Uma das características do planejamento de sistemas de infraestrutura regionais em São Paulo é o reconhecimento de uma área denominada Macrometrópole Paulista (MMP) como recorte necessário para análise de formulação de políticas públicas integradas. A MMP abriga cinco regiões metropolitanas, sendo um dos maiores aglomerados urbanos do Hemisfério Sul. Atualmente a MMP é a maior evidência de um novo fato urbano de caráter metropolitano constituindo-se em uma região com grandes contrastes sociais e territoriais. Por isso, o cenário metropolitano atual vem exigindo a busca de instrumentos para além da escala municipal, especialmente porque a integração econômica das cidades e seu desenvolvimento estão acentuando problemas urbanos como a degradação ambiental, a falta de saneamento básico, desemprego, carência de infraestrutura urbana, entre outros, que afetam a qualidade de vida dos seus habitantes. Em mundo cada vez mais urbano, os problemas da vida nas cidades complexificaram-se e diversos desafios emergem para a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável destas áreas. Neste sentido a proposta desse estudo foi investigar um sistema de classificação para estabelecer correspondências dos traços característicos do espaço na sociedade capitalista contemporânea, visando determinar tipos e sistemas que caracterizem as condições socioambientais da MMP e como essas condicionam à saúde ambiental e a sustentabilidade da região. O trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer uma tipologia em saúde ambiental para os municípios que compõem a MMP considerando uma matriz de indicadores em saúde ambiental denominada de Força-Motriz-Pressão-Situação-Exposição-Efeito-Ações (FPSEEA) em consonância com os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). Para a realização da tipologia a opção metodológica adotada foi a submissão dos indicadores a uma análise estatística de Agrupamento Hierárquica utilizando-se o programa estatístico R. A aplicação do software consistiu em uma inovação metodológica e analítica para a compreensão de sistemas urbanos em escalas regionais. De forma geral os resultados obtidos neste estudo revelaram uma grande heterogeneidade de condições de desenvolvimento presentes nos municípios que constituem a MMP. A tipologia dos municípios resultou na proposição de seis grandes agrupamentos com características socioambientais distintas. Coexistem no território municipalidades mais desenvolvidas economicamente e socialmente, municipalidades em níveis intermediários de desenvolvimento e municipalidades com grande precariedade urbana e desigualdades. Compreender as características desse desenvolvimento que ocorre de forma tão desigual no espaço produzindo uma heterogeneidade de condições ao longo do território pode ser um ponto de partida para se discutir aspectos determinantes que comprometem o alcance da sustentabilidade da MMP. Os resultados da tipologia podem ser vistos como uma maneira de classificar as condições socioambientais e de saúde, destacando a importância da escala regional como uma nova unidade territorial a ser explorada na busca de instrumentos e soluções adequados aos problemas da contemporaneidade. Os problemas da reestruturação econômica dessas áreas atingem mais de uma cidade fomentando assim, a discussão política em espaços integrados por uma rede urbana densa e marcados por desafios institucionais em comum. / A central feature in the planning of regional infrastructure systems in São Paulo has been the recognition of an area called São Paulo Macrometropolis (MMP) as a necessary cutoff for the analysis of the formulation of integrated public policies. The MMP contains six metropolitan areas, being one of the largest urban conglomerates in the Southern Hemisphere. Currently, the MMP is the biggest evidence of a new metropolitan concept that constitutes a region with large social and territorial inequality. For this reason, the current scenario calls for research beyond the municipal scale, especially as the economic integration of cities and their development are accentuating urban problems such as environmental degradation, lack of basic sanitation, unemployment, and lack of urban infrastructure all of which affect the quality of life of its inhabitants. In an increasingly urban world, the problems of city life have become more complex, with several challenges emerging to promote the sustainable development of these areas. To this end, the proposal of this study was to investigate a classification system to establish correspondences of the characteristic features of space in contemporary society, aiming to determine types and systems that characterize the social and environmental conditions of the MMP and how they condition the environmental, health and sustainability of the region. The objective of this study was to establish a typology in environmental health for the municipalities that compose the MMP considering a matrix of environmental health indicators called Driving-Force-Pressure-State-Exposure-Effect-Action (DPSEEA) in line with the Sustainable Development Objectives (SDOs). For the accomplishment of the typology the methodology adopted was the submission of the indicators to a statistical analysis of hierarchical grouping using the Statistical Program R. The application of the software constitutes a methodological and analytical innovation as applied to the understanding of urban systems at regional scales. In general, the results obtained in this study revealed a great heterogeneity of developmental