This study concerns four high performance structural alloys designed to withstand the extreme temperature and irradiation environment inside fusion and fission fast breeder reactors: two Reduced Activation Ferritic Martensitic (RAFM) steels (Fe-14wt%Cr and a European standard alloy EUROFER97) and two equivalent Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels (Fe-14wt%Cr ODS (CEA ODS) and EUROFER ODS). Neutron irradiation of the samples was impractical due to timescale and specific handling requirements for radioactive samples. Instead, ion implantation was used to simulate the helium and damage of neutron irradiation. Samples of each alloy were subjected to a range of ion implantations: 75appm He, 2000appm He, 2000appm He + 4.5dpa Fe and 2000appm Ne. The matrix of four materials and five implantation conditions was analysed using the following experimental techniques: nanohardness indentation, Vickers hardness testing, micropillar compression, microcantilever bending, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). These techniques were used to compare the properties of the unimplanted materials and their response to implantation. Yield stress (σ_y) was comparable across hardness testing and microcantilever bending, and consistently showed σ_y Fe-14wt%Cr < EUROFER < EUROFER ODS < CEA ODS. When subject to helium implantation, 75appm He caused insignificant changes in σy while 2000appm He increased σ_y in all materials. This increase was most significant in Fe-14wt%Cr due to its low grain boundary density and lack of oxide/carbide particles. The particle dispersions in the other materials act as helium traps, preventing the formation of TEM visible bubbles and reducing the hardening effects of the helium. Across all results it becomes clear that, although not to the degree of the ODS materials, EUROFER is more radiation resistant than Fe-14wt%Cr. It therefore appears that it is the presence of a complex microstructure including small grains and a distribution of oxide or carbide particles, rather than the specific inclusion of oxide nanoparticles, that provides RAFM steels with superior irradiation resistance properties.

In this diploma thesis I analyze data architecture and data marts in a bank area. Firstly I analyze different theoretical approaches to build the data warehouse. Consequently I specialize in operational and analytical data marts -- I analyze their business value, differences and location at the warehouse. In the third chapter I analyze reasons that have led to implement Asset Liability Management data mart. In the following chapter I analyze a life-cycle of this data mart not only from the technical point of view, but also from the project management perspective. The main benefit from this thesis is in the analysis of these aspects of ALM life cycle.

The worldwide growing demand for clean energy leads to necessity for new energy generation methods. Nuclear power generators are an excellent solution for these demands. The feasibility of nuclear power production depends on the performance of structural materials under the harsh conditions in nuclear reactors such as high radiation flux and high temperature. The development of structural materials to withstand such conditions is a big challenge and crucial for advanced nuclear fission and fusion reactors. Several materials are developed, amongst them Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels also called Nanostructured Ferritic Alloys (NFA). NFA consist of Fe-Cr based ferritic/martensitic steels that contain highly dispersed nanometer-size Y-Ti-O nanoclusters, and are manufactured via powder metallurgy. The presence of nanoclusters leads to high temperature stability and radiation resistance. Despite many research activities using advanced analytical techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atom Probe Tomography as well as theoretical calculations many properties of the nanoclusters, such as the detailed atomic structure and composition as well as their efficiency for trapping He, vacancies and self-interstitial atoms (SIA), are still not completely understood. In the first part of this thesis work, six different structural models for atomic clusters in bcc Fe which may contain O, Y, Ti, and vacancies (v) are investigated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Results for clusters with identical numbers of constituents (O, Y, Ti, and v) are compared. The most important finding consists in the statement that the data on the stability or energetics of the relaxed clusters are comparable although their atomic configurations are often different. This contradicts the prevailing opinion in the related theoretical literature that favors the so-called structure-matching model, which is also investigated in this work. In all studied cases, the absolute value of the total binding energy per cluster constituent becomes lower if Y is partially replaced by Ti, i.e. the driving force for the growth of O-Y clusters is higher than that of O-Y-Ti clusters. This may be correlated with the experimental observation that the presence of Ti leads to a reduction of the size of the oxide clusters in NFA and to a higher dispersion. A further major