This dissertation combines aspects of lasers, nonlinear optics and interferometry to measure the linear optical properties involved in phase matched second harmonic generation, (SHG). A new measuring technique has been developed to rapidly analyze the phase matching performance of potential SHGs. The data taken is in the form of interferograms produced by the self referencing nonlinear Fizeau interferometer (NLF), and correctly predicts when phase matched SHG will occur in the sample wedge. Data extracted from the interferograms produced by the NLF, allows us to predict both phase matching temperatures for noncritically phase matchable crystals and crystal orientation for angle tuned crystals. Phase matching measurements can be made for both Type I and Type II configurations. Phase mismatch measurements were made at the fundamental wavelength of 1.32 (mu)m, for: calcite, lithium niobate, and gadolinium molybdate (GMO). Similar measurements were made at 1.06 (mu)m. for calcite. Phase matched SHG was demonstrated in calcite, lithium niobate and KTP, while phase matching by temperature tuning is ruled out for GMO.

Chiral molecules, which exist under enantiomers with non-mirror-symmetrical structures, have been the subject of intense research for their linear and nonlinear optical activities. Cysteine is such a chiral amino acid found as a building block of proteins throughout human bodies. Second harmonic generation (SHG) has been considered to investigate chiral molecules. SHG from metallic nanoparticles is promising for nanoplasmonics and photonic nanodevice applications. Therefore, it’s desirable to combine and study nonlinear properties due to both chirality and metallic nanoparticles, and help developing an alternatively optical diagnostic of chiral molecules. Our experiments are carried out with the FemtoFiber Scientific FFS laser system. SHG of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) modified by either L-Cysteine (L-C) or D-Cysteine (D-C) is observed, where L-Cysteine and D-Cysteine are a pair of enantiomers. Ag NPs are deposited through Vacuum Thermal Evaporation, controlled under different deposition thicknesses. UV-Vis/IR spectra and AFM are used to characterize Ag NPs under different conditions. Transmitted SHG measurements dependent on incidence are recorded with standard lock-in techniques. Deposition thickness of vacuum thermal evaporation plays an important role in forming diverse Ag NPs, which strongly imparts the intensity of SHG. Second harmonic intensity as a function of the incident angle presents similar results for Ag NPs with or without L-Cysteine or D-Cysteine modification, in the output of p- and s-polarization. However, we monitor reversed rotation difference in second harmonic intensities at linearly +45° and -45° polarization for L-C/Ag NPs and D-C/Ag NPs, while there’s no difference at linearly +45° and -45° polarization for Ag NPs alone. This optical rotation difference in SHG is termed as SHG-ORD. Also, for second harmonic light fixed at p-polarization, L-C/Ag NPs and D-C/Ag NPs exhibit a reversely net difference for SHG excited by right and left circular polarization, which is termed as SHG-CD. Experiments on SHG-ORD of chiral-modified Ag NPs by a mixture of L-Cysteine and D-Cysteine further help verifying the existence of chirality in chiral-modified Ag NPs. As a conclusion, SHG efficiently probed and distinguished L-Cysteine from D-Cysteine in chiral-modified Ag NPs. / Thesis (Master, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-29 21:27:23.112

QC 351 A7 no. 66 / This volume is intended to be used as a text for two courses at the Optical Sciences Center. A major part of the volume consists of lecture notes on the theory of laser operation, written by M. O. Scully and M. Sargent III. These notes, developed under NSF sponsorship for a new quantum optics curriculum at the University of Arizona, were the basis of a new course "Quantum Optics," which was first offered during the 1969-70 academic year. After considerable editing they were again used during "The Physics of Quantum Electronics" summer course in Prescott, June 22 - July 3, 1970. The remainder of the volume consists of unpublished work presented at Prescott, most of which will be utilized in a new course on nonlinear optics. References are given to material presented that has already appeared in print.

