by Anny Wong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves 119-125.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discorrer a respeito dos desdobramentos da operacionalização dos voos da morte na Argentina, durante a última ditadura civil-militar daquele país, entre os anos de 1976 a 1983. É possível afirmar que os voos da morte configuraram, simultaneamente, uma prática de desaparecimento, extermínio e ocultação de cadáveres de opositores políticos em poder do Estado, escolhida, planejada e sistematizada pelos militares que tomaram o poder através do golpe de Estado em 1976. A metodologia empregada nesta prática de desaparecimento variou conforme o tempo e as condições apresentadas nos centros clandestinos de detenção (CCD). Levando-se em consideração esse fato, foi uma opção do presente trabalho debruçar-se mais pormenorizadamente no caso mais emblemático, a ESMA, a Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada, um dos maiores campos de concentração ativos durante o período da ditadura militar. Para as considerações deste trabalho, foram analisados documentos produzidos pelo Judiciário argentino relativos aos julgamentos dos repressores acusados de crimes de lesa-humanidade, assim como testemunhos pessoais de repressores e sobreviventes da ESMA. A prática dos voos da morte e suas consequências são transcendentes ao espaço físico que ocuparam os CCD. Estes desdobramentos ultrapassam inclusive os limites territoriais da própria Argentina, devido ao fato de que através das correntes marítimas do Rio da Prata e do Oceano Atlântico, cadáveres foram levados às praias do Uruguai, nação que também à época vivia sob um regime ditatorial. Além de uma metodologia de desaparecimento, os voos da morte também podem ser entendidos como uma metodologia de ocultação de cadáveres, como permite compreender o caso dos corpos lançados no delta do rio Paraná, na província de Entre Rios, e as diversas testemunhas das aparições e dos lançamentos. Há também o caso dos cadáveres aparecidos na costa brasileira, em abril de 1978, documentados por jornalistas, que levantam suspeitas a respeito da conivência das autoridades brasileiras com a ocultação dos restos mortais das vítimas dos voos da morte. Para as considerações sobre estes desdobramentos, são analisadas fontes testemunhais O entendimento do funcionamento dessa metodologia de desaparecimento e ocultação de cadáveres é fundamental para a compreensão destes desdobramentos citados. / This paper aims to discuss about the developments of the operation called "death flights" in Argentina, during the last civil-military dictatorship in that country between the years 1976 to 1983. It can be said that the “death flights” configured simultaneously, a practice of disappearance, death and concealment of corpses of political opponents by the state. This methodology used in the practice of disappearance varied as time and the conditions in the Clandestine Detention Centers (CCD). Taking into account this fact, it was an option of this work to address in more details the most emblematic case, the ESMA (Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada), one of the largest active concentration camps during the period of military dictatorship. For considerations of this work, documents produced by argentine courts at the time of the trials of repressors accused of crimes against humanity, as well as personal testimonies of repressors and survivors of ESMA were analyzed. The practice of the “death flights” and its consequences transcend the physical space that occupied the CCD. These developments even beyond the boundaries of Argentina itself, due to the fact that through the currents of the Rio de la Plata and the Atlantic Ocean, corpses were taken to the beaches of Uruguay, a nation that also at the time lived under a dictatorial regime. In addition of being a methodology of disappearance, the “death flights” can also be understood as a methodology of concealment of corpses, once is it possible to understand the case of the bodies thrown into the Parana River delta, in the province of Entre Rios, and several witnesses of the apparitions. There is also the case of the corpses appeared on the Brazilian coast, in April 1978, documented by journalists, raising suspicions about the connivance of the Brazilian authorities with the concealment of the remains of victims of the “death flights”. For consideration of these developments, witness sources are analyzed. The understanding of the operations of disappearance methodology and concealment of corpses is essential to understand these developments cited.

The current study utilizes Critical Discourse Analysis and Thematic Analysis to study newspaper coverage of F.B.I. sting operations in The New York Times, Washington Post, and USA Today. F.B.I. sting operations are a modern counter-terrorism policy designed to preempt acts of terrorism. This study develops a theoretical approach to understanding F.B.I. sting operations by reviewing the critique of security. The critique of security suggests that nations construct threats in order to produce and maintain ideological and practical hegemony. Thematic categories of the newspaper discourse are formulated and analyzed in the context of security. The study employs aspects of grounded theory for theoretical positioning. Findings suggest newspaper coverage of F.B.I. sting operations reflect and expand security in a number of important ways. Newspaper coverage provides information on a significant tactic used in the War on Terrorism and gives insight to the justification and reasoning for using that tactic. These pieces of information explain the interplay of security and counter-terrorism policy. However, findings also suggest security fosters positive relationships between nations, which requires repositioning aspects of the critique of security developed previously. Finally, newspaper discourse of F.B.I. sting operations helps contextualize the way modern counter-terrorism policy is ideologically configured. Findings show the dominant ideological configuration is security. The study considers how this framework contributes to a flawed understanding of the nature of peace.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