result is the finding that cage-like (CL) clusters and clusters with an oxygen atom in the center (cage) have a similar total binding energy. If Ti is not present such clusters are slightly more stable than the corresponding CL clusters. The opposite holds for clusters with Ti. It is also shown that adding O atoms to CL cluster leads to structures with O in the center. Vacancies are an important for the stabilization of the cluster due to the very strong binding with O. We infer that the Ov pair may be the origin for cluster nucleation growth. Because of limited computational resources, the dimension of clusters investigated by DFT is still below or close to the limit of the experimental resolution of methods allowing for a simultaneous determination of atomic structure and composition of the clusters. These small clusters may be considered as nuclei for further structural evolution and growth during which a selection of the most favored cluster structures could occur. In the second part of the work four different cluster structures are used to investigate their ability to trap irradiation defects He, v and SIA. These defects are inserted on different positions inside and in the environment of the clusters, the total energy of the corresponding supercell is minimized by DFT, and the binding and incorporation energy of the three kinds of defects is determined. He in the center of a CL cluster is more stable than on interfacial vacant sites (IVS). In CL O-Y clusters, He on an IVS is more stable than in clusters with oxygen in the center, whereas there is no significant difference between the two kinds for clusters with Ti. Up to a distance of 1.5 times the iron lattice constant from the cluster center He is not stable on most of the octahedral and tetrahedral interstitial sites in the Fe matrix. Instead, He is shifted towards positions closer to the cluster. Relaxation occurs to known IVS as well as to previously unknown interfacial interstitial sites (IIS). Moreover, two or three He atoms are placed on sites found to be stable after adding a single He. The corresponding binding and incorporation energies obtained after relaxation are nearly equal to the sum of the values for the interaction with a single He atom. However, placing He dimers or trimers in the environment of a vacancy that belongs to the cluster may also lead to relatively low values of the incorporation energy. Also, He jump barriers between interfacial sites and the center of CL clusters are determined. In the CL O-Y cluster, the barriers are lower than in the CL O-Y-Ti cluster, i.e. trapping and release of He is easier in the former than in the latter. The main reason for the high He trapping efficiency is the low electron density in the empty regions of the oxide-like structure of the clusters. Vacancy and SIA interaction with the clusters is also attractive. The binding energy of a vacancy strongly depends on the site where the vacancy is inserted while in all the studied cases the SIA is annihilated at the cluster-iron interface. Present results clearly demonstrate that the oxide-based nanoclusters are strong traps for irradiation-induced defects, which is in agreement with experimental findings.

The thesis aims to analyze and explain the origin, development and manifestations of the process of Europeanization of two players of the Czech party system - the ODS and the KSČM. The thesis starts with a theoretical part, which summarizes the current debate in political science and Europeanization in the context of political parties. The main aim was to trace the changes that were seen among those due to the involvement of political parties in the debate over the meaning of European integration for Czech politics and the practical integration into EU institutions. The basic hypothesis, which is verified, aims to examine the correlation and negativistic relation ODS and KSČM on issues of European integration after twenty years of exposure in the Czech party system. At the same time an analysis of election results mentioned parties to the European Parliament, as well as the method of election campaigns of parties in the same institution. The analytical part of the work analyzes the ODS and KSČM in the line of the general impact of European policies, program outcomes of affected parties, as well as electoral competition in elections to the EP and Czech national assembly. Key words: Europeanization, political parties, ODS, KSČM, European Union