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by Cheung Ka Wing = 由有機物質發放的超瑞利散射的光譜性硏究 / 張家榮. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-95). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by Cheung Ka Wing = You you ji wu zhi fa fang de chao rui li san she de guang pu xing yan jiu / Zhang Jiarong. / Title Page --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Chinese Abstract --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Nonlinear Optics --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Tensor Properties of the Polarizability --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Inversion Symmetry --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Second Harmonic Generation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outline --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Measurement of the First Hyperpolarizability β --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Scattering by a Single Small Particle --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Rayleigh Scattering --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3 --- Fluctuation --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4 --- Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5 --- Coherent and Incoherent Optical Processes --- p.16 / Chapter 2.6 --- Difference between Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) and Hyper Rayleigh Scattering (HRS) --- p.17 / Chapter 2.7 --- Measurement of the First Hyperpolarizability β by Electric Field Induced Second harmonic Generation (EFISHG) --- p.20 / Chapter 2.8 --- Measurement of the First Hyperpolarizability β by Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering (HRS) --- p.22 / Chapter 2.9 --- Two-Component System ´ؤ´ؤInternal Reference Method (IRM) and External Reference Method (ERM) --- p.23 / Chapter 2.10 --- Orientation Average of β --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Experimental Setup --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1 --- Detail Description of the Main Components --- p.29 / Chapter A). --- Laser System --- p.29 / Chapter B). --- Monochromator --- p.33 / Chapter C). --- Photomultiplier Tubes (PMT) --- p.36 / Chapter D). --- Photon Counter --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- Layout of the Optical Design and Alignment Procedures --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3 --- Difficulties in the Experiment --- p.42 / Chapter A). --- Alignment --- p.42 / Chapter B). --- Temporal Stability of the Apparatus --- p.43 / Chapter C). --- The Effects of Using Different Sample Cells --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4 --- Sample Preparation --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5 --- Special Interest on the Organic Compounds --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Measurement on p-nitroaniline --- p.52 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Spectrum of Light Signal from pNA --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2 --- Concentration Dependence Measurement --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Measurement of the Hyperpolarizability of a Fluorescence Dye --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Spectrum of Light Signal from DANS --- p.58 / Chapter 5.2 --- Design of an Experimental Technique to Measure β of Fluorescence Dyes that is Absorptive at the Second Harmonic --- p.61 / Chapter 5.3 --- Result of the Measurement on DANS --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Studies of the First Hyperpolarizability β of Two New Compounds --- p.74 / Chapter 6.1 --- The New Compounds --- p.74 / Chapter 6.2 --- Measurement on NC1 --- p.75 / Chapter 6.3 --- Measurement on NC2 --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Probing the Molecular Interaction in a Liquid Using HRS --- p.84 / Chapter 7.1 --- The Spectrum of Light Signal from Nitrobenzene --- p.85 / Chapter 7.2 --- The Signal Depolarization Ratio --- p.86 / Chapter 7.3 --- Results of the Depolarization Ratio Measurement on pNA --- p.87 / Chapter 7.4 --- Results of the Depolarization Ratio Measurement on Nitrobenzene --- p.88 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusions --- p.91 / References --- p.94

Wong, Chi Yan. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-149). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

To Chi Wing = 具非線性光學性質客體-主體聚合物系統的極化動力學研究 / 杜志榮. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-104). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / by To Chi Wing = Ju fei xian xing guang xue xing zhi ke ti-zhu ti ju he wu xi tong de ji hua dong li xue yan jiu / Du Zhirong. / Table of contents / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Chinese Abstract --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.viii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Fundamental of nonlinear optics --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Centrosymmetry and even-order nonlinear susceptibilities --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Generation of second harmonic radiation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Tensor properties of the nonlinear susceptibilities --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5 --- Relationship between macroscopic and microscopic nonlinear susceptibility for a poled polymer --- p.8 / Chapter 1.6 --- Outline of the thesis --- p.12 / Figures --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Poling and Relaxation of Guest-host Polymeric System --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Guest-host nonlinear optical polymeric systems --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Photoisomerization of Azobenzene --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Disperse Red-1 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Poly (methyl methacrylate) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Poling techniques --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Thermal Assisted Electric-field Poling --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Photo-assisted Electric-field poling --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- All-Optical Poling --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- Relaxation of poled nonlinear optical polymers --- p.27 / Figures --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Experimental Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 3.1 --- Sample Preparation --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental Setup --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Laser system --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The reference arm --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- The sample arm --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Data acquisition (DAQ) system --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Temperature control --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3 --- Poling and the erasing of thermal history --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- All Optical Poling --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Eecteic Poling --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Erasure of thermal history --- p.45 / Figures --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Experimental results and discussions --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1 --- Reliability and reproducibility --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2 --- Features of different poling techniques --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sub-Tg electric Poling --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Thermal assisted electric Poling --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Photo assisted electric Poling --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- Relaxation of poling induced x(2) --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of physical aging on the relaxation of PAP induced x{2) --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Origin of physical aging and its effect on relaxation --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effect of aging on the relaxation of a PAP sample --- p.59 / Chapter 4.5 --- Onset studies of photo-induced free volume --- p.61 / Chapter 4.6 --- Comparative studies of TAP and PAP induced x{2) --- p.62 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Secondary Poling --- p.63 / Chapter 4.6.1.1 --- Model for describing the temporal behavior of secondary poling --- p.65 / Chapter 4.6.1.2 --- Experimental details of the secondary poling measurement --- p.68 / Chapter 4.6.1.3 --- Results and Discussion on secondary poling of sample poled by TAP or PAP --- p.69 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Onset of second harmonic signal during electric poling --- p.71 / Chapter 4.7 --- Charge injection studies --- p.73 / Figures --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.98 / References --- p.101

