Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:19:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nivea Fernanda Correa.pdf: 9488427 bytes, checksum: d432cb6753ed95396a5af400756eea91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / in chains of coupled guides. These chains can serve of model for the propagation of solitons optics in directional couplers or micro-structuralized optics fibers. Systems of linearly coupled non linear Schrödinger equations had been used as theoretical model for these chains. The used numerical methods had been the split- step Fourier method and the orthogonal collocation method. The process of transference of energy between guides was characterized by the transmittance in function of the coupling factor, length of the guide and the power of entrance. In the mapping of the transmittance the diverse regions of parameters with its different behaviors had been identified. The threshold of power and the length of coupling had been gotten. The conclusions on the chains had been made on the basis of the analysis of the results in function of the total number of guides, the number of intermediate and peripheral guides and of the arrangement of couplings. For coupling arrangement the changes in the transmittances had the same been significant when the total number of guides varies, therefore it diminished the coupling length and the power threshold increased with the number of guides. Chains with same total number of guides, but with arrangements of distinct couplings had presented transmittances with clear differences in the chains of the type opened in relation to too many. The increase of the number of couplings between the guides led to an increase of the value of the power threshold, while the values of coupling length had not presented significant variations. / ópticos em cadeias de guias acoplados. Essas cadeias podem servir de modelo para a propagação de solitons ópticos em acopladores direcionais ou fibras ópticas micro-estruturadas. Sistemas de equações não lineares de Schrödinger acopladas linearmente foram utilizados como modelo teórico para essas cadeias. Os métodos numéricos utilizados foram o método de Fourier com passo dividido e o método da colocação ortogonal. O processo de transferência de energia entre guias foi caracterizado pela transmitância em função do fator de acoplamento, comprimento do guia e da potência de entrada. No mapeamento da transmitância foram identificadas as diversas regiões de parâmetros com seus diferentes comportamentos. O limiar de potência e o comprimento de acoplamento foram obtidos. As conclusões sobre as cadeias foram feitas com base na análise dos resultados em função do número total de guias, do número de guias intermediários e periféricos e do arranjo de acoplamentos. Para o mesmo arranjo de acoplamento as mudanças nas transmitâncias foram significativas quando o número total de guias varia, pois diminuiu o comprimento de acoplamento e o limiar de potência aumentou com o número de guias. Cadeias com mesmo número total de guias, mas com arranjos de acoplamentos distintos apresentaram transmitâncias com nítidas diferenças nas cadeias do tipo aberta em relação às demais. O aumento do número de acoplamentos entre os guias levou a um aumento do valor do limiar de potência, enquanto os valores de comprimento de acoplamento não apresentaram variações significativas.

[pt] Nanopartículas metálicas apresentam um pico no espectro de absorção devido ao efeito de LSPR (Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance – Ressonância de Plasmon de Superfície Localizado). A posição espectral do pico depende da forma, do tamanho, do material das nanopartículas e do índice de refração do meio em que se encontra. Conhecendo como a posição espectral deste pico varia de acordo com o índice de refração externo, pode-se utilizar, em princípio, estas nanopartículas como elemento sensor para medir a refração de líquidos e gases. Um sensor de índice de refração foi desenvolvido fabricando-se nanopartículas metálicas na extremidade de uma fibra óptica. Estas nanopartículas foram fabricadas a partir de um filme de ouro evaporado na extremidade de uma fibra óptica que depois foi aquecida. As nanopartículas assim formadas possuem uma distribuição não homogênea de forma e tamanho. De forma a se obter um maior controle do tamanho e da forma das nanopartículas metálicas fabricadas para o desenvolvimento de um sensor óptico com maior controle dos parâmetros, foi investigada nesta dissertação a formação de nanopartículas de prata por síntese química. Diferentes processos para a síntese foram investigados. As nanopartículas de prata localizadas na extremidade da fibra óptica foram caracterizadas quanto à resposta do sinal de LSPR quando as nanopartículas estavam em contato com meios com diferentes índices de refração. Visando ainda a investigação de sistemas de fibras ópticas com aplicação em sensoriamento, foi realizada uma simulação da deformação de cavidades elípticas formadas no interior de fibras ópticas quando estas estão sujeitas à aplicação de uma tensão longitudinal da fibra. Este tipo de cavidade pode ser usada como sensor de deformação devido à interferência das múltiplas reflexões no interior da cavidade. / [en] Metallic nanoparticles show a peak in the absorption spectrum due to the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) effect. The position of this peak depends on the shape, size and the type of the nanoparticles as well as on the refractive index of the surrounding media. From the dependence of the position of the peak with the external refractive index, it is possible to use these nanoparticles as a sensor element to measure the refractive index of liquids and gas. A refractive index sensor was developed with nanoparticles deposited at the end face of an optical fiber. These nanoparticles, fabricated from a heated gold film deposited at the end face of the fiber, have a non homogenous distribution of size and form. In order to obtain a better control of the size and form of the fabricated metallic nanoparticles, aiming the development of an optical sensor with control of the involved parameters, it was investigated in this work the formation of silver nanoparticles by chemical synthesis. Furthermore, extending the investigation of fiber optics systems with applications on sensing, it was performed a simulation of the deformation of elliptical air cavities, formed in the interior of optical fibers, under the effect of longitudinal stress along the fiber. This type of system can be used as a deformation sensor due to the multiple interference reflections in the interior of the cavity.

