Os Espodossolos são os solos de maior ocorrência na planície costeira do litoral do Estado de São Paulo e são caracterizados pela presença de um horizonte espódico (Bh ou Bhm). Poucas são as informações relacionadas à gênese destes solos em regiões tropicais, assim como da composição química da matéria orgânica (MO) nos mesmos e da influência dos micro-organismos em sua formação. É possível que micro-organismos envolvidos na degradação seletiva da MO sejam importantes para a gênese de Espodossolos, como observado anteriormente em Espodossolos de Bertioga e Ilha Comprida. O primeiro estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a variação espacial da estrutura das comunidades e a abundância de bactérias e fungos em três perfis de Espodossolos sob drenagem intermediária, nos diferentes horizontes e nas manchas brancas através de PCR-DGGE e quantificação por qPCR dos genes rRNA 16S de bactérias e ITS de fungos. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a variabilidade espacial das comunidades de bactérias nos horizontes e nas manchas brancas de Espodossolos sob três regimes de drenagem, e determinar se a diversidade genética e estrutura das comunidades de bactérias estão associadas à composição molecular da MO nessas regiões, através do sequenciamento massivo da região V4 do gene do rRNA 16S de bactéria e análise de compostos orgânicos por pirólise-GC/MS. As estruturas das comunidades bacterianas, determinada por PCR-DGGE, nos diferentes horizontes de cada perfil foram mais similares entre si do que nos mesmos horizontes em diferentes perfis de Espodossolos. A estrutura das comunidades fungos não apresentou diferenças significativas, independente da localidade do perfil e profundidade dos horizontes. A abundância de cópias do gene rRNA 16S e região ITS, determinada por qPCR, foi maior no horizonte A do que no horizonte Bh, para os três perfis de Espodossolos estudados. Apesar de não haver diferenças significativas na estrutura das comunidades, grupos específicos de bactérias e fungos podem estar envolvidos na degradação seletiva da matéria orgânica nos diferentes horizontes, bem como nas manchas brancas e suas adjacências. A estrutura das comunidades de bactérias, determinada por sequenciamento massivo do gene rRNA 16S, nos horizontes mais superficiais (A e AE) foi distinta daquela observada nos horizontes mais profundos (EB, BE e Bh). Porém, as comunidades bacterianas nas manchas brancas e suas regiões adjacentes foram mais similares entre si, do que em relação as comunidades bacterianas nos horizontes, em todos os perfis analisados, independente do regime de drenagem. Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria e Actinobacteria foram os filos mais abundantes nos solos estudados. Actinobacteria e Alphaproteobacteria mostraram associação positiva com moléculas orgânicas derivadas da pirólise da lignina, as quais foram mais abundantes nos horizontes superficiais (A e AE), enquanto Acidobacteria mostrou associação positiva com compostos mais recalcitrantes encontrados em horizontes mais profundos (Bh), sugerindo um papel específico e diferenciado de cada grupo bacteriano na degradação de compostos orgânicos específicos. Os resultados desses estudos sugerem que grupos bacterianos específicos podem estar envolvidos na gênese de Espodossolos através da degradação de compostos orgânicos específicos em diferentes horizontes. / Podzols are highly frequent soils in the coastal plains of the São Paulo State, and are characterized by the presence of a spodic horizon (Bh or Bhm). Studies on the pedogenetic processes in Podzols of tropical regions are scarce, as well as studies on the molecular characterization of their organic matter (OM) and on the microorganisms involved in their genesis. It is possible that microorganisms involved in the selective degradation of the soil OM are important for the genesis of Podzols, as previously observed in Podzols of Bertioga and Ilha Comprida. The aim of the first study was to evaluate the spatial variation of the community structure and abundance of bacterial and fungi in the different horizons, bleached mottles and their immediate vicinity of three Podzol profiles under intermediary drainage regime, using PCR-DGGE and qPCR of the bacterial rRNA 16S gene and fungal ITS region. The aim of the second study was to determine the spatial variability of the bacterial communities in the horizons and bleached mottles of Podzols under three drainage regimes, and whether the bacterial genetic diversity and community structure were associated to the molecular OM composition, using high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and analyses of organic compounds by pyrolysis GC/MS. The structure of bacterial communities, determined by PCRDGGE, in the different horizons of each soil profile were more similar to each other than in the same horizons of different soil profiles. The fungal community structures did not show significant differences, independent of the soil profile location and horizons depth. Abundance of copies of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS region, determined by qPCR, was higher in the A horizon than in the Bh horizon, for the three Podzol profiles studied. Even though there were no significant differences in community structures, specific groups of bacteria and fungi may be involved in the selective degradation of organic matter in different horizons, bleached mottles and their immediate vicinity. The bacterial community structures, determined by highthroughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, in the surface horizons (A and AE) were distinct of that in the deeper horizons (EB, BE and Bh). However, the bacterial community structures in the bleached mottles and their immediate vicinity were more similar to each other than to the community structures in the horizons, in all profiles studied, regardless of the drainage regime. Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most abundant phyla in the soils studied. Actinobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria showed a positive relationship organic compounds derived from lignin degradation, which were more abundant in the surface horizons (A and AE), whereas Acidobacteria showed a positive relationship with more recalcitrant compounds detected in deeper horizons (Bh), suggesting a specific and distinct roles of each bacterial group in the degradation of specific organic compounds. The results of these studies suggest that specific bacterial groups may be involved in the genesis of Podzols by degrading specific organic compounds in different horizons.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a estrutura espacial e vertical da população de anelídeos Polychaeta da Baía de Santos e plataforma continental adjacente, através do estudo integrado das características físico-químicas, sedimentológicas, concentração de compostos químicos e elementos metálicos. Paralelamente, procurou-se determinar a origem da matéria orgânica sedimentar através dos teores de C/N/S e dos marcadores orgânicos geoquímicos com o intuito de identificar uma possível influência do complexo estuarino de Santos sobre a plataforma adjacente à baía. A área de estudo localiza-se no litoral do estado de São Paulo e é influenciada por atividades industrial e portuária, além de receber o esgoto das cidades de Santos e São Vicente. Entre 2004 e 2005 foram realizadas 4 campanhas na baía para amostrar 8 estações, enquanto 6 pontos foram amostrados na plataforma adjacente no inverno/2005 e verão/2006. Os parâmetros físicos e a concentração de oxigênio e nutrientes dissolvidos foram mensurados em todas as estações. As amostras de sedimento para o estudo dos poliquetas, análises granulométricas, teores de carbono orgânico e nitrogênio e enxofre totais, concentração de esteróis fecais, hidrocarbonetos alifáticos (n-alcanos e LABs) e aromáticos (HPAs), pesticidas organoclorados (PCBs) e metais foram obtidas com boxcorer de 0,09m2 de área. Os sedimentos finos predominaram na porção central da Baía de Santos e na faixa de transição entre a desembocadura da baía e a plataforma adjacente, responsáveis pela maior retenção dos metais Pb, Zn e Cr, hidrocarbonetos n-alcanos, HPAs, LABs, de PCBs e esteróis fecais advindos do efluente urbano, dragagem do Canal do Porto e da contribuição atmosférica. Em conseqüência, observou-se aí os menores valores de densidade, riqueza, diversidade e equitatividade, com dominância de Mediomastus capensis, Prionospio sp. e Aricidea cf. catharinae. Tais espécies foram as mais abundantes em ambas as áreas, revelando seu comportamento de oportunistas e tolerantes, e atuando como bioindicadores de um ambiente sob alterações físicas e químicas. As razões C/N e os marcadores orgânicos geoquímicos mostraram que a matéria orgânica que adentra a Baía de Santos é essencialmente terrígena, enquanto na plataforma continental adjacente observou-se contribuições alóctones, provenientes principalmente do fito- e zooplâncton oceânico. Tais resultados sugerem não haver influência direta do material exportado pelo complexo estuarino da Baixada Santista, quer orgânico ou inorgânico, sobre o ambiente de plataforma adjacente. / The aim of the present work was to verify the spacial and vertical Polychaeta distribution in sediment samples of Santos Bay and adjacent continental shelf by analyzing physicochemical characteristics, granulometric pattern, chemical compounds concentration and metallic elements. Parallely, it looked for determining the organic matter origin by C/N/S content and geochemical organic biomarkers to identify a possible influence of Santos estuarine complex on adjacent continental shelf. The area of study is located on the SE Brazilian coastline, São Paulo, close to the largest commercial harbour and industrial centre in South America, besides receiving considerable amount of urban sewage from Santos and São Vicente cities. Between 2004/2005 sediment samples were taken at 8 plots during 4 oceanographic surveys, whereas 6 plots were sampled on continental shelf in the Winter/2005 and Summer/2006. Physical parameters, dissolved oxygen and nutrient concentrations were measured at all stations. Sediment samples for biological study and granulometry, besides organic carbon content, total nitrogen, total sulphur, faecal sterols and biomarkers hydrocarbons (aliphatic, aromatic, LABs), organochlorinateds (PCBs) and metals were collected with a 0,09m2 box-corer. The results pointed out that fine sediments predominated in both central region of Santos bay and near the transition area between bay mouth and adjacent shelf, being responsible for the high content of metal (Pb, Zn, Cr), hydrocarbons, PCBs and faecal sterols provenient of the urban discharge, dredging activities in the harbour channel and atmosphere contribution. Consequently, density, species richness, diversity and evenness were low with dominance of Mediomastus capensis, Prionospio sp. and Aricidea cf. catharinae. These species were abundant in both areas revealing their opportunistic and tolerant behaviour, and its role as bioindicators of environments under chemical and physical changes. The C/N ratios and organic geochemical biomarkers showed that the organic matter deposited in Santos bay is essentially terrigenous, while on continental shelf the contribution comes from the open ocean as fito- and zooplankton. The data also suggest that there is no direct influence of material, organic or not, exported by the estuarine complex to the adjacent continental shelf environment.