conditions present in the municipalities that constitute the MMP. The description of the municipalities resulted in the proposal of six large clusters with distinct socioenvironmental characteristics. More economically and socially developed municipalities coexist in the same regions at intermediate levels of development and municipalities with great urban precariousness and inequalities. Understanding the characteristics of this type of development, that occurs unequally in space and produces a heterogeneity of conditions throughout the territory can be a starting point to discuss determinant aspects that compromise the sustainability reach of the MMP. The results of the description can be seen as a way to classify the socio-environmental and health conditions, highlighting the importance of the regional scale as a new territorial unit to be explored in the search for appropriate solutions to address contemporary problems. The problems of the economic restructuring of these areas affect more than one city thus fomenting the political discussion in spaces integrated by a dense urban network and marked by joint institutional challenges.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-11-09T10:23:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Fernandes Saad.pdf: 3567757 bytes, checksum: a541132c7b6c355a8ad4c3842debd248 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-09T10:23:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Fernandes Saad.pdf: 3567757 bytes, checksum: a541132c7b6c355a8ad4c3842debd248 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-13 / Comprising 8 goals and 21 associated targets, the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which were in forcesincethe beginning of the millennium until2015, have produced good results. Although this success was not entirely due to the MDGs,but also to a number of other global favorable circumstances, such as China's accelerated growth in the period, significant reductions were observed in global indices such as extreme poverty, hunger, out-of-school children and child mortality. The 2030 Agenda, which has succeeded the MDGs since 2016, is composed of 17 Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) and 169 associated targets, representing a much greater ambition to be achieved in an equalperiod of 15 years. According to the United Nations DevelopmentProgram (UNDP), it is estimated that US$ 5-7 trillion will be needed to meet the SDGs, with a deficit of US$ 2.5 trillion in developing countries, an order of greatness above the assistance they receive from developed countries, in the order of billions. It is a consensus that this difference can only be covered through partnerships involving the UN, governments, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and the private sector (companies and investors). This idea is advocatedby both market experts and the UN itself. Since the creation of the United Nations Global Compact in 2000, UNhas discussed partnerships every two years in the General Assemblies and has dedicated SDG17 to specifically deal with the partnerships to achieve the other SDGs. In order to stimulate the active participation of companies in SDGs, incorporating sustainability into their value chains, the Global Compact has been active on several fronts, including the provision of Blueprint for Business Leadership in the SDGs (BBL), a guide that presents suggestions for possible actions and guidelines on how to implement them. However, these actions are presented qualitatively, without any kind of expected cost/benefit parameter that can help companies and investors in decision making. This is a matterthat the Copenhagen Consensus Center (CCC) addresses in the Post-2015 Consensus, suggesting the prioritization of SDGtargets based on a return perdollar invested ratio, although the return,in this case,is the benefit to people, the planetand prosperity. The objective of this work is to propose a method to assist companies in decision making regarding thechoice of sustainable actions to be carried out in partnership with governments, NGOs and the UN itself, as recommended by SDG17, taking into account the cost/benefit ratio in terms of return (for mankind) per dollar invested. For this, the actions listed by the CCC in the Post-2015 Consensusare taken as basis and, for those that can be executed by companies, the model proposed in the BBL by the Global Compact is applied. The aim is to enhance the impact of sustainable actions carried out by companies and to help the UN and its specialized agencies, programs and funds to select and prioritize the most impactful partnerships, thereby contributing to achieving the intended targets by 2030 / Compostos por oito objetivos e 21 metas associadas, os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM) da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), que vigoraram do início do milênio até 2015, produziram bons resultados. Ainda que este sucesso não tenha sido integralmente devido aos ODM, mas também a uma série de outras conjunturas globais favoráveis, como o crescimento acelerado da China no período, foram observadas significativas reduções em índices globais como extrema pobreza, fome, crianças fora da escola e mortalidade infantil. A Agenda 2030, que sucedeu os ODM a partir de 2016, é composta por 17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) e 169 metas associadas, representando uma ambição muito maior para ser atingida em igual prazo de 15 anos. De acordo com o Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD), estima-se