Dans ce manuscrit, nous rapportons les développements, théoriques et expérimentaux, en cours à TRT ainsi qu’à TAV et au LAC, visant la réalisation d’un gyromètre résonant passif en fibre optique à cœur creux atteignant des performances permettant la navigation inertielle. Nous y décrivons mathématiquement l’effet Sagnac, effet relativiste à la base des mesures optiques dans les gyromètres. Ensuite, nous exposons en détail les méthodes utilisées à ce jour pour mesurer des rotations avec des gyromètres passifs par les différentes équipes de recherches. Nous explicitons les limitations de ces méthodes, et en quoi la fibre optique à cœur creux semble être la solution la plus prometteuse pour pallier les défauts des gyromètres passifs résonants actuels. Une partie de cette thèse est alors consacrée à l’étude des propriétés physiques des fibres à cœur creux (Kagomé et bande interdite photonique), telles que leur atténuation, leur capacité à maintenir la polarisation, et leur rétrodiffusion. Nous présentons la première mesure de zone aveugle (plage de faibles vitesses de rotations non mesurables par un gyromètre) dans un gyromètre résonant passif en fibre à cœur creux. Un modèle mathématique est posé pour expliquer le lien entre cette zone aveugle et la rétrodiffusion au sein de la cavité résonante. Nous décrivons ensuite un protocole expérimental permettant de s’affranchir de cette limitation dans notre gyromètre. Nous détaillons enfin la mise en œuvre de ce protocole et caractérisons les performances ainsi atteintes par notre gyromètre / In this manuscript, we report the theoretical and experimental developments at TRT, TAV and LAC, aiming the realization of a hollow-core passive resonant fiber optical gyroscope that can achieve navigation grade performances. We mathematically describe the Sagnac effect, which is a relativistic effect used to optically probe mechanical rotations. Then, we detail the state of the art in passive resonant fiber optical gyroscope development. We identify their limitations, and explain why the hollow core fiber seems to be the best solution to cope with the actual limitations of such gyroscopes. We then focus on two different types of hollow core fibers: Kagome and photonic bandgap. We evaluate their performances in terms of transmission, polarization holding and backscattering. We describe the first measurement of a lock in region in a hollow core fiber passive optical gyroscope, i.e the range of rotation rates that cannot be measured because of backscattering. A mathematical model is propounded to link the lock in to the backscattering of the cavity. We then discuss the experimental protocol that we implemented to circumvent this limitation. Finally, we characterize the performances of our gyroscope based on these features

My graduation thesis is concerned with the effect of polarization mode dispersion on transmitted signal by optical line. It describes external and internal causes of origination of polarization mode dispersion. On the basis of these effects there is a differential group delay (DGD). It is the time delay in meantime within individual modes. DGD results in a time extension of impulsion and limitation of maximum bit rate. This thesis contains localization methods of part of gossamer filament with increased value of PMD by POTDR method. This method is based on the principium of back dispersion and its modifications SOP a DOP. Very important chapter of this thesis is the measurement of the polarization mode dispersion. There are described methods of PMD measurement. It is the interferometric and polarimetric method and the method of state of polarization. The major part of this thesis is about the reduction of polarization mode dispersion effect. This part is divided into two parts. First part is about the methods of PMD effect reduction and the second one is about the PMD compensation. The discrepancy between these two parts is the reduction way of PMD effect on transmitted channel. The compensation use the compensation components inserted into the transmission path. By PMD reduction methods we can solve the problems from the view of changing of fibre or all cable. For better understanding of polarization mode dispersion effect there are simulated 4 optical lanes of various parameters. The simulation output is the eye diagram which provides the view at results of transmission lane. In the final part there is the evaluation of measured parameters of optical lanes simulated in a laboratory.

Polarization mode dispersion PMD becomes the most limiting factors for achieving high-speed optical transmission. The size of the dierencial group delay between the polarization plane is influenced by many different factors and therefore accurate measurement of PMD should be done in all phases of building and operating optical path.

