Syftet med denna uppsats bestod dels i att undersöka hur musik och dess tempo påverkar kunders emotioner, beteende och upplevelse i butik, men syftade även till att undersöka i vilken omfattning pleasure, arousal och dominance predicerar tillfredsställelse, närmande- undvikande sökbeteende, generell närmande- undvikande beteende samt upplevelse av servicescape. Undersökningen genomfördes som ett fältexperiment i butiksmiljö (N= 431), utifrån en oberoende mellan-individ-design. Musik användes som oberoende variabel (högt tempo, lågt tempo och frånvaro av musik). De beroende variablerna var pleasure, arousal och dominance, tillfredsställelse samt närmande- undvikande beteende vari även köp och spenderad tid i butik inkluderades. Datainsamlingsmetod utgjordes av en enkät. Resultatet visade signifikant att musik påverkar ny dominance utifrån att musik med högt tempo leder till lägre grad av kontroll. Resultatet visade även att kunders emotioner så som pleasure, arousal och dominance signifikant förklarar kunders tillfredsställelse, närmande- undvikande sökbeteende, generell närmande- undvikande beteende samt upplevelse av servicescape. / The purpose of this study consisted in examining how the music and the tempo affect customers' emotions, behavior and experience in stores but also aimed to examine the extent of pleasure, arousal and dominance predicts satisfaction, approach-avoidance search behavior, generalized approach-avoidance behavior and experience of servicescape. The survey was conducted as a field experiment in a retail environment (N= 431), based on an independent between-subject design. Music was used as the independent variable (high speed, low speed and absence of music). The dependent variables were pleasure, arousal and dominance, satisfaction and approach-avoidance behavior whereby purchase and time spent in the store was included. Data collection method consisted of a questionnaire. The results showed significant that music tempo affects new dominance based on the music with high tempo leads to lower degree of control. The results also showed that customers’ emotions such as pleasure, arousal and dominance significantly explains customers satisfaction, approach-avoidance search behavior, generalized approach-avoidance behavior and experience of servicescape.

Tradeoff studies are a common part of engineering practice. Designers conduct tradeoff studies in order to improve their understanding of how various design considerations relate to one another. Generally a tradeoff study involves a systematic multi-criteria evaluation of various alternatives for a particular system or subsystem. After evaluating these alternatives, designers eliminate those that perform poorly under the given criteria and explore more carefully those that remain. The capability to compose preexisting tradeoff studies is advantageous to the designers of engineered systems, such as aircraft, military equipment, and automobiles. Such systems are comprised of many subsystems for which prior tradeoff studies may exist. System designers conceivably could explore system-level tradeoffs more quickly by leveraging this knowledge. For example, automotive systems engineers could combine tradeoff studies from the engine and transmission subsystems quickly to produce a comprehensive tradeoff study for the power train. This level of knowledge reuse is in keeping with good systems engineering practice. However, existing procedures for generating tradeoff studies under uncertainty involve assumptions that preclude engineers from composing them in a mathematically rigorous way. In uncertain problems, designers can eliminate inferior alternatives using stochastic dominance, which compares the probability distributions defined in the design criteria space. Although this is well-founded mathematically, the procedure can be computationally expensive because it typically entails a sampling-based uncertainty propagation method for each alternative being considered. This thesis describes two novel extensions that permit engineers to compose preexisting subsystem-level tradeoff studies under uncertainty into mathematically valid system-level tradeoff studies and efficiently eliminate inferior alternatives through intelligent sampling. The approaches are based on three key ideas: the use of stochastic dominance methods to enable the tradeoff evaluation when the design criteria are uncertain, the use of parameterized efficient sets to enable reuse and composition of subsystem-level tradeoff studies, and the use of statistical tests in dominance testing to reduce the number of behavioral model evaluations. The approaches are demonstrated in the context of a tradeoff study for a motor vehicle.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2007 / Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Social Work. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-69).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiteit Utrecht, 1995. / Summaries in English and French.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 249-253).

Norman Geschwind, Albert M. Galaburda. / "A Bradford book." "Much of this book appeared as a three-part article in the 'Archives of neurology' volume 42, May, June, and July, 1985"--T.p. verso. Includes index. / Bibliography: p. [241]-273.

Le cerveau humain n'est pas seul face au monde. Il nait, grandit et vieillit, entouré par d'autres cerveaux qui poursuivent des buts similaires aux siens : survivre et s'accomplir. Dans cette quête, le cerveau humain apprend tôt l'immense valeur de la coopération et de la mise en commun des compétences, dont le total excède presque toujours la somme des parties. S'élever au-dessus de la nature, la comprendre et la maitriser ; ensemble. Mais la nature du cerveau est d'être égoïste, car ses subtiles machineries n'ont pas été sélectionnées par l'évolution pour permettre la perpétuation d'autres gènes que ceux qu'il porte en lui. Si l'émergence de la conscience constitue peut-être une promesse d'affranchissement vis-à-vis de cette contrainte en lui permettant de se conformer à des valeurs morales ou spirituelles, une multitude de mécanismes inconscients ou préconscients veillent à empêcher qu'autrui n'entrave l'accomplissement de sa finalité biologique. Lorsque deux individus visent une ressource indivisible, telles que les faveurs sexuelles d'un tiers, et plus généralement quand la possibilité du partage est supprimée par une urgence homéostatique qui réveille l'égoïsme tapi au fond de leurs natures, la coopération laisse place à la compétition sociale. C'est alors une affaire de compétence, de motivation et peut-être, de chance. Qu'il prenne la forme d'une lutte à mort, d'une guerre de mots, ou d'un simple combat de regards, ce conflit se résout dans un double évènement – la victoire de l'un et la défaite de l'autre – qui constitue la brique élémentaire de toute hiérarchie sociale biologique. L'issue d'un conflit social est avant tout une information, qui en dit long au perdant sur sa capacité à poursuivre ses buts en présence de l'autre. Son cerveau apprend qu'au milieu de cette nature qu'il peut espérer maitriser, il existe un autre cerveau qui peut le maitriser, lui. Ainsi, les hiérarchies sociales biologiques sont avant tout des hiérarchies de contrôle. Contrôle de certains individus par d'autres individus, auquel s'associent la préséance de certains buts sur d'autres et probablement une vulnérabilité variable face à certaines maladies mentales et somatiques. Les neurosciences sociales commencent seulement à se pencher sur la manière dont les informations relative aux hiérarchies sociales et aux conflits interindividuels est perçue, traitée et intégrée par le cerveau humain. A ce jour, seules quelques publications pionnières – poursuivant souvent des objectifs différents du notre – ont jeté les premières lumières sur les mécanismes neurobiologiques qui permettent à un être humain d'évaluer le niveau de contrôle ou le rang hiérarchique dont disposent ou pourraient disposer les autres individus de son groupe social. Dans cette thèse, nous exposons un certain nombre de résultats expérimentaux qui apportent chacun un éclairage nouveau sur les bases cérébrales des processus de hiérarchisation et de compétition sociales. Tout d'abord, l'utilisation de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) nous a permis de localiser les processus impliqués dans l'apprentissage des aptitudes compétitives qui accompagne l'expérience des victoires et des défaites sociales. Cette première étude ayant entre autres mis en exergue l'importance du cortex préfrontal dorsomédian pour cet apprentissage « par renforcement » des relations de dominance sociale, nous avons ensuite utilisé la stimulation électrique transcranienne directe pour révéler le rôle causal joué par cette structure dans la régulation des comportements de compétition sociale... [etc] / The humain brain is not facing the world alone. It grows and ages, surrounded by other brains which pursue goals similar to his owns: survive and achieve. In this quest, the human brain soon learns the great value of cooperating and uniting competences, whose whole is almost always greater than the sum of the parts. Standing above nature, understanding it and mastering it ; together. But the nature of the brain is to be selfish, because its subtle machinery was not selected by evolution to allow others’ genes to spread, but only the ones it carries itself. While the emergence of consciousness may well constitute a promise of freeing from this heritage by allowing the compliance with moral and spiritual values, a myriad of unconscious or preconscious mechanisms make sure that others do not hinder the achievement of its biological ends. When two individuals desire an indivisible resource – such as the sexual favors from a third party – and more generally when the possibility of sharing is made impossible by a homeostatic urgency, latent egoisms wake up and social competition appears at the expense of cooperation. Then, it becomes a matter of competence, motivation and chance maybe. Be it a struggle to death, a war of words or a gaze fight, this conflict ends up with a double-event – one’s victory and other’s defeat – which constitute the core building block of any biological social hierarchy. The outcome of a social conflict is first information, which speaks volumes about the ability of the loser to pursue his own goals when the other is present. His brain learns that within this nature which may be mastered, another brain exists which may master him. Thus, biological social hierarchies are control hierarchies. Control of some individuals over others, which corresponds to the priority of some goals over others and, possibly, to the variable vulnerability in front of a subset of mental and somatic disorders. Social neurosciences only begin to investigate how information relative to social hierarchies and conflicts is perceived, processed and integrated by the human brain. Only a few studies have shed light on the neurobiological mechanisms which enable humans to evaluate the degree of control or the hierarchical status of other members in his social group. In this dissertation, we report several experimental results which may advance our understanding of how the brain process social competition and social hierarchy. First, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allowed us to localize the processes involved in learning the competitive skills of other individuals from the experience of social defeats and victories. Having highlighted the importance of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex for the “reinforcement-learning” of social dominance relationships, we have then used transcranial direct current stimulation to demonstrate the causal role played by this structure in the regulation of competitive social behaviors. In a third study – also using fMRI, we showed that the neural sensitivity to asymmetries of competitive skills underlie political preferences of individuals regarding social hierarchy, the higher this sensitivity the more prone subjects were to legitimate socioeconomics inequalities and the domination of some social groups over others. In a fourth study, we explored the reaction of the amygdala to the perception of facial dominance and we found that this evolutionary ancient structure was able to distinguish dominant from subordinate individuals very rapidly. Finally, in our last behavioral study, we revealed that men and women differ in how they compare their own intellectual competence to those of other people and that these gender differences may derive from a sex-dependent mental representation of social hierarchies