que serão necessários de US$ 5 a 7 trilhões para atingir os ODS, sendo que nos países em desenvolvimento há um déficit de US$ 2.5 trilhões. Trata-se deuma ordem de grandeza acima da assistência que eles recebem dos países desenvolvidos, na casa de bilhões. É consenso que esta diferença só pode ser coberta por meio de parcerias que envolvam a ONU, governos, Organizações Não-Governamentais (ONGs) e o setor privado (empresas e investidores). Esta ideia é defendida tanto por especialistas do mercado, como pela própria ONU, que desde a criação do Pacto Global das Nações Unidas, em 2000, discute o tema das parcerias a cada dois anos nas Assembleias Gerais, além de ter dedicado o ODS 17 para tratar especificamente das parcerias para o atingimento dos demais Objetivos. Para estimular a participação ativa das empresas nos ODS, incorporando a sustentabilidade em suas cadeias de valor, oPacto Global tem atuado em diversas frentes, dentre elas a disponibilização do Blueprint for Business Leadership on the SDGs(BBL), um guia que apresenta sugestões de possíveis ações e orientações de como implementá-las. Entretanto, essas ações são apresentadas qualitativamente, sem nenhum tipo de parâmetro de relação custo/benefícioesperada que possa auxiliar as empresas e investidores na tomada de decisão. Esta é uma questão que o Copenhagen Consensus Center (CCC) endereça no Post-2015 Consensus, sugerindo a priorização das metas dos ODS com base em umarelação de retorno por dólarinvestido, embora o retorno, neste caso, seja o benefício para as pessoas, o planeta e a prosperidade. O trabalho tem por objetivo propor um método para auxiliar as empresas na tomada de decisão em relação à escolha de ações sustentáveis a serem realizadas em parceria com governos, ONGs e a própria ONU, conforme preconiza o ODS 17, levando em consideração o fator custo/benefício em termos de retorno (para a humanidade) por dólar investido. Para isto, tomam-se por base as ações listadas pelo CCC no Post-2015 Consensuse, para aquelas que podem ser executadas por empresas, aplica-se o modelo proposto no BBL pelo Pacto Global. Pretende-se, desta forma, potencializar o impacto das ações sustentáveis executadas pelas empresas e ajudar a ONU e suas agênciasespecializadas,programas e fundos a selecionareme priorizaremas parcerias de maior impacto, contribuindo, desta forma, para o atingimento das metas pretendidas até 2030

Diploma thesis, Analysis of publicistic columns specifically focused on politically aimed commentary, treats of attitude of authors of publicistic columns about political parties or eventually to politicians. The aim of this work is to describe the ways and means of expressing authors use to formulate their position, focusing on these within Pravo's and Mladá fronta DNES's print-outs from January 2010 to June 2010 so mainly in months before the elections. The first part presents modern development of approach to language and text. That should elucidate how the pragmatic way of language examination has begun. In the practical part I applied the approach to language and text, as listed above, and I applied the pragmatic analysis. Qualitative analysis of publicistic columns examines inclination of authors to left-wing or right-wing parties, mostly to ODS or ČSSD. It is possible to deduce what authors criticize within the frame of the whole political situation. This work also examines, what means authors of publicistic articles use to profess affection or aversion to particular politician or political party. This diploma thesis forms compendium of publicistic texts in chosen journals and characterizes the conception which reflects their relation to politics.

This master's thesis focuses on the concept of branding in politics. The main aim of this piece of work is comparison of perception of brand personality. In this case, the party leader Petr Fiala by ODS and Karel Schwarzenberg by TOP 09, have been chosen for this research. The brand value was assessed by procedures which were suggested by K. L. Keller. The OCEAN concept, created by Gerard Saucier, was used for brand personality research, which is the main pillar of this thesis. The sample of 212 students of political science and economics took part in the above mentioned research.

The Czech Republic has been regarded as a little troublemaker of the EU due to its Eurosceptic stances. This phenomenon was distinct in the 2000s regardless of the state's position, whether it was just an EU candidate or already a member state. Around the time, President Vacláv Klaus and his political party (ODS), as Czech leadership, contributed to promoting the Eurosceptic governments towards the EU. It could be seen as strange that such a trait was revealed both in the midst of preparations to join the EU and after its accession when it is the proper time to present a cooperative attitude. Thus, this thesis speculates that the skeptical national identity of the Czech Republic has been constructed throughout history, particularly about 450 years from the Bohemia Kingdom to Czechoslovakia (1525~1971), and affected then Czech domestic politics to formulate the official Eurosceptic positions towards the several EU integration matters (constitutional, security, and monetary integrations). In this context, this master's thesis aims to find an objective correlation that Czech identity had an influence on then Czech Euroscepticism. This way, this thesis expects to advance knowledge concerning Czech identity and its relevance to European politics.

[pt] As Civic Tech como ferramentas tecnológicas para o exercício da cidadania e formação da cidadania global são capazes de fomentar e restaurar valores como cooperação e solidariedade na busca do consenso, conforme os pilares apresentados na Agenda 2030 da ONU – englobando pessoas, planeta, prosperidade, paz e parcerias. Torna-se possível o uso da tecnologia da informação para garantir informações de interesse socioeconômico para os cidadãos, permitindo, portanto, o acesso a informações para o exercício pleno da cidadania. Através do empoderamento do cidadão de um determinado território é possível a formação da cidadania global, rompendo-se a exclusividade imposta pelo mercado, no sentido de as pessoas agirem afirmativamente em prol do bem estar social, individual e coletivo, ou seja, além das ações associadas ao consumo típico de bens e serviços, características da sociedade de consumo e de massa. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral do trabalho é a criação de uma Civic Tech que se disponha à formação da cidadania global através de ações afirmativas com foco no Brasil, por meio do exercício efetivo da cidadania. / [en] Civic Tech as technological tools for the exercise of citizenship and the formation of global citizenship are capable of promoting and restoring values such as cooperation and solidarity in the search for consensus, according to the pillars presented in the UN 2030 Agenda - encompassing people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnerships. It becomes possible to use information technology to guarantee information of socioeconomic interest to citizens, thus allowing access to information for the full exercise of citizenship. Through the empowerment of citizens in a given territory, it is possible to form global citizenship, breaking with the exclusivity imposed by the market, in the sense that people act affirmatively in favor of social, individual and collective well-being, that is, in addition to actions associated with the typical consumption of goods and services, characteristics of consumer and mass society. In this sense, the general objective of the work is the creation of a Civic Tech that is willing to form global citizenship through affirmative actions focused on Brazil, through the effective exercise of citizenship.

[pt] A dissertação trata do desenvolvimento do aplicativo para celular chamado Sustenta.me, inserido nos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável 12, Consumo e Produção Responsáveis. O objetivo principal desse aplicativo é mapear produtos e serviços sustentáveis na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, facilitando seu acesso de forma prática e segura, fornecendo uma ferramenta para promover a economia circular no dia-a-dia do público-alvo. A dissertação apresenta também uma pequena retrospectiva do impacto da criação dos aplicativos na sociedade contemporânea e uma revisão dos serviços sustentáveis sob uma perspectiva histórica no Rio de Janeiro, se debruçando então sobre o processo de criação do aplicativo Sustenta.me e um protótipo em tamanho real para testes, avaliação da interface interativa e proposta de promoção do aplicativo. / [en] The dissertation focuses on the development of a mobile applicationcalled Sustenta.me, aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12: ResponsibleConsumption and Production. The primary objective of this application is to mapsustainable products and services in the city of Rio de Janeiro, making theiraccess practical and secure. It serves as a tool to promote circular economy inthe everyday lives of the target audience. The dissertation also provides a briefretrospective on the impact of application creation in contemporary society and ahistorical review of sustainable services in Rio de Janeiro. It then delves into theprocess of creating the Sustenta.me application, including a full-scale prototypefor testing, evaluation of the interactive interface, and a proposal for promotingthe application.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La emisión de gases de efecto invernadero de manera desmesurada, ha generado la degradación de la capa de ozono, provocando variaciones en los procesos ambientales que afectan a los organismos vivientes en el planeta Tierra. En los últimos años debido al cambio climático, los seres humanos buscamos enfatizar en el cuidado del medio ambiente y la preservación de los recursos naturales. Por lo que, en la mayoría de los casos, el avance tecnológico se enfoca en alcanzar las metas de desarrollo sostenible planteadas por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU). El mundo del agua no queda atrás, al tener que utilizar equipos energéticamente cada vez más consuntivos para suplir la demanda hídrica, se determina que existe una relación entre la emisión de GEI y el consumo de agua. Existen numerosos estudios que demuestran que, al optimizar las redes de distribución de agua: 1) se reduce la cantidad de energía requerida en las redes de agua; 2) se reduce la emisión de GEI; 3) se aumenta el tiempo de vida útil de una red de abastecimiento; 4) se mejora el aprovechamiento del agua; 5) se logra disminuir el coste relacionado con la operación, entre otros. El desarrollo del objetivo de esta tesis conllevó consigo la creación de tres (3) artículos científicos publicados en revistas JCR de alto impacto, con lo que se consiguió: 1)Contextualización del estudio, estableciendo las diferencias existentes en los sistemas de distribución de agua desde el punto de vista de la sostenibilidad. 