Goal of my master´s thesis is examination of non-invasive blood glucose measurement methods, and designing of device for non-invasive blood glucose reading. The introductory chapter of thesis contains description of know different methods for blood glucose measurement, mainly Near Infra-Red region (NIR) measurement with spectroscopy methods. This project describes pathology of Diabetes Mellitus, specifies how it is divided, and looks also on human metabolism. The theoretical part contains exploration of blood glucose measurement methods. Thesis continues with system scheme design for non/invasive glucose measurement device, based on present knowledge. Major principle of device is measuring with Infra-Red laser, bifurcate optic fiber and photodiode. Design of printed circuit board is also present. Document contains also designs of software diagrams for calibration and processing program written in C# language. Communication between device and computer is made via USB. Microcontroller with C language program is part of designed device. It is used to send measured values into PC and also receives data from computer. This data determines blood glucose concentration and their thresholds.

The subject of this diploma's thesis is to create a design of a fiber optic network, which will allow an access to broadband internet connection for households living in blocks of flats in Kojetín. For this purpose the best technologies will be compared by analysis and the new network topology will be designed. The investor is a civic association Cyrilek.net that provides a wireless internet at this area. The best solution will be selected on the basis of financial and technical analysis and the investment will be calculated including its return. This innovation not only give people a really fast internet connection, but also the possibility of other services such as IPTV or VoIP.

[pt] Neste trabalho são apresentados dois reflectômetros ópticos por contagem de fótons no domínio do tempo para o monitoramento de fibras ópticas. O primeiro foi projetado para obter faixas dinâmicas altas. Demonstrou-se a sua capacidade de sintonização no monitoramento de redes passivas WDM-PON durante o tráfego de dados. 32 dB de faixa dinâmica com 6 m de resolução foram atingidos. O segundo reflectômetro foi projetado para atingir resoluções ultra altas. As aplicações neste caso, além do monitoramento de uma rede TDM-PON de curto alcance, foram na caracterização de redes de Bragg dispersivas e na descrição e modelagem de um fenômeno não reportado antes na literatura, chamado nesta tese de reflexão por curvatura. Foi demonstrada uma resolução menor que 3 cm com faixa dinâmica maior que 14.0 dB. / [en] This thesis presents the development of two photon counting optical time domain reflectometers for fiber optic links monitoring. The first one was focused on high dynamic range. It is demonstrated its tunable capability for a WDM-PON in-service monitoring. 32 dB on dynamic range and a two-point resolution of 6 m is achieved. The second reflectometer was design to accomplish an ultra high resolution. The monitoring of a short TDM-PON is performed. Moreover, due to its high resolution, a chirped fiber Bragg grating is characterized and a non previous reported phenomena, the bend reflection, is shaped and described. It is demonstrated 3 cm two-point resolution and more than 14 dB on dynamic range.

[pt] Nesta dissertação foram discutidos os resultados obtidos com um interferômetro Fabry-Perot intrínseco (FPI) a fibra óptica, para sensoriamento de deformação longitudinal, temperatura e campo magnético. O FPI foi construído através da emenda de uma fibra capilar entre dois pedaços de fibra padrão de telecomunicação, formando uma cavidade de ar retangular. Esta cavidade, quando atua como um sensor de deformação longitudinal, possui uma sensibilidade nove vezes maior que uma típica rede de Bragg (FBG). Porém, quando atua como sensor de temperatura, a sensibilidade é bem menor que a de uma rede de Bragg, tornando-se bastante útil para diversas aplicações. O sensor de campo magnético foi construído através da colagem da cavidade de ar num material magnetostrictivo, para que este convertesse as mudanças causadas em seu comprimento, devido à aplicação do campo magnético, em deformação longitudinal. Este sensor apresentou uma sensibilidade ao campo magnético quatro vezes maior do que quando o mesmo é construído com uma rede de Bragg. / [en] This thesis discusses the results obtained with an intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) fiber, for sensing longitudinal strain, temperature and magnetic field. The FPI was constructed by splicing a capillary fiber between two pieces of standard telecommunication fiber, forming a rectangular air cavity. This cavity, when acting as a longitudinal deformation sensor has a sensitivity nine times greater than a typical Bragg grating (FBG). However, when it acts as a temperature sensor, the sensitivity is much smaller than a Bragg grating, making it useful for various applications. The magnetic field sensor was built placing the air cavity on a magnetostrictive material, so that it converted the changes brought in its length due to the application of the magnetic field in longitudinal deformation. The sensor showed a sensitivity to the magnetic field four times higher than when it is built with a Bragg grating.

The subject of this master‘s thesis is the issue of design of fiber optic sensor for min/max and continuous measurement of liquid level, which could be used for laboratory measurement of optoelectronics. The thesis is divided into the three parts, the first part deals with methods of retrieval level measurement using fiber optic sensors. The second part is made of plant design of optical fiber sensors, it is shown the implementation of measuring devices for liquid level measurement and measured transfer characteristics of the sensors developed. The last part is proposed for laboratory typing tasks using established preparation for teaching in the subject Optoelectronic sensors.