Title: Bilevel optimization problems and their applications to portfolio selection Author: Lenka Godul'ová Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Ing. Miloš Kopa, Ph.D. Abstract: This work deals with the problem of bilevel tasks. First, it recalls the basic knowledge of mean-risk models, risk measure in singlelevel problems, and second degree stochastic dominance. Then it presents basic knowledge of bilevel tasks. bilevel problems have several advantages over singlelevel. In one process, it is possible to analyze two different or even conflicting situations. The bilevel role can better capture the relationship between the two objects. The main focus of the thesis is the formulation of various bilevel tasks and their reformulation into the simplest form. The numerical part deals with four types of formulated bilevel problems at selected risk measures. Keywords: Bilevel problems, Second degree stochastic dominance, Risk measures 1

Des études récentes indiquent que des précurseurs de la morale humaine pourraient exister chez les animaux non humains. Parmi ces précurseurs, la prosocialité (comportements produisant un bénéfice pour un receveur sans nécessairement induire de coût pour l’acteur) est considérée comme une composante fondamentale de tout système moral. Nous avons effectué des tests de prosocialité chez plusieurs espèces de mammifères et d’oiseaux, en tenant compte des facteurs d’identité des individus (tolérance, dominance, sexe) et de comportement du receveur (communication, réciprocité). Nos sujets se sont montrés plus prosociaux envers leurs subordonnés qu’envers leurs dominants, ce qui suggèrent que la prosocialité pourrait être utilisée comme un moyen de maintenir son rang. Nous avons observé des différences entre les sexes cohérentes avec le pattern de soins parentaux des espèces, appuyant l’idée selon laquelle la prosocialité aurait évolué dans un contexte de soins aux jeunes. La période de reproduction et le fait d’avoir ou d’avoir eu des petits entraînaient une augmentation de la prosocialité, surtout envers le partenaire de reproduction et ses petits, ce qui pourrait avoir pour but de mieux transmettre ses gènes. Nous avons trouvé des patterns de réciprocité directe chez nos sujets, devenant plus prosociaux lorsque le receveur s’était lui-même montré prosocial lors de la session précédente. Les communications émises par le receveur ont également influencé positivement ou négativement (selon leur nature) les choix du sujet. L’ensemble de nos résultats montrent qu’il est possible et souhaitable d’étudier la prosocialité en dehors des primates, nos sujets s’étant montrés capables de prendre en compte à la fois des facteurs d’identité du receveur et son comportement. / Recent studies indicate that precursors of human morality may exist in non human animals. Among these precursors, prosociality (behaviours that produce a benefit for a recipient without necessarily involving a cost for the actor) is considered a fundamental component of any moral system. We conducted prosociality tests in several species of mammals and birds, taking into account factors of individuals’ identity (tolerance, hierarchical ranks, sex) and of recipients behaviours (communication, reciprocity). Our subjects were more prosocial toward their subordinates than toward their dominants, suggesting that prosociality could be used as a way to maintain its own rank. We reported differences between sexes consistent with the parental care pattern of the species, supporting the idea that prosociality would have evolved with parental care. The reproductive period and (even more) having (or having had) young seemed to increase the subjects’ prosociality, especially towards their reproductive mate and their offspring, which could be interpreted as behaviours that ultimately spread their own genes. We found patterns of direct reciprocity, our subjects becoming more prosocial when the recipient was prosocial in the previous session. Communications from the recipient also influenced positively or negatively (depending on their nature) the subjects' choices. All of our results show that it is possible and desirable to study prosociality outside primates, our subjects having been able to take into account both the recipient's identity and its behaviour.

Title: Bilevel optimization problems and their applications to portfolio selection Author: Lenka Godul'ová Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Ing. Miloš Kopa, Ph.D. Abstract: This work deals with the problem of bilevel tasks. First, it recalls the basic knowledge of mean-risk models, risk measure in singlelevel problems, and second degree stochastic dominance. Then it presents basic knowledge of bilevel tasks. bilevel problems have several advantages over singlelevel. In one process, it is possible to analyze two different or even conflicting situations. The bilevel role can better capture the relationship between the two objects. The main focus of the thesis is the formulation of various bilevel tasks and their reformulation into the simplest form. The numerical part deals with four types of formulated bilevel problems at selected risk measures. Keywords: Bilevel problems, Second degree stochastic dominance, Risk measures 1