2)Optimización de redes de riego en busca de un sistema híbrido que persiga una configuración de utilización nula de energía neta. 3)La aplicación y la optimización de una red de abastecimiento aislada que suple la demanda urbana, turística y paisajística. En el capítulo 2 se muestran distintos métodos de optimización de redes mediante la modelación, calibración y análisis hidráulicos donde varios estudios presentan tecnologías y herramientas que permiten estimar la cantidad de energía utilizada por el uso del agua en suministros de distintas envergaduras, exponiendo datos de las redes como son volumen inyectado, presión de abastecimiento, energía suministrada, regulación de los sistemas, entre otros. La revisión del estado del arte pone de manifiesto que tras la instalación de PAT se logra tener una recuperación energética desde un valor nulo hasta conseguir 0.042 kWh/m3. De igual manera se pudo estimar que tras la instalación de PFV para suministrar energía en las estaciones de bombeo se logra una reducción anual en la emisión de GEI de 16571 tCO2. A su vez, se pudo determinar que, tras la modificación en la operación del sistema, se consigue modificar el consumo inicial anual de 11651 a 2100 MWh. En el capítulo 3, se propone una metodología de optimización que muestra cómo se puede realizar la optimización de una red de riego real ubicada en Aspe (Alicante, España). Esta metodología emplea el método de optimización de "simulated annealing", tanto para conocer la mejor ubicación para instalar sistema micro hidroeléctricos como definir la regulación. El estudio muestra alternativas que alcanzan una reducción anual de emisión de GEI de hasta 2838 tCO2, y, de igual manera, se aprecia la posibilidad anual de vender hasta 283 MWh al sistema de abastecimiento de energía local. La metodología propuesta, asimismo fue aplicada en un sistema de abastecimiento de una ciudad aislada (Bahamas), mostrado en el capítulo 4. Se puede apreciar que al realizar modificación en la regulación del sistema se puede reducir el consumo energético anual de una estación de bombeo en un 32% y una reducción de la emisión de GEI en un 40%, esto se consiguió tras realizar un método de optimización basado en la búsqueda de los mejores puntos de funcionamiento de las bombas. / [CA] L'emissió de gasos d'efecte d'hivernacle de manera desmesurada, ha generat la degradació de la capa d'ozó, provocant variacions en els processos ambientals que afecten els organismes vivents en el planeta Terra. En els últims anys a causa del canvi climàtic, els éssers humans busquem emfatitzar en la cura del medi ambient i la preservació dels recursos naturals. Pel que, en la majoria dels casos, l'avanç tecnològic s'enfoca a aconseguir les metes de desenvolupament sostenible plantejades per l'Organització de les Nacions Unides (ONU). El món de l'aigua no queda arrere, en haver d'utilitzar equips energèticament cada vegada més consumptius per a suplir la demanda hídrica, es determina que existeix una relació entre l'emissió de *GEI i el consum d'aigua. Existeixen nombrosos estudis que demostren que, en optimitzar les xarxes de distribució d'aigua: 1) es redueix la quantitat d'energia requerida en les xarxes d'aigua; 2) es redueix l'emissió de *GEI; 3) s'augmenta el temps de vida útil d'una xarxa de proveïment; 4) es millora l'aprofitament de l'aigua; 5) s'aconsegueix disminuir el cost relacionat amb l'operació, entre altres. El desenvolupament de l'objectiu d'aquesta tesi va comportar amb si la creació de tres (3) articles científics publicats en revistes *JCR d'alt impacte, amb el que es va aconseguir: 1)Contextualització de l'estudi, establint les diferències existents en els sistemes de distribució d'aigua des del punt de vista de la sostenibilitat. 2)Optimització de xarxes de reg a la recerca d'un sistema híbrid que perseguisca una configuració d'utilització nul·la d'energia neta. 3)L'aplicació i l'optimització d'una xarxa de proveïment aïllada que supleix la demanda urbana, turística i paisatgística. En el capítol 2 es mostren diferents mètodes d'optimització de xarxes mitjançant el modelatge, calibratge i anàlisis hidràuliques on diversos estudis presenten tecnologies i eines que permeten estimar la quantitat d'energia utilitzada per l'ús de l'aigua en subministraments de diferents envergadures, exposant dades de les xarxes com són volum injectat, pressió de proveïment, energia subministrada, regulació dels sistemes, entre altres. La revisió de l'estat de l'art posa de manifest que després de la instal·lació de *PAT s'aconsegueix tindre una recuperació energètica des d'un valor nul fins a aconseguir 0.042 kWh/m³. D'igual manera es va poder estimar que després de la instal·lació de *PFV per a subministrar energia en les estacions de bombament s'aconsegueix una reducció anual en l'emissió de *GEI de 16571 *tCO2. Al seu torn, es va poder determinar que, després de la modificació en l'operació del sistema, s'aconsegueix modificar el consum inicial anual de 11651 a 2100 *MWh. En el capítol 3, es proposa una metodologia d'optimització que mostra com es pot realitzar l'optimització d'una xarxa de reg real situada a Aspe (Alacant, Espanya). Aquesta metodologia empra el mètode d'optimització de "*simulated *annealing", tant per a conéixer la millor ubicació per a instal·lar sistema micro hidroelèctrics com definir la regulació. L'estudi mostra alternatives que aconsegueixen una reducció anual d'emissió de *GEI de fins a 2838 *tCO2, i, d'igual manera, s'aprecia la possibilitat anual de vendre fins a 283 *MWh al sistema de proveïment d'energia local. La metodologia proposada, així mateix va ser aplicada en un sistema de proveïment d'una ciutat aïllada (Bahames), mostrat en el capítol 4. Es pot apreciar que en realitzar modificació en la regulació del sistema es pot reduir el consum energètic anual d'una estació de bombament en un 32% i una reducció de l'emissió de *GEI en un 40%, això es va aconseguir després de realitzar un mètode d'optimització basat en la cerca dels millors punts de funcionament de les bombes. / [EN] The disproportionate emission of greenhouse gases has led to the degradation of the ozone layer, causing variations in environmental processes that affect living organisms on planet Earth. In recent years, due to climate change, human beings seek to emphasize the care of the environment and the preservation of natural resources. Therefore, in most cases, technological progress is focused on achieving the sustainable development goals set by the United Nations (UN). The world of water is not left behind, as it is necessary to use more and more energy-consuming equipment to meet the demand for water, and it has been determined that there is a relationship between GHG emissions and water consumption. There are numerous studies that show that, by optimizing water distribution networks: 1) the amount of energy required in water networks is reduced; 2) GHG emissions are reduced; 3) the useful life of a supply network is increased; 4) the use of water is improved; 5) the cost related to operation is reduced, among others. The development of the objective of this thesis entailed the creation of three (3) scientific articles published in high impact JCR journals, thus achieving: 1)Contextualization of the study, establishing the existing differences in water distribution systems from the point of view of sustainability. 2)Optimization of irrigation networks in search of a hybrid system that pursues a configuration of zero net energy use. 3)The application and optimization of an isolated supply network that meets urban, tourist and landscape demand. Chapter 2 shows different methods of network optimization through modeling, calibration and hydraulic analysis where several studies present technologies and tools that allow estimating the amount of energy used by the use of water in supplies of different sizes, exposing network data such as volume injected, supply pressure, energy supplied, regulation of the systems, among others. The review of the state of the art shows that after the installation of PAT it is possible to have an energy recovery from a null value to 0.042 kWh/m3. Likewise, it was estimated that after the installation of PFV to supply energy to the pumping stations, an annual reduction in GHG emissions of 16571 tCO2 was achieved. At the same time, it was determined that, after the modification in the operation of the system, it was possible to modify the initial annual consumption from 11651 to 2100 MWh. In Chapter 3, an optimization methodology is proposed that shows how the optimization of a real irrigation network located in Aspe (Alicante, Spain) can be carried out. This methodology uses the "simulated annealing" optimization method, both to know the best location to install micro hydroelectric systems and to define the regulation. The study shows alternatives that achieve an annual GHG emission reduction of up to 2838 tCO2, and, likewise, the annual possibility of selling