A pesquisa apresenta a influência da pré-oxidação com ozônio, peróxido de hidrogênio e com ozônio associado ao peróxido de hidrogênio no desempenho da filtração lenta com meio filtrante de areia e carvão ativado granular, procedida por duas unidades de pré-tratamento em série, a pré-filtração dinâmica e a pré-filtração vertical ascendente. A unidade de filtração lenta foi bem operada com taxa de 3 m3/m 2.d, tendo sido realizadas seis carreiras de filtração. A eficiência da unidade foi avaliada em função de medições de cor, absorvância a 254 nm, carbono orgânico dissolvido, coliformes fecais, algas protozoários e metazoários. Na camada biológica predominaram as Classes Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae sobre as Chrysophyceae, Cyanophyceae e Euglenophyceae. A aplicação de ozônio, peróxido de hidrogênio e ozônio associado ao peróxido de hidrogênio, afetou a maturação da camada biológica em relação à diversidade de espécies e densidade populacional de algas. As algas que colonizaram o meio filtrante, ao longo de sua profundidade, foram espécies das Classes Chlorophyceae e Bacillariophyceae. O meio filtrante apresentou, também, colonização de protozoários e rotíferos. Houve diferenças significativas na qualidade do efluente do filtro lento com relação à remoção de turbidez, cor verdadeira, cor aparente, absorvância a 254 nm e carbono orgânico dissolvido nas diferentes carreiras de filtração decorrente do uso de pré-oxidantes; o que não foi observado com relação à remoção de bactérias heterotróficas, coliformes totais e fecais. / This dissertation presents the influence of pre-oxidation with ozone, hydrogen, peroxide and ozone associated with hydrogen peroxide on the performance of slow filtration with filtering medium of sand and actived granular carbon, preceded by two pretreatment units in series, i.e., dynamic and vertical downflow prefilters. Six runs of slow filtration units were operated with a rate of 3 m3/m2.d each. The efficiency of the filtering unit was evaluated by colour determination, absorbance at 254 nm, dissolved organic carbon, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, algae, protozoa and metazoa. Chlorophyceae and Bacilllariophyceae classes predominated over Chrysophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Cyanophyeeae and Euglenophyeeae classes in the schmutzdecke. The application of ozone, hydrogen peroxide and ozone associated with hydrogen peroxide affected the schmutzdecke maturation in relation to the species diversity and population density of algae. The algae that developed in the filtering medium along its depth were species of the Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae classes. The filtering medium also presented a development of protozoa and rotifers. There were significam differences in the quality of slow filter effluent in relation to turbidity removal, true colour, apparent colour, absorbance at 254 nm and dissolved organic carbon in the different filtration runs caused by the use of pre-oxidants. Such differences were not observed in the removal of heterotrophic bacteria and, total and fecal coliforms.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:36:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_fernanda_goncalves.pdf: 1442900 bytes, checksum: b7f35812a174ddda8e36c6ade989cc8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-08 / The mineral coal is important to the expansion of the national electrical system. Candiota s mine is the biggest mine in Brazil, with 38% of all national coal. This activity and the traffic of weight machines, cause negative alterations in the structure. Attributes such as bulk density, porosity, mean weight diameter of aggregates and mechanical resistance penetration show the consequences of this activity. The revegetation has been used as a strategy to recover these degraded soils. Thus, with, the reestablishment of the cycle of the organic substance exerts big influence on the physical quality of the soil. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of different cover crops on the physical attributes of constructed soil in coal mining area in Candiota-RS, after 3 years of experiment conduction. Aggregates stability in different size classes, mean weight diameter (MWD), organic carbon, soil bulk density, total porosity, macro/microporosity and mechanical resistence to penetration were analized. The experiment, installed in nov/dez of 2003, is comprised of four randomized blocks with four treatments: T1 - Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & C. E. Hubbard, T2 - Cynodon dactilon (L.) Pers., T3 Paspalum notatum Flüggé, T4 - Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst.) Stapf, T5 natural soil. The soil samples had been collected from the layers: 0,0 - 0,05m; 0,05 - 0,10m and 0,10 - 0,20m. As general conclusions were: 1) The effect of the cover crops on the soil physical attributes is still incipient. 2) The cover crops Hemarthria altissima and Cynodon dactilon stood out of the others. / O carvão mineral apresenta importância estratégica na expansão do sistema elétrico nacional. A jazida de Candiota no RS é a maior do Brasil, com 38% de todo carvão nacional extraído a céu aberto. Este tipo de extração, aliado ao trânsito de máquinas pesadas, causa alterações negativas ligadas a estrutura do solo. Logo, atributos como a densidade do solo, porosidade, diâmetro médio ponderado e resistência mecânica do solo à penetração mostrarão seus reflexos. A revegetação tem sido utilizada com estratégia na recuperação destes solos, pois tem como seu principal efeito o restabelecimento do ciclo da matéria orgânica, o qual exerce forte influência sobre a qualidade física do solo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes plantas de cobertura sobre os atributos físicos de um solo construído na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota no RS, após três anos de condução do experimento. Foram determinados os seguintes atributos do solo: distribuição de agregados estáveis em água em diferentes classes de tamanho e diâmetro médio ponderado; carbono orgânico; densidade do solo; porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade e resistência mecânica do solo à penetração. O experimento, implantado em nov/dez de 2003 e delineado em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições, apresenta os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - Hemártria (Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & C. E. Hubbard), T2 - Grama Tifton (Cynodon dactilon (L.) Pers.), T3 Pensacola (Paspalum notatum Klüggé), T4 - Braquiária brizanta (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst.) Stapf), T5 - Solo natural da frente de mineração. As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas: 0,0 0,05m; 0,05 0,10m e 0,10 0,20m. Como conclusões gerais pode-se dizer: 1) O efeito das plantas de cobertura sobre os atributos físicos do solo ainda é incipiente. 2) As plantas de cobertura Hemártria e Grama Tifton destacaram-se dentre as demais.

Ungefär hälften av Sveriges befolkning får idag sitt dricksvatten från grundvatten. Naturligt sker grundvattenbildning främst genom nederbörd, men under vissa förhållanden kan grundvatten också bildas av att ytvatten (t.ex. en sjö eller ett vattendrag) tränger in till grundvattnet. Grundvattenbildningen sker då under mättade förhållanden, det vill säga under grundvattenytan, vilket kan ha påverkan på grundvattnets kvalitet. Ytvatten innehåller naturligt höga halter av organiskt material som bryts ned av mikroorganismer som förbrukar syre under sin respiration. När nedbrytning sker under mättade förhållanden finns det risk för att syre förbrukas snabbare än vad det tillförs, då det inte finns någon kontakt med atmosfären. Det gör att organiskt material kan bli kvar längre vilket kan leda till syrefattiga förhållanden. Organiskt material kan försvåra reningsprocessen då det kan bidra med t.ex. färg och lukt. I syrefattiga miljöer finns det också risk för högre halter av järn och mangan vilka kan orsaka fällningar i ledningsnät, eller till färg och lukt. Det är därför önskvärt att ha sådan liten halt organiskt material som möjligt, samt låga järn och manganhalter. Utanför Borlänge i Dalarnas län öppnades förra året en ny grundvattentäkt som tillsammans med en äldre grundvattentäkt, Övre Tjärna, ska förse både Borlänge och Falun med dricksvatten. Då den är så pass ny är det lämpligt att undersöka förändringar i grundvattenkvaliteten då det, om de tillåts fortgå alltför länge, skulle kunna orsaka problem i framtiden. Syftet med den här rapporten är därför att bestämma hur driften av vattentäkterna kan komma att påverka grundvattenkvaliteten med avseende på syrenivå och halt organiskt material till följd av en ökad inträngning av ytvatten från Dalälven. Dