Pakistan has been riddled with energy shortage crisis. Long hours of load shedding have caused major economic setbacks in urban areas and rural areas do not even make the cut. Some rural parts, which are connected to the grid, suffer major load shedding and so economic growth is minimal. Most energy is directed towards industrial demand; hence the domestic demand suffers and causes long hours of load shedding. To aid this supply-demand gap, microgrids can be helpful in relieving some of the domestic load on the grid. A microgrid may be more economical only as a support for the main grid in an area, depending on its configuration. Since microgrids are generally composed of renewable energy sources like wind or solar or a combination of both, the supply from just these sources may result in high intermittency. To allow uniform supply, a backup energy source or energy storage is included with the renewable sources. Sizing a microgrid for the targeted region is critical. Some major sizing factors include the availability of renewable resource, load profile of the region, land availability, grid availability, etc. For this thesis, a region near Gharo, a town in Thatta District in Sindh, Pakistan, is selected to deploy the microgrid with a wind farm and battery energy storage system. The microgrid is connected to the main feeder, which supplies grid electricity to a small town of 30 small homes, a school and a small hospital. Hourly wind speed data and an annual load profile is used to calculate the most economic size of the microgrid, depending on the energy dispatch philosophy. To find the most economical solution, this thesis incorporates a stochastic technique, known as the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), which is a powerful intelligence evolution algorithm for solving optimization problems. Over the years, PSO has gained popularity due to its simple structure and high performance in solving linear or non-linear objective functions with any number of constraints. In this case, the objective function to be minimized is the net present cost of the microgrid, which comprises of annual capital cost, annual operation and maintenance cost, annual replacement cost of all equipment involved and the annual net cost of buying/selling electricity from/to the grid, respectively.

Cette thèse se propose d’évaluer les produits d’effacement réalisés sur un ensemble de consommateurs, chacun étant défini par le triplet {bâtiment, systèmes, ménage}. On définit un produit d’effacement par la caractérisation de la déformation de la courbe de charge de l’ensemble des consommateurs suite à l’envoi d’un signal de contrôle (pilotage direct ou signal tarifaire).Deux dimensions ont été considérées dans le cadre de ce travail : l’étude des variables d’influence sur les effacements de consommation en s’appuyant sur des données issues d’expérimentations ainsi que l’élaboration d’un modèle global permettant de reproduire une partie de la diversité observée sur les courbes de charge des clients expérimentateurs.Afin d’analyser un échantillon {bâtiments, systèmes, ménages}, une attention particulière est portée à la dispersion des caractéristiques du bâti (enveloppes, expositions, ...) et aux éventuelles corrélations entre le ménage (mode de vie, choix des équipements, ...) et les systèmes (caractéristiques techniques), notamment pour l’usage "chauffage et climatisation".Un travail de réconciliation de données (issues de statistiques, de travaux sur la caractérisation des logements métropolitains, d’études sur les habitudes de vie des ménages, ...) a permis de proposer une première évaluation en simulation d’effacement de l’usage chauffage au périmètre d’un parc de quelques milliers de logements.L’approche bottom-up proposée permet ainsi de rendre compte de la diversité technique, fonctionnelle et d’origine comportementale de l’usage étudié. / This thesis aims at evaluating load curtailments packages over a set of electricity users, each being defined by the triolet {building, system, household}. We define a load curtailment package by the quantification of the load curve's deformation due to the emission of a control signal (direct control or price incentive).Two dimensions were considered through this work: first the study of the different variables' influence using experimental data, and secondly the construction of a global model which can effectively reproduce the diversity observed on experimental load curves.In order to analyse a sample {building, system, household}, the dispersion of the different caracteristics of the building (envelope, exposure,...) were carefully studied, as well as the possible links between the household (lifestyle, choice of household equipments,...) and the systems (technical caracteristics) especially for the electrical heaters and HVAC systems.We work to reconcile data from different sources (statistical data, data from research on urban building caracterization, on households' habits,...) and we are able to give a first evaluation of load curtailment products over the electrical heating usage in urban environment through numerical simulations of a few thousand housings. The bottom-up approach used accounts for the technical diversity, as well as the functional and behavioral diversity of the studied electrical usage.

O objetivo do trabalho é a implementação de características de adaptabilidade ao VIC, software livre de videoconferência sobre multicast. O VIC é um software para vídeo utilizado pelos principais frameworks de videoconferência em uso no mundo. O trabalho é focado em cima do VIC para o Access Grid, desenvolvido no Argone National Laboratory. Videoconferência é uma aplicação que consome muitos recursos da rede e do processamento da máquina, devido à grande quantidade de informações com que trabalha e à velocidade com que estas informações devem ser processadas e transmitidas. Pelas próprias características intrínsecas de uma transmissão de vídeo, não são admitidos atrasos. O trabalho analisa as principais tecnologias e o estado da arte em videoconferência, tanto na parte de transmissão quanto na parte de codificação e decodificação de sinais. As principais ferramentas em uso são apresentadas com suas características próprias. Os dois principais enfoques de adaptabilidade para transmissão e recepção de vídeo são expostos. O trabalho propõe um modelo misto, baseado nestes dois enfoques. A partir daí é exposto o novo algoritmo criado e os resultados de alguns testes realizados. Até hoje, apenas uma tentativa foi feita de acrescentar características de adaptabilidade à condição da rede ao VIC, porém essa não se encontra em uso. O trabalho propõe um novo algoritmo de adaptabilidade utilizando características das duas principais tendências atualmente em pesquisa. / The goal of the work is to implement adaptability features to VIC, free software to deliver videoconferencing over multicast. VIC is a software to transmit video used by the main videoconferencing frameworks in use worldwide. The focus of the work is on VIC to Access Grid, developed at Argone National Laboratory. Videoconferencing is an application that uses too much resources of the network and processing power of the machine, due to the huge amount of information that it handles and due to the speed needed to process and transmit this information. For its own intrinsic properties, delays are not allowed in videoconferencing. The work analyses the main technologies and the state of the art in videoconferencing, both in transmission and in encoding and decoding of signals. The main tools in use are presented with their own characteristics. The two main approaches of adaptability for video transmission and reception are shown. The work proposes a new model, based on both approaches in a mixed way. The new algorithm created is shown together with the results of some tests made. Until today, only one try was made to add adaptability to the network conditions to VIC, but it is not in use. The work proposes a new adaptability algorithm using features of the two main trends in research today.

Submitted by EDSON MANCUZO null (edson.mancuzo@fatec.sp.gov.br) on 2017-06-20T20:10:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EM_Def.pdf: 3947416 bytes, checksum: 79e61ec6edf5cbd0b81020a06f29faf5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-06-21T14:17:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mancuzo_e_me_bauru.pdf: 3947416 bytes, checksum: 79e61ec6edf5cbd0b81020a06f29faf5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-21T14:17:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mancuzo_e_me_bauru.pdf: 3947416 bytes, checksum: 79e61ec6edf5cbd0b81020a06f29faf5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-31 / O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar o impacto do gerenciamento pelo lado da demanda no consumo residencial. A Eficiência Energética em uma área residencial pode ser aumentada de diversas formas, e a aplicação do gerenciamento pelo lado da demanda permite o ganho em eficiência e custos, tanto por parte do consumidor quanto por parte da concessionária. Este trabalho aborda a redução das perdas elétricas nos condutores (por efeito Joule) desde a saída dos transformadores de distribuição (MT / BT) até a entrada de energia elétrica de uma residência classe B1 com entrada em 127 / 220V bifásico e carga instalada entre 12 kW e 18 kW. Uma pesquisa foi elaborada para se obter hábitos de uso do consumidor residencial em relação aos equipamentos de sua residência. Um algoritmo para cálculo das perdas foi desenvolvido em Matlab com a finalidade de simular o consumo de energia em residências e linhas de distribuição de baixa tensão da região sudeste do Brasil. Aplicou-se os conceitos do gerenciamento pelo lado da demanda, apresentando o impacto no consumo residencial, assim como os custos relacionados à eficiência. As simulações demonstraram que foi possível otimizar o consumo de energia elétrica assim como diminuir a perda por dissipação nos condutores, reduzindo os custos. / The goal of this paper is to present the impact of the management by the demand side in residential consumption. Energy Efficiency in a residential area can be increased in a number of ways, and the application of demand-side management allows for efficiency and cost gains by both the consumer and the utility. This work deals with the reduction of electrical losses in the conductors (Joule effect) from the output of the distribution transformers (MT / BT) to the electrical input of a class B1 residence with a biphasic 127 / 220V input and a load installed between 12 KW and 18 kW. A research was developed to obtain habits of use of the residential consumer in relation to the equipment of his residence. An algorithm for calculating losses was developed in Matlab with the purpose of simulating the energy consumption in homes and low voltage distribution lines in the southeastern region of Brazil. The management concepts were applied on the demand side, presenting the impact on residential consumption, as well as costs related to efficiency. The simulations demonstrated that it was possible to optimize the consumption of electric energy as well as to reduce the loss by dissipation in the conductors, reducing costs.

O surgimento de volumes de dados na ordem de petabytes cria a necessidade de desenvolver-se novas soluções que viabilizem o tratamento dos dados através do uso de sistemas de computação intensiva, como o MapReduce. O MapReduce é um framework de programação que apresenta duas funções: uma de mapeamento, chamada Map, e outra de redução, chamada Reduce, aplicadas a uma determinada entrada de dados. Este modelo de programação é utilizado geralmente em grandes clusters e suas tarefas Map ou Reduce são normalmente independentes entre si. O programador é abstraído do processo de paralelização como divisão e distribuição de dados, tolerância a falhas, persistência de dados e distribuição de tarefas. A motivação deste trabalho é aplicar o modelo de computação intensiva do MapReduce com grande volume de dados para uso em ambientes desktop grid. O objetivo então é investigar os algoritmos do MapReduce para adequar a computação intensiva aos ambientes heterogêneos. O trabalho endereça o problema da heterogeneidade de recursos, não tratando neste momento a volatilidade das máquinas. Devido às deficiências encontradas no MapReduce em ambientes heterogêneos foi proposto o MR-A++, que é um MapReduce com algoritmos adequados ao ambiente heterogêneo. O modelo do MR-A++ cria uma tarefa de medição para coletar informações, antes de ocorrer a distribuição dos dados. Assim, as informações serão utilizadas para gerenciar o sistema. Para avaliar os algoritmos alterados foi empregada a Análise 2k Fatorial e foram executadas simulações com o simulador MRSG. O simulador MRSG foi construído para o estudo de ambientes (homogêneos e heterogêneos) em larga escala com uso do MapReduce. O pequeno atraso introduzido na fase de setup da computação é compensado com a adequação do ambiente heterogêneo à capacidade computacional das máquinas, com ganhos de redução de tempo de execução dos jobs superiores a 70 % em alguns casos. / The emergence of data volumes in the order of petabytes creates the need to develop new solutions that make possible the processing of data through the use of intensive computing systems, as MapReduce. MapReduce is a programming framework that has two functions: one called Map, mapping, and another reducing called Reduce, applied to a particular data entry. This programming model is used primarily in large clusters and their tasks are normally independent. The programmer is abstracted from the parallelization process such as division and data distribution, fault tolerance, data persistence and distribution of tasks. The motivation of this work is to apply the intensive computation model of MapReduce with large volume of data in desktop grid environments. The goal then is to investigate the intensive computing in heterogeneous environments with use MapReduce model. First the problem of resource heterogeneity is solved, not treating the moment of the volatility. Due to deficiencies of the MapReduce model in heterogeneous environments it was proposed the MR-A++; a MapReduce with algorithms adequated to heterogeneous environments. The MR-A++ model creates a training task to gather information prior to the distribution of data. Therefore the information will be used to manager the system. To evaluate the algorithms change it was employed a 2k Factorial analysis and simulations with the simulant MRSG built for the study of environments (homogeneous and heterogeneous) large-scale use of MapReduce. The small delay introduced in phase of setup of computing compensates with the adequacy of heterogeneous environment to computational capacity of the machines, with gains in the run-time reduction of jobs exceeding 70% in some cases.

O objetivo do trabalho é a implementação de características de adaptabilidade ao VIC, software livre de videoconferência sobre multicast. O VIC é um software para vídeo utilizado pelos principais frameworks de videoconferência em uso no mundo. O trabalho é focado em cima do VIC para o Access Grid, desenvolvido no Argone National Laboratory. Videoconferência é uma aplicação que consome muitos recursos da rede e do processamento da máquina, devido à grande quantidade de informações com que trabalha e à velocidade com que estas informações devem ser processadas e transmitidas. Pelas próprias características intrínsecas de uma transmissão de vídeo, não são admitidos atrasos. O trabalho analisa as principais tecnologias e o estado da arte em videoconferência, tanto na parte de transmissão quanto na parte de codificação e decodificação de sinais. As principais ferramentas em uso são apresentadas com suas características próprias. Os dois principais enfoques de adaptabilidade para transmissão e recepção de vídeo são expostos. O trabalho propõe um modelo misto, baseado nestes dois enfoques. A partir daí é exposto o novo algoritmo criado e os resultados de alguns testes realizados. Até hoje, apenas uma tentativa foi feita de acrescentar características de adaptabilidade à condição da rede ao VIC, porém essa não se encontra em uso. O trabalho propõe um novo algoritmo de adaptabilidade utilizando características das duas principais tendências atualmente em pesquisa. / The goal of the work is to implement adaptability features to VIC, free software to deliver videoconferencing over multicast. VIC is a software to transmit video used by the main videoconferencing frameworks in use worldwide. The focus of the work is on VIC to Access Grid, developed at Argone National Laboratory. Videoconferencing is an application that uses too much resources of the network and processing power of the machine, due to the huge amount of information that it handles and due to the speed needed to process and transmit this information. For its own intrinsic properties, delays are not allowed in videoconferencing. The work analyses the main technologies and the state of the art in videoconferencing, both in transmission and in encoding and decoding of signals. The main tools in use are presented with their own characteristics. The two main approaches of adaptability for video transmission and reception are shown. The work proposes a new model, based on both approaches in a mixed way. The new algorithm created is shown together with the results of some tests made. Until today, only one try was made to add adaptability to the network conditions to VIC, but it is not in use. The work proposes a new adaptability algorithm using features of the two main trends in research today.

L’informatique utilitaire a évolué au fil des années pour aboutir à ce que nous appelons aujourd’hui le Cloud Computing. Pourtant, ces infrastructures ne sont pas adaptées pour répondre aux besoins de l’Internet des Objets ayant des besoins de calculs à faible latence malgré des ressources limitées. C’est pourquoi, en 2012, Cisco a proposé le paradigme de Fog Computing, consistant à répartir des serveurs sur de nombreux sites placés près des utilisateurs. Dans cette thèse, nous cherchons à créer une solution de stockage unifiée entre les différents sites de Fog. Notre première contribution consiste à évaluer si les solutions de stockage existantes peuvent être utilisées dans un tel environnement. Nous montrons que la solution de stockage InterPlanetary FileSystem (IPFS) reposant sur un protocole similaire à BitTorrent et une table de hachage distribuée (DHT) pour localiser les données est la plus prometteuse. Toutefois, le trafic réseau inter-sites généré impacte négativement les temps de lecture. Notre seconde contribution consiste à coupler IPFS au système de fichiers distribué RozoFS pour limiter ces échanges inter-sites dans le cas d’accès à des données stockées sur le site local. Enfin, notre dernier axe de recherche vise à localiser les données grâce à un protocole reposant sur un arbre des plus courts chemins, de façon à confiner le trafic réseau et à privilégier les nœuds atteignables avec une faible latence. Grâce à de nombreuses expérimentations sur la plateforme Grid’5000, nous montrons que le couplage à un système de fichiers réduit en moyenne de 34% les temps d’accès et que notre protocole de localisation permet un gain de 20% du temps de localisation des données. / Utility Computing has evolved for many years leading to the infrastructure we know today as Cloud Computing. Nevertheless, these infrastructures are unable to satisfy the needs of the Internet of Things which requires low latency computing despite limited resources. In 2012, Cisco proposed a paradigm called Fog Computing, consisting of deploying a huge number of small servers, spread on many sites located at the edge of the network, close to the end devices. In this thesis, we try to create a seamless storage solution between the different Fog sites. Our first contribution consists in comparing existing storage solution and check if they can be used in a such environment. We show that InterPlanetary FileSystem (IPFS), an object store relying on a BitTorrent like protocol and a Distributed Hash Table is a promising solution. Nevertheless, the amount of network traffic exchanged between the sites to locate the data is important and has a non-negligible impact on the overall performance. Our second contribution consists in coupling IPFS with RozoFS, a distributed filesystem deployed on each site to limit the use of the DHT when accessed data are stored on the local site. Finally, we proposed to replace the distributed hash table by a location mechanism relying on a shortest path tree built on the physical topology, in order to contain the network traffic and to first request nodes at a close location, reachable with a low latency. By performing many experiments on the Grid’5000 testbed, we show that the coupling of IPFS with a Scale-Out NAS reduces by 34 % in average the access times and that our protocol to locate the objects reduces by 20 % the time to locate the data.

This thesis develops a postmodernist theory of institution, Discursive Organisation Theory (DOT), by building on elements of the work of Jacques Derrida and Giles Deleuze. One aspect of the theory is demonstrated by analysing transcriptions of eight focus groups composed of students studying in the field of business and management studies in universities in London. Postmodernists have so far eschewed theory development of this type but this study explicitly argues for the legitimacy of the project. The version of postmodernism to be used is carefully defined and takes as its central feature arguments from Derrida’s “Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences”. Derrida’s “absence of presence” is taken as the defining characteristic of this version of postmodernism. Its epistemology is developed from Derrida’s notion of différance. Its ontology is based on the realist ontology of Deleuze and places emphasis on the notion of assemblage (agencement). The theory assumes that the physical world is only knowable through the mediation of a system that is symbolic in nature which processes sense data. Since organisation of action is the ultimate purpose of this processing system, and is more fundamental than perception or cognition, it is necessary to build a model of this processing system in order to arrive at an understanding of institution, which is taken as the ultimate manifestation of organisation. This processing system is labelled as “discourse” in this thesis and includes all human symbolic systems and chiefly, but not limited to, language (Iedema 2007). The theory is developed by constructing a series of mutually dependent assemblages beginning with discourse itself, then the institution assemblage, then the organisation assemblage and ultimately the assemblage of everyday life, or society as a whole. These assemblages are fictions, reality is itself a continuum, but they are convenient for understanding the nature of the phenomena included at these levels and how they are interrelated. These phenomena traditionally come under the headings of subjectivity, identity, communication, conversation, power, institution, bureaucracy (Weber, 1964), culture, organisation and many others. Derrida’s concept of deconstruction is used as a method to analyse the processes of constructing and maintaining organisation. Bureaucracy is taken to be a diagram (Deleuze) belonging to the assemblage of everyday life and generates the only legitimate form of organisation in the fields of government and private enterprise that can be used today. Grid-Group Cultural Theory, as developed by Mary Douglas, Michael Thompson and others, is reinterpreted and used to analyse institutional construction. This part of the theory is tested empirically. The data gathered from the focus groups is analysed using Grid-Group Cultural Theory as a typology of thought styles. The analysis shows that the thought styles interact with each other both antagonistically and co-operatively in a way that confirms the contention that Grid-Group Cultural Theory may be used to deconstruct bureaucracy. This study makes several theoretical contributions by developing theory in an area where little has been done before. It makes a practical contribution by demonstrating how practitioners may be helped to make more effective decisions. It points the way to further development and applications of the theory.

abstract: There is growing concern over the future availability of water for electricity generation. Because of a rapidly growing population coupled with an arid climate, the Western United States faces a particularly acute water/energy challenge, as installation of new electricity capacity is expected to be required in the areas with the most limited water availability. Electricity trading is anticipated to be an important strategy for avoiding further local water stress, especially during drought and in the areas with the most rapidly growing populations. Transfers of electricity imply transfers of "virtual water" - water required for the production of a product. Yet, as a result of sizable demand growth, there may not be excess capacity in the system to support trade as an adaptive response to long lasting drought. As the grid inevitably expands capacity due to higher demand, or adapts to anticipated climate change, capacity additions should be selected and sited to increase system resilience to drought. This paper explores the tradeoff between virtual water and local water/energy infrastructure development for the purpose of enhancing the Western US power grid's resilience to drought. A simple linear model is developed that estimates the economically optimal configuration of the Western US power grid given water constraints. The model indicates that natural gas combined cycle power plants combined with increased interstate trade in power and virtual water provide the greatest opportunity for cost effective and water efficient grid expansion. Such expansion, as well as drought conditions, may shift and increase virtual water trade patterns, as states with ample water resources and a competitive advantage in developing power sources become net exporters, and states with limited water or higher costs become importers. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2013

La grille tient une place problématique dans l'histoire de l'art. Le critique y voit une structure abstraite, un signe pictural, une originalité recouvrant la rupture posée début xxème entre peinture et histoire. Or, le cubisme, sensément initial, se montre pluriel et perclus de résonances classiques. D'où, ressortent l'idée de charnière et la nécessité de définir d'abord la grille comme forme, possibilité de structure et qui peut faire sens. Mondrian retourne le tableau brunelleschien puis, fort de Braque, tente de mettre en phase représentation plane et plan de représentation. Par son œil, l'objet devient ainsi << division du mur» et, poussée l'outrance, la grille se réduit à un modèle architectural. Ceci dit, son ultime période suggère que la forme sait autrement répondre d'un modèle textile (le tressage). Matisse, lui, emprunte au tapis qui privilégiele nœud, le module, non la ligne. La grille textile revêt trois variantes, étrangères en termes d'extension et de processus. Le modèle architectural reconnaît ces versions. Un cas unique favorisant le nœud fait ressurgir un troisième modèle: cartographique. Sa variante nodale (le marteloire) se retrouve chez Mondrian (en écho à l'histoire de la peinture hollandaise) et chez Braque (sans plus de raison que formelle). La relation à l’œuvre d'art, propice au<< fictionnement », et son anachronisme expliquent la qualité anhistorique de la forme. Psychologie et anthropologie aidant, une stratégie émerge, permettant (selon certains critères dont le marteloire pour schème) de l'étudier à l’œuvre scientifiquement (non seulement pour document), tel un complexe production-réception duquel la rencontre se rejoue indéfiniment. / The grid occupies a problematic place in art history. Critics consider it as an abstract structure, a pictorial sign or an originality mirroring the division between painting and (hi)story that look place at the beginning of the XXth. But cubism, which supposedly came first, appears in fact to be plural and ridden with classical echoes. Hence the concept of hinge and the necessity of defining the grid as a form, above ali (a possibility of structure, and one thal can make sense). Mondrian first turns the brunelleschian picture and then, forcing Braque, tries to put in phase flat representation and plan of representation. Under his eye, the abject becomes "division of the wall" and, to extrapolate, the grid is reduced to an architectural madel. Nevertheless, his final period suggests thal form can actually answer to a textile madel (plaiting). As for Matisse, he paints from the carpe!, which relies on knots and modules rather than li nes. The textile grid takes three aspects thal are very different in terms of extension and process. The architectural madel follows these three aspects. Aunique case centered on the knot creates a third madel: cartographie. Ils nodal variant (the marte/aire) can be found in the works of Mondrian (as an echo of the history of Dutch painting) and Braque (for formai reasons only). The relation ta the work of art, thal permits "fictioning", and ils anachronic nature explain the ahistoric quality of the form. With the help of psychology and anthropology, a strategy appears thal (following several criteria, among which the marte/aire as a schema) allows to scientifically study it at work (not just as a document), as a production-reception complex.