up to 283 MWh to the local energy supply system. The proposed methodology was also applied in a supply system of an isolated city (Bahamas), shown in Chapter 4. It can be seen that by modifying the regulation of the system, the annual energy consumption of a pumping station can be reduced by 32% and GHG emissions can be reduced by 40%, this was achieved after performing an optimization method based on the search for the best operating points of the pumps. / Fundings: Grant PID2020-114781RA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 / Mercedes García, ÁV. (2023). Metodología de análisis para la mejora de los indicadores de sostenibilidad en las redes de distribución presurizadas mediante el uso de sistemas híbridos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192475 / Compendio

The main goal of this thesis is to summarize and introduce general theoretical concepts of Data Warehousing by using the systems approach. The thesis defines Data Warehousing and its main areas and delimitates Data Warehousing area in terms of higher-level area called Business Intelligence. It also describes the history of Data Warehousing & Business Intelligence, focuses on key principals of Data Warehouse building and explains the practical applications of this solution. The aim of the practical part is to perform the evaluation of theoretical concepts. Based on that, design and build Data Warehouse in environment of an existing company. The final solution shall include Data Warehouse design, hardware and software platform selection, loading with real data by using ETL services and building of end users reports. The objective of the practical part is also to demonstrate the power of this technology and shall contribute to business decision-making process in this company.

Les aciers appelés ODS (pour Oxide Dispersion Strengthened), renforcés par une dispersion homogène de nano-oxydes, sont des matériaux de structure avancés pour les futurs réacteurs nucléaires de fusion et de fission. En effet ces nano-oxydes, à base d’Y et Ti, servent comme centres de recombinaison de défauts ponctuels et d'obstacles aux mouvements des dislocations, améliorant de ce fait leur résistance aux radiations et aux températures élevées. La fabrication conventionnelle des aciers ODS est réalisée par broyage mécanique suivi de traitements thermo-mécaniques, et ne permet pas facilement de comprendre les mécanismes physiques conduisant à la précipitation des nano-oxydes, ce qui serait potentiellement utile pour optimiser leur production. La cinétique de formation de ces nano-oxydes peut être étudiée en utilisant une technique alternative, à savoir la synthèse par faisceaux d’ions, qui présente de nombreux avantages, notamment le contrôle précis des paramètres expérimentaux et la possibilité de décorréler divers facteurs contribuant à la cinétique de précipitation. Au cours de cette thèse, cette technique a été utilisée pour étudier la coprécipitation d'ions métalliques (Y et/ou Ti) et d'oxygène implantés dans un alliage modèle Fe-Cr de composition proche de celle typique des aciers ODS commerciaux. Des ions de Y, Ti et O à basse énergie ont été implantés dans des échantillons d'alliage Fe10wt%Cr de haute pureté à température ambiante. Les échantillons implantés ont ensuite été recuits à diverses températures entre 600 à 1100°C pour favoriser la précipitation de nano-oxydes, conformément au principe de cette technique. La microscopie électronique à transmission a été utilisée pour caractériser la structure cristallographique et la composition chimique des nano-oxydes formés lors de trois séries d'expériences. Tout d'abord, l'implantation séquentielle d'ions Ti et O a été mise en œuvre. Un recuit ultérieur a révélé qu’il n’y avait pas de précipitation d'oxyde de titane jusqu’à des températures inférieures à 1000°C, mais la présence de nano-oxydes riches en chrome avec une structure hexagonale de type corundum, qui contiennent une certaine quantité de Ti à des températures suffisamment élevées. Ce n’est qu’après le recuit à 1100°C que des nano-oxydes d’un autre type à cœur enrichi en Ti et coquille enrichie en Cr ont également été observés. Deuxièmement, l'implantation séquentielle d’ions Y et O a entraîné la formation à 800°C de nano-oxydes probablement riches en yttrium. Le recuit à 1100°C a favorisé la croissance des particules identifiées comme étant des nano-oxydes d’yttrium avec une coquille enrichie en Cr. Enfin, une implantation ionique séquentielle de deux ions métalliques (Y et Ti) a été réalisée, suivie d'une implantation d’O. L'ordre d'implantation des ions métalliques s'est révélé crucial pour la précipitation de nano-oxydes lors du recuit ultérieur. Lors de la séquence avec une implantation de Ti en premier, une précipitation d'oxyde riche en chrome de structure corundum hexagonale a été observée, très similaire au cas de l'implantation d’ions Ti et O. En revanche, la séquence avec une implantation d’ions Y en premier a produit des nano-oxydes d'yttrium-titane qui possèdent une structure non identifiable. En résumé, l’étude a démontré la faisabilité de la formation de nano-oxydes de Y, Ti et (Y, Ti) par implantation ionique. La thèse présente la caractérisation détaillée de ces nano-oxydes, ainsi que certaines de leurs caractéristiques spécifiques, telles que la présence de relations d'orientation entre les nano-oxydes et la matrice FeCr, qui ont été observées même dans le cas de nano-oxydes de type corundum riches en Cr. Enfin, les résultats obtenus, combinées avec les données de la littérature, sont discutées pour une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans la formation des nano-oxydes dans les aciers ODS. / Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steels, that is steels reinforced with a homogeneous distribution of (Y,Ti) oxide nano-particles, are advanced structural materials for nuclear applications. The oxide particles serve as point defect recombination centres and obstacles to dislocation motion thereby improving radiation resistance and high-temperature strength of these steels making them perfect candidate materials for future fusion and fission nuclear reactors. The conventional fabrication of ODS steels is achieved by mechanical alloying followed by thermomechanical heat treatments. This way of ODS steel production seems complicated to understand the physical mechanisms leading to the precipitation of nano-oxide particles. The kinetics of nanoparticle formation can be much better studied using an alternative technique of nanoparticle growth, namely Ion Beam Synthesis (IBS). This approach has many advantages including the precise control of experimental parameters and the ability to de-correlate various factors contributing to precipitation kinetics. A better knowledge gained in this way would be potentially helpful for optimization of ODS steel production routines. In the course of this PhD study, the IBS approach was applied to investigate the co-precipitation of metal (Y and/or Ti) and oxygen ions implanted into a model Fe-Cr alloy with the composition close to those typical for commercial ODS steels. Following the standard IBS schedule, consisting of ion implantation followed by high-temperature heat treatment, ions of Y, Ti and O at low energies were implanted into high-purity Fe10wt%Cr alloy samples at room temperature. The implanted samples were then annealed at various temperatures ranging from 600 to 1100°C to promote the precipitation of nano-oxide particles. A range of Transmission Electron Microscopy techniques were used to characterize the crystallographic structure and chemical composition of the nanoparticles. The study has been performed following three sets of experiments. First of all, the sequential implantation of Ti and O ions was implemented. Subsequent annealing at temperatures below 1000°C revealed that precipitation of titanium oxide was suppressed. Instead, chromium-rich nano-oxide particles with corundum hexagonal structure were found to precipitate. At sufficiently high temperatures these corundum particles were found to contain certain amount of Ti. Only after annealing at the highest temperature of 1100°C, particles of another type with Ti enriched core and Cr enriched shell were additionally fixed. Secondly, sequential Y and O ion implantation resulted in the formation of probable yttrium-rich oxides at 800°C. Annealing at 1100°C promoted their growth to larger sized yttria (Y₂O₃) particles with a Cr enriched shell. Finally, sequential ion implantation of both metal ions (Y and Ti) was performed, followed by O implantation. The order of metal ion implantation has been found to be crucial for subsequent oxide precipitation at the annealing stage. With the Ti implantation first in the sequence, the precipitation of corundum hexagonal chromium-rich oxide was observed, very similar to the case of Ti and O implantation. In contrast, implantation starting with Y produced yttrium-titanium oxide particles with unidentifiable structure. Summing up, the study has demonstrated the feasibility of the formation of Y, Ti and (Y,Ti) oxides by ion implantation. The thesis presents the detailed characterization of the nanoparticles, as well as the discovered specific features of precipitated particles, such as the presence of orientation relationships between the particles and the FeCr matrix, which was observed even for the case of Cr-rich corundum particles. Finally, the implications of the obtained results, in conjunction with the already known data from the existing literature, for the better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the formation of nano-oxide particles in ODS steels are discussed.