Chan Sze-wai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Table of contents --- p.vii / List of figure --- p.xi / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Optical non-linearity of fiber and semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2. --- Applications on optical non-linearity --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Wavelength tunable pulse generation --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Wavelength conversion --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- All-optical NRZ to RZ format conversion --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.4. --- All-optical pulse compression and reshaping --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3. --- Overview --- p.11 / Reference --- p.13 / Chapter 2. --- Principles and Theories --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1. --- Optical non-linearity --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Self-phase modulation (SPM) --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Cross-phase modulation (XPM) --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2. --- Principle of dispersion tuning --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) incorporated with SOA --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Principle of compensated dispersion tuning in harmonically mode-locked fiber ring --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3 --- Principle of double-pass dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) based on SPM --- p.36 / Reference --- p.38 / Chapter 3. --- Preliminary experimental studies on spectral broadeningin SOAs and DSF by XPM --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1. --- XPM in SOA --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2. --- XPM in DSF --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3. --- Comparison in XPM performance between SOA and DSF --- p.47 / Chapter 4. --- Harmonically mode-locked fiber laser with an optically selectable wavelength --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction to wavelength tunable pulse generation and basic idea --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2. --- Experimental details --- p.51 / Chapter 4.3. --- Results and discussions --- p.55 / Chapter 4.4. --- Conclusion --- p.61 / Reference --- p.62 / Chapter 5. --- Spectral broadening by XPM in DSF for wavelength conversion --- p.64 / Chapter 5.1. --- Overview of wavelength conversion --- p.65 / Chapter 5.2. --- Description of experimental setup --- p.67 / Chapter 5.3. --- Optical spectral analysis and eye patterns --- p.69 / Chapter 5.4. --- Data Analysis --- p.72 / Chapter 5.5. --- Conclusion --- p.75 / Reference --- p.76 / Chapter 6. --- Spectral filtering from a cross-phase modulated signal for all- optical NRZ to RZ format conversion --- p.77 / Chapter 6.1. --- Importance of format conversion --- p.78 / Chapter 6.2. --- Principle and explanation of experimental setup --- p.79 / Chapter 6.3. --- Experimental results and bit error rate test --- p.81 / Chapter 6.4. --- Conclusion --- p.87 / Reference --- p.88 / Chapter 7. --- Spectral filtering from a cross-phase modulated signal for all- optical pulse compression and reshaping in a DSF --- p.90 / Chapter 7.1. --- Pulse compression by XPM / Chapter 7.1.1. --- Introduction --- p.91 / Chapter 7.1.2. --- Details of experimental setup --- p.93 / Chapter 7.1.3. --- Experimental results / Chapter 7.1.3.1. --- Output spectra and eye patterns --- p.95 / Chapter 7.1.3.2. --- Data analysis and discussions --- p.97 / Chapter 7.2. --- Pulse restoration by XPM / Chapter 7.2.1. --- Details of experiment --- p.99 / Chapter 7.2.2. --- Output eye patterns --- p.101 / Chapter 7.3. --- Conclusion for pulse compression and reshaping by XPM --- p.102 / Reference --- p.103 / Chapter 8. --- Spectral filtering from a self-phase modulated signal with double-pass DSF for all-optical pulse compression and reshaping --- p.104 / Chapter 8.1. --- Introduction to pulse compression by SPM and basic idea of double-pass DSF --- p.105 / Chapter 8.2. --- Schematic diagram of experimental setup --- p.107 / Chapter 8.3. --- Experimental Results and discussions / Chapter 8.3.1. --- Results measured by optical spectrum analyzer and oscilloscope --- p.109 / Chapter 8.3.2. --- Data comparison with conventional SPM and bit-error rate test --- p.113 / Chapter 8.4. --- Conclusion --- p.117 / Reference --- p.118 / Chapter 9. --- Conclusion and future works / Chapter 9.1. --- Conclusion --- p.119 / Chapter 9.2. --- Possible future works --- p.122 / Appendix / List of publications --- p.A-l

In our research Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) is employed as an effective, simple investigation technique to study solutions of small molecules, pure liquids, nano-adsorbing systems and metal colloids. A set of apparatus has been built with good spectral resolution and high sensitivity to successfully measure characteristics of intensity and polarization properties of HRS. It was found that the consistency was different for pure liquid and solutions of small molecules when comparing experimental measurements of depolarized ratios and polarization patterns with theoretical expectations. This is due to the presence of both incoherent and coherent contributions to HRS in pure liquids, of which the origin of the coherent contribution is different for different pure liquids. In our results, pure liquid nitrobenzene was found to have strong coherent contribution to HRS caused by intermolecular interactions. Three different chemical compounds were used to mix with nitrobenzene to break the strong orientational correlations between molecules. Comparison between the results show different behaviors in the effectiveness in eliminating the coherent HRS signals, and the effectiveness was correlated to the molecular structures. Theory of second harmonic scattering from surface has been expanded as leading order contributions containing nonlocal electric dipole mode and local quadrupole mode, which can be exhibited in our experimental study of polarization patterns. Polarization patterns from polystyrene particles of different sizes adsorbed with different species of dyes were measured to investigate and compare with theoretical expectations. For small-size adsorbing system, measurements of polarization patterns were basically consistent with theory. However, for adsorbing system of polystyrene particles with a size of 900 nm, the polarization patterns showed discrepancies when comparing with theory, which indicated that higher order multipoles are needed in the theory. Silver and gold colloids were employed as the subject of investigation for measuring the polarization patterns of HRS. The results were found to be consistent when comparing with their extinction spectra and TEM images. We have managed to measure polarization patterns of HRS originated from surface of non-spherical colloids and the results showed that the origin of HRS can be qualitatively understood, although a more elaborated theory is needed to describe the data. / by Chen, Ji = 由有機液體以及金屬膠體產生的非線性光散射的研究 / 陳佶. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-09, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-118). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307. / by Chen, Ji = You you ji ye ti yi ji jin shu jiao ti chan sheng de fei xian xing guang san she de yan jiu / Chen Ji.

by T.W. Chui. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-81). / Text in English; abstract also in Chinese. / by T.W. Chui. / Titleage --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Table of contents --- p.v / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Figure Captions --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Meauserment of first hyperpolarizability / Chapter 2.1 --- Electric Field Induced Second Hamonics (EFISH) --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering (HRS) --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3 --- Internal reference method and External reference method --- p.26 / Figure Captions --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Experimental Setup / Chapter 3.1 --- Design of experimental setup --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Alignment --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3 --- ower --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4 --- Samples --- p.33 / Figure Captions --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Measurement of first hyperpolarizability of selected molecules / Chapter 4.0 --- Introduction --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1 --- Result of spectral study of the scattered signal from CV --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- Result of the first hyperpolarizability of CV --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3 --- HRS measurement with DANS --- p.47 / Figure Captions --- p.51 / Graphs --- p.52 / Tables --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Studies of the depolarization ratio of HRS and fluorescence light from CV / Chapter 5.0 --- Introduction --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1 --- Experimental setup for the measurement of depolarization ratio --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2 --- Measurement of depolarization ratio forNA at 532nm --- p.61 / Chapter 5.3 --- Measurement of depolarization ratio for CV at 532nm --- p.62 / Chapter 5.4 --- Measurement of depolarization ratio for fluorescence light from CV --- p.63 / Figure Captions --- p.68 / Graphs --- p.71 / Tables --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.77 / References --- p.79