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第18610号 / エネ博第306号 / 新制||エネ||62(附属図書館) / 31510 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー変換科学専攻 / (主査)教授 木村 晃彦, 教授 星出 敏彦, 教授 今谷 勝次 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第19093号 / エネ博第317号 / 新制||エネ||64(附属図書館) / 32044 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー変換科学専攻 / (主査)教授 木村 晃彦, 教授 星出 敏彦, 教授 今谷 勝次 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Yes / The present study explored a novel oxidative desulfurization (ODS) method of light gas oil fuel, which combines a catalytic oxidation step of the dibenzothiophene compound directly in the presence of molecular air as oxidant to obtain high quality fuel for light gas oil. In chemical industries and industrial research, catalysis play a significant role. Heightened concerns for cleaner air together with stricter environmental legislations on sulphur content in addition to fulfill economic have created a driving force for the improvement of more efficient technologies and motivating an intensive research on new oxidative catalysts. As the lower quality fuel becomes more abundant, additional challenges arise such as more severe operation conditions leading to higher corrosion of the refinery installations, catalyst deactivation and poisoning. Therefore, among the technologies to face these challenges is to develop catalysts that can be applied economically under moderate conditions. The objective of this work is to design a suitable synthetic catalyst for oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of light gas oil (LGO) containing model sulphur compound (dibenzothiophene (DBT)) using air as oxidant and operating under different but moderate operating conditions. The impregnation method is used to characterize two homemade catalysts, cobalt oxide (Co3O4/γ-Al2O3) and manganese oxide (MnO2/γ-Al2O3). The prepared catalysts showed that the manganese oxide has a good impregnation (MnO2=13%), good pore size distribution and larger surface area. A set of experiments related to ODS of dibenzothiophene has been carried out in a continuous flow isothermal trickle bed reactor using light gas oil as a feedstock utilizing both catalysts prepared in-house. At constant pressure of 2 bar and with different initial concentration of sulphur within dibenzothiophene, the temperature of the process was varied from 403K to 473K and the liquid hourly space velocity from(LHSV) was varied from 1 to 3 hr-1. The results showed that an increase in reaction temperature and decreasing in LHSV, higher conversion was obtained. Although both catalysts showed excellent catalytic performance on the removal of molecule sulphur compound from light gas oil, the catalyst MnO2 catalyst exhibited higher conversion than Co3O4 catalyst at the same process operating conditions.

O aumento no consumo energético mundial e a perspectiva de esgotamento das reservas de combustíveis fósseis têm estimulado o desenvolvimento de tecnologias e materiais para aplicações nos futuros reatores de fusão nuclear e reatores de fissão a nêutrons rápidos. O foco deste trabalho é avaliar a estabilidade microestrutural de um material tecnologicamente promissor por meio de diferentes técnicas de caracterização. O material estudado, o aço ODS-EUROFER, é um aço ferrítico-martensítico de atividade reduzida de composição 9%Cr-1%W (em massa) endurecido pela dispersão de 0,3% (em massa) de óxido de ítrio. Amostras foram laminadas até 80% de redução e submetidas a tratamentos isotérmicos em 800 °C por até 6 meses (4320 h) de duração para se investigar a ocorrência de fenômenos tais como recuperação, recristalização, crescimento de grão, precipitação e engrossamento de Ostwald. Outro conjunto de amostras foi recozido por 1 hora em temperaturas entre 900 e 1300 °C para se estudar a transformação martensítica neste material. Diversas técnicas de caracterização microestrutural complementares entre si (MEV, MET, DRX, EBSD, APT, ensaios de microdureza Vickers, dilatometria, DTA e magnetização) foram empregadas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a dispersão de partículas nanométricas de Y2O3 confere uma grande resistência à recristalização primária, favorecendo a recuperação estática como principal mecanismo de amolecimento durante o recozimento prolongado deste aço. De modo similar, o crescimento de grão foi suprimido no campo austenítico em temperaturas tão altas quanto 1200 °C. / The rise in the world energy consumption and the possibility of depletion of the fossil fuel reserves have stimulated the development of new technologies and new materials for applications in the future nuclear fusion reactors and in the fast breeder fission reactors. The aim of this study is to evaluate the microstructural stability of a technologically promising material by using different characterization techniques. The investigated material, the ODS-EUROFER steel, is 9Cr-1W (%wt) reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic steel reinforced with a dispersion of 0.3%wt of yttrium oxide nanoparticles. Samples were cold rolled to 80% thickness reduction and subjected to isothermal annealing at 800 °C for up to 6 months (4,320 h) to investigate the occurrence of phenomena such as recovery, recrystallization, grain growth, precipitation, and Ostwald ripening. Another set of samples was annealed for 1 hour at temperatures between 900 and 1300 °C to study the martensitic transformation in this steel. Several complementary microstructural characterization techniques were employed (SEM, TEM, XRD, EBSD, APT, Vickers hardness, dilatometry, DTA and magnectic measurements). The results suggest that the dispersion of nanoscaled particles of Y2O3 provides a high resistance to discontinous recrystallization and favors static recovery as the main softening mechanism during long-term annealing in this steel. Similarly, grain growth was suppressed even in temperatures as high as 1200 °C in the austenitic field.

