is given that determines its performance characteristics. Finally its performance is examined in a practical OFDM system in particularly difficult conditions. Then another novel channel estimation method through interpolation is proposed that uses more than one OFDM symbol to estimate the channel. For this novel method a novel mathematic analysis is given which includes the effect of the time variant channel. The performance of this method is also examined in a practical OFDM system in particularly difficult conditions. Finally the third objective is to study the implementation and optimization process of the proposed estimation algorithms in realistic hardware systems. For this it was selected to implement a part of the previously proposed algorithms in a digital signal processing system that is very close to be considered a realistic implementation. This way it is feasible to study the implementation choices that have to be made and the trade offs for the optimum performance of the system.

H επιστήμη των τηλεπικοινωνιών τα τελευταία χρόνια έχει κάνει μεγάλα τεχνολογικά άλματα, σε σύγκριση με τις προηγούμενες δεκαετίες. Το ασύρματο κανάλι επικοινωνίας συχνά θεωρείται ο αδύναμος κρίκος της τηλεπικοινωνιακής αλυσίδας. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζεται το πρόβλημα του διαμοιρασμού των διαθέσιμων πόρων ενός ασύρματου συστήματος επικοινωνίας στους χρήστες μέσα στην περιοχή μιας κυψέλης. Γίνεται η υπόθεση ότι το ασύρματο σύστημα κάνει χρήση της τεχνικής πολλαπλής πρόσβασης (multiple–access technique) OFDMA, δηλαδή ότι χρησιμοποιεί έναν αριθμό ορθογώνιων υποφορέων τον οποίο αναθέτει στους χρήστες για τη μετάδοση της πληροφορίας. Οι διαθέσιμοι πόροι του συστήματος είναι οι ορθογώνιοι υποφορείς και η συνολική διαθέσιμη ισχύς στο σταθμό βάσης. Θεωρούμε ότι ο σταθμός βάσης έχει στη διάθεσή του τέλεια γνώση του καναλιού που τον συνδέει με κάθε χρήστη (channel state information – CSI) μέσω καναλιών ανάδρασης. Η πληροφορία κατάστασης του καναλιού χρησιμοποιείται από τον σταθμό βάσης για την κατανομή των πόρων προς τους χρήστες με δυναμικό τρόπο με χρήση κατάλληλων αλγορίθμων. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εξετάζονται διαφορετικά σενάρια κατανομής των πόρων που περιλαμβάνουν αλγορίθμους για την ανάθεση των υποφορέων και το διαμοιρασμό των κατάλληλων ποσοτήτων ισχύος στους υποφορείς. Ανάλογα με το στόχο και τις ανάγκες των χρηστών του συστήματος, καθώς και με το ποσό της διαθέσιμης πληροφορίας καναλιού στο σταθμό βάσης, χρησιμοποιούνται διαφορετικοί αλγόριθμοι. / The telecommunications science the last years has made big technological vaults, compared to the previous decades. Wireless communication channel is often considered as the weakest link of telecommunications' chain. In this diploma thesis, the downlink of a single-cell system is considered in the downlink transmission. The multiple–access technique that is used in this system is OFDMA and the objective is the allocation of the resources among users that access the system. The available resources to be distributed among the users of the OFDMA system comprise the subcarriers over which the signals of the users are transmitted and the available power that is allocated among subcarriers. It is assumed that users estimate and feedback perfectly the channel state information (CSI) to the base station of the cell, where subcarrier and power allocation are determined according to the CSI of the users and the resource–allocation algorithm. In this diploma thesis, different resource allocation strategies for the downlink of an OFDMA system are compared. Each algorithm has a different objective.

abstract: The recent proposal of two-way relaying has attracted much attention due to its promising features for many practical scenarios. Hereby, two users communicate simultaneously in both directions to exchange their messages with the help of a relay node. This doctoral study investigates various aspects of two-way relaying. Specifically, the issue of asynchronism, lack of channel knowledge, transmission of correlated sources and multi-way relaying techniques involving multiple users are explored. With the motivation of developing enabling techniques for two-way relay (TWR) channels experiencing excessive synchronization errors, two conceptually-different schemes are proposed to accommodate any relative misalignment between the signals received at any node. By designing a practical transmission/detection mechanism based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the proposed schemes perform significantly better than existing competing solutions. In a related direction, differential modulation is implemented for asynchronous TWR systems that lack the channel state information (CSI) knowledge. The challenge in this problem compared to the conventional point-to-point counterpart arises not only from the asynchrony but also from the existence of an interfering signal. Extensive numerical examples, supported by analytical work, are given to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed schemes. Other important issues considered in this dissertation are related to the extension of the two-way relaying scheme to the multiple-user case, known as the multi-way relaying. First, a distributed source coding solution based on Slepian-Wolf coding is proposed to compress correlated messages close to the information theoretical limits in the context of multi-way relay (MWR) channels. Specifically, the syndrome approach based on low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes is implemented. A number of relaying strategies are considered for this problem offering a tradeoff between performance and complexity. The proposed solutions have shown significant improvements compared to the existing ones in terms of the achievable compression rates. On a different front, a novel approach to channel coding is proposed for the MWR channel based on the implementation of nested codes in a distributed manner. This approach ensures that each node decodes the messages of the other users without requiring complex operations at the relay, and at the same time, providing substantial benefits compared to the traditional routing solution. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2015