This thesis has explored two basic themes in post-Cold War international relations. The first is the transformation of the global and regional security environments leading to a projected decline in the importance of traditional realist-style security problems. The second is the supposed shift in state behavior with conflictual strategies giving way to accommodation. These presumed trends are explored in the context of Southeast Asia and, more specifically, China's security strategies and relations in the region. This study argues that conventional security problems have declined in Southeast Asia in the short term but still remain prominent. In terms of policies, while China's goals remained partly revisionist with regard to territorial issues and status/power relationships, its approaches became more accommodative in coping with disputed issues in the region. This was manifested above all in its gradual acceptance of a multilateral framework for dialogue on regional security issues and in its willingness to undertake some confidence building measures in the military area. This shift can be explained partly in terms of China's external political concerns at both the global and regional levels. The more fundamental explanation, however, lies in China's drive for economic modernization with an accommodative regional strategy intended to ensure the flow of external resources required for this purpose.

Zugl.: Frankfurt am Main, Univ., Diss. / Originally presented as the author's thesis (doctoral)--Universität Frankfurt am Main. Includes bibliographical references and index.

The US military’s culture, structure, and process for providing advice to the president and his national security decision-making team are flawed due to the marginalization of unconventional warfare (UW) expertise -- UW is the military’s doctrinal term for support to resistance activities and movements. This marginalization results in inadequate consideration for applying UW as a strategic option for the nation. Through a qualitative methods case study analysis utilizing macro- and micro-level process-tracing with a conceptual framework based on Niklas Luhmann’s Systems Theory, the author shows that viable and acceptable resistance elements existed in Syria in March 2011 to June 2014 and that the conventional US military failed to recognize this development, adequately analyze its implications, and craft a strategic UW option for the national security decision-makers to consider. This finding is significant in that it exposes a deficiency in the US military’s culture, structure and process that results in an incomplete and insufficient menu of military options for the president. If these cultural, structural, and procedural flaws are left unaddressed, the US is likely to repeat this strategic error in the future. The author identifies specific recommendations for national security practitioners; however, the overarching theme is the need to change the institutional culture and the old structures of the conventional military to be able to provide the president a more complete, comprehensive, and creative menu of options to consider when assessing and responding to violent political crises short of conventional war.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discorrer a respeito dos desdobramentos da operacionalização dos voos da morte na Argentina, durante a última ditadura civil-militar daquele país, entre os anos de 1976 a 1983. É possível afirmar que os voos da morte configuraram, simultaneamente, uma prática de desaparecimento, extermínio e ocultação de cadáveres de opositores políticos em poder do Estado, escolhida, planejada e sistematizada pelos militares que tomaram o poder através do golpe de Estado em 1976. A metodologia empregada nesta prática de desaparecimento variou conforme o tempo e as condições apresentadas nos centros clandestinos de detenção (CCD). Levando-se em consideração esse fato, foi uma opção do presente trabalho debruçar-se mais pormenorizadamente no caso mais emblemático, a ESMA, a Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada, um dos maiores campos de concentração ativos durante o período da ditadura militar. Para as considerações deste trabalho, foram analisados documentos produzidos pelo Judiciário argentino relativos aos julgamentos dos repressores acusados de crimes de lesa-humanidade, assim como testemunhos pessoais de repressores e sobreviventes da ESMA. A prática dos voos da morte e suas consequências são transcendentes ao espaço físico que ocuparam os CCD. Estes desdobramentos ultrapassam inclusive os limites territoriais da própria Argentina, devido ao fato de que através das correntes marítimas do Rio da Prata e do Oceano Atlântico, cadáveres foram levados às praias do Uruguai, nação que também à época vivia sob um regime ditatorial. Além de uma metodologia de desaparecimento, os voos da morte também podem ser entendidos como uma metodologia de ocultação de cadáveres, como permite compreender o caso dos corpos lançados no delta do rio Paraná, na província de Entre Rios, e as diversas testemunhas das aparições e dos lançamentos. Há também o caso dos cadáveres aparecidos na costa brasileira, em abril de 1978, documentados por jornalistas, que levantam suspeitas a respeito da conivência das autoridades brasileiras com a ocultação dos restos mortais das vítimas dos voos da morte. Para as considerações sobre estes desdobramentos, são analisadas fontes testemunhais O entendimento do funcionamento dessa metodologia de desaparecimento e ocultação de cadáveres é fundamental para a compreensão destes desdobramentos citados. / This paper aims to discuss about the developments of the operation called "death flights" in Argentina, during the last civil-military dictatorship in that country between the years 1976 to 1983. It can be said that the “death flights” configured simultaneously, a practice of disappearance, death and concealment of corpses of political opponents by the state. This methodology used in the practice of disappearance varied as time and the conditions in the Clandestine Detention Centers (CCD). Taking into account this fact, it was an option of this work