O aumento no consumo energético mundial e a perspectiva de esgotamento das reservas de combustíveis fósseis têm estimulado o desenvolvimento de tecnologias e materiais para aplicações nos futuros reatores de fusão nuclear e reatores de fissão a nêutrons rápidos. O foco deste trabalho é avaliar a estabilidade microestrutural de um material tecnologicamente promissor por meio de diferentes técnicas de caracterização. O material estudado, o aço ODS-EUROFER, é um aço ferrítico-martensítico de atividade reduzida de composição 9%Cr-1%W (em massa) endurecido pela dispersão de 0,3% (em massa) de óxido de ítrio. Amostras foram laminadas até 80% de redução e submetidas a tratamentos isotérmicos em 800 °C por até 6 meses (4320 h) de duração para se investigar a ocorrência de fenômenos tais como recuperação, recristalização, crescimento de grão, precipitação e engrossamento de Ostwald. Outro conjunto de amostras foi recozido por 1 hora em temperaturas entre 900 e 1300 °C para se estudar a transformação martensítica neste material. Diversas técnicas de caracterização microestrutural complementares entre si (MEV, MET, DRX, EBSD, APT, ensaios de microdureza Vickers, dilatometria, DTA e magnetização) foram empregadas. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a dispersão de partículas nanométricas de Y2O3 confere uma grande resistência à recristalização primária, favorecendo a recuperação estática como principal mecanismo de amolecimento durante o recozimento prolongado deste aço. De modo similar, o crescimento de grão foi suprimido no campo austenítico em temperaturas tão altas quanto 1200 °C. / The rise in the world energy consumption and the possibility of depletion of the fossil fuel reserves have stimulated the development of new technologies and new materials for applications in the future nuclear fusion reactors and in the fast breeder fission reactors. The aim of this study is to evaluate the microstructural stability of a technologically promising material by using different characterization techniques. The investigated material, the ODS-EUROFER steel, is 9Cr-1W (%wt) reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic steel reinforced with a dispersion of 0.3%wt of yttrium oxide nanoparticles. Samples were cold rolled to 80% thickness reduction and subjected to isothermal annealing at 800 °C for up to 6 months (4,320 h) to investigate the occurrence of phenomena such as recovery, recrystallization, grain growth, precipitation, and Ostwald ripening. Another set of samples was annealed for 1 hour at temperatures between 900 and 1300 °C to study the martensitic transformation in this steel. Several complementary microstructural characterization techniques were employed (SEM, TEM, XRD, EBSD, APT, Vickers hardness, dilatometry, DTA and magnectic measurements). The results suggest that the dispersion of nanoscaled particles of Y2O3 provides a high resistance to discontinous recrystallization and favors static recovery as the main softening mechanism during long-term annealing in this steel. Similarly, grain growth was suppressed even in temperatures as high as 1200 °C in the austenitic field.