Ammonia accumulation is a regular process in live storage of Norway lobster in water. Three different filter methods are used to purify the water in water tanks.

Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) is an important conifer tree species widely distributed in Europe. Genetically, the population of this large range is divided in two differentiated groups: a southern and a northern European group. In the northern European group, the fossils records tell us that after the last glaciation this species recolonized from one main refugium located around the Moscow region, in Russia.             In this study, the genetic diversity and structure of 101 populations of Norway spruce collected all over the northern European range were examined using an indel polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The polymorphism was used to investigate the migration routes of this species after the last glaciation.                        The distribution of the detected two haplotypes (A and B) was geographically well structured as haplotype A was restricted to Scandinavia, while haplotype B was found all over the examined range. The value of averaged intrapopulation gene diversity (HS=0.09) was lower than total populations gene diversity (HT=0.28) and a relatively high value of genetic differentiation among populations was detected (GST=0.68). The genetic structure detected in this study suggested that a second refugium for spruce might have been present in Scandinavia. This study would shed light on our understanding of the postglacial migration history of Norway spruce.

No description available.

By definition, parasites are expected to have fitness consequences for their hosts by reducing survival and fecundity. If such events are density dependent they may play a regulatory role in their host's dynamics. However, there are few studies in the wild that provide empirical evidence to support these suppositions. To understand the impact of parasites it is necessary to explore the interactions between parasite and host and the mechanisms that regulate nematode populations. The aims of this work are to: 1) identify the species specific patterns of infection; 2) investigate the interactions between and within nematode species and 3) examine the regulatory mechanisms that control nematode fecundity. The distribution of parasites between hosts and the variation between years, seasons, reindeer age and location are also examined. Nematode infections of Svalbard reindeer are dominated by two species: Ostertagia gruehneri and Marshallagia marshalli and their contrasting life-histories and population dynamics highlights the importance of investigating at the level of individual species. For 0. gruehneri, there is significant annual variation but no strong seasonal pattern in abundance. Susceptible calves do not acquire infection until their second summer. Egg output is highly seasonal with a peak in July and controlled through density dependent effects on worm development. In contrast M marshalli, shows a strong seasonal cycle which does not vary between years and the peak occurs in late winter suggesting winter transmission. Egg output is low and also confined to the winter months. The quantification of these traits is important in allowing parameterisation of models with data from the study system. In many studies parameters are estimated from studies of domestic host parasite systems and these may be inappropriate in this natural system. The role of immunity and arrested development and the relationship between transmission and environmental heterogeneity are discussed.

The potential significance of employers' collective action for economic performance is widely acknowledged, but has not been complemented with corresponding theory-guided research on the probability of collective action and the conditions for effective action. This thesis examines the nature of, the conditions for, and the consequences of employers' collective action on further training, a crucial component of a successful high-skill strategy for industries and nations. The study addresses three core issues of labour economics: transferability of training, skill shortages, and sharing of training costs between employer and employees. The enquiry builds on and adds to previous contributions that analyse transferable training as a collective good. It scrutinises the theoretical foundation and compares its implications with those of human capital theory. Finally, the empirical study of further education and training in four Norwegian industries is offered as a strategic test of these two alternative theories. The collective action perspective shares core assumptions of human capital theory, but integrates the possibility of collective action as a solution to some of the market failures associated with investment in transferable human capital. This alternative view also predicts in what labour market settings such action is likely to occur, building on Olson's work and theories of employers' collective action. The collective action perspective differs crucially from human capital theory by predicting that transferability is endogenous i.e. significantly shaped by employers' individual and collective action, and not simply by technology. Thus, 'endogenous transferability' is a principal link between the constitution of labour markets and employers' choice of training and skill supply strategies. The results confirm the prediction that transferability is 'endogenous'. Moreover, they suggest that employers' collective action is more likely to succeed in ensuring transferability and encouraging employee investment than is using sanctions against employers to promote employer-financed transferable training.

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Fieldwork conducted in the summer of 1998 on Holsnoy Island, western Norway, resulted in the discovery of 47 new outcrop locations which bear eclogite facies pseudotachylytes. The pseudotachylytes exhibit features common to shallow crustal pseudotachylytes, including rip-out zones, paired shears, injection veins, and liquid immisibility textures. Documented field relations show that multiple generations of pseudotachylyte cross cut each other. Field relationships also suggest that the pseudotachylyte formed prior to the eclogite contained in fracture planes and shear zones. In all observed cases the eclogite cross cuts the pseudotachylyte, and in some cases the pseudotachylyte has been eclogitized. Pseudotachylytes and eclogite that are located within 3 m of one another do not appear to be structurally related. Two dominant sets of fractures are found in the eclogite veins. The first set is oriented orthogonally to the eclogite, and was likely formed by hydrofracturing. The second set of fractures is oriented oblique to the eclogite plane and probably formed as a result of shearing during the development of the eclogite. As the fluids were exhausted the rock began to behave in a brittle manner and this would likely be when microfractures were initiated. The fractures that are present throughout the eclogite planes do not appear related to a volume reduction associated with a metamorphic phase transition from granulite to eclogite. / Department of Geology

The nuances within the youth of the Norway House Cree Nation along with the escalation in drugs, gangs and violence have led to climbing incarceration rates within the youth population. This has resulted in social devastation in the community over the last few decades. Statistics alone do not provide individual or community perspectives, or the nuanced understanding that insider qualitative research provides. In-depth interviewing provides personal accounts from the youth, community members, and respected Elders, and helps to provide insights on the complexity of community life that are absent from statistical accounts. By the time this thesis is defended, another noose will tighten, another fatal gunshot will be fired, and another youth will overdose on drugs or another suicide attempt might succeed. For many who manage to escape death, they will continue to face a life of abuse, poverty, and an uncertain future that may lead to a lifetime of incarceration, and premature death. This is the reality for too many youth of the Norway House Cree Nation. The community looks directly to their leaders not only to guide the economic development of the community, but at a very personal level. Our youth are very astute and observant; community leaders must demonstrate positive and healthy behaviour within the leadership in order for positive youth outcomes. Ekosani!

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2004. / Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 2004. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.