to address in more details the most emblematic case, the ESMA (Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada), one of the largest active concentration camps during the period of military dictatorship. For considerations of this work, documents produced by argentine courts at the time of the trials of repressors accused of crimes against humanity, as well as personal testimonies of repressors and survivors of ESMA were analyzed. The practice of the “death flights” and its consequences transcend the physical space that occupied the CCD. These developments even beyond the boundaries of Argentina itself, due to the fact that through the currents of the Rio de la Plata and the Atlantic Ocean, corpses were taken to the beaches of Uruguay, a nation that also at the time lived under a dictatorial regime. In addition of being a methodology of disappearance, the “death flights” can also be understood as a methodology of concealment of corpses, once is it possible to understand the case of the bodies thrown into the Parana River delta, in the province of Entre Rios, and several witnesses of the apparitions. There is also the case of the corpses appeared on the Brazilian coast, in April 1978, documented by journalists, raising suspicions about the connivance of the Brazilian authorities with the concealment of the remains of victims of the “death flights”. For consideration of these developments, witness sources are analyzed. The understanding of the operations of disappearance methodology and concealment of corpses is essential to understand these developments cited.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discorrer a respeito dos desdobramentos da operacionalização dos voos da morte na Argentina, durante a última ditadura civil-militar daquele país, entre os anos de 1976 a 1983. É possível afirmar que os voos da morte configuraram, simultaneamente, uma prática de desaparecimento, extermínio e ocultação de cadáveres de opositores políticos em poder do Estado, escolhida, planejada e sistematizada pelos militares que tomaram o poder através do golpe de Estado em 1976. A metodologia empregada nesta prática de desaparecimento variou conforme o tempo e as condições apresentadas nos centros clandestinos de detenção (CCD). Levando-se em consideração esse fato, foi uma opção do presente trabalho debruçar-se mais pormenorizadamente no caso mais emblemático, a ESMA, a Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada, um dos maiores campos de concentração ativos durante o período da ditadura militar. Para as considerações deste trabalho, foram analisados documentos produzidos pelo Judiciário argentino relativos aos julgamentos dos repressores acusados de crimes de lesa-humanidade, assim como testemunhos pessoais de repressores e sobreviventes da ESMA. A prática dos voos da morte e suas consequências são transcendentes ao espaço físico que ocuparam os CCD. Estes desdobramentos ultrapassam inclusive os limites territoriais da própria Argentina, devido ao fato de que através das correntes marítimas do Rio da Prata e do Oceano Atlântico, cadáveres foram levados às praias do Uruguai, nação que também à época vivia sob um regime ditatorial. Além de uma metodologia de desaparecimento, os voos da morte também podem ser entendidos como uma metodologia de ocultação de cadáveres, como permite compreender o caso dos corpos lançados no delta do rio Paraná, na província de Entre Rios, e as diversas testemunhas das aparições e dos lançamentos. Há também o caso dos cadáveres aparecidos na costa brasileira, em abril de 1978, documentados por jornalistas, que levantam suspeitas a respeito da conivência das autoridades brasileiras com a ocultação dos restos mortais das vítimas dos voos da morte. Para as considerações sobre estes desdobramentos, são analisadas fontes testemunhais O entendimento do funcionamento dessa metodologia de desaparecimento e ocultação de cadáveres é fundamental para a compreensão destes desdobramentos citados. / This paper aims to discuss about the developments of the operation called "death flights" in Argentina, during the last civil-military dictatorship in that country between the years 1976 to 1983. It can be said that the “death flights” configured simultaneously, a practice of disappearance, death and concealment of corpses of political opponents by the state. This methodology used in the practice of disappearance varied as time and the conditions in the Clandestine Detention Centers (CCD). Taking into account this fact, it was an option of this work to address in more details the most emblematic case, the ESMA (Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada), one of the largest active concentration camps during the period of military dictatorship. For considerations of this work, documents produced by argentine courts at the time of the trials of repressors accused of crimes against humanity, as well as personal testimonies of repressors and survivors of ESMA were analyzed. The practice of the “death flights” and its consequences transcend the physical space that occupied the CCD. These developments even beyond the boundaries of Argentina itself, due to the fact that through the currents of the Rio de la Plata and the Atlantic Ocean, corpses were taken to the beaches of Uruguay, a nation that also at the time lived under a dictatorial regime. In addition of being a methodology of disappearance, the “death flights” can also be understood as a methodology of concealment of corpses, once is it possible to understand the case of the bodies thrown into the Parana River delta, in the province of Entre Rios, and several witnesses of the apparitions. There is also the case of the corpses appeared on the Brazilian coast, in April 1978, documented by journalists, raising suspicions about the connivance of the Brazilian authorities with the concealment of the remains of victims of the “death flights”. For consideration of these developments, witness sources are analyzed. The understanding of the operations of disappearance methodology and concealment of corpses is essential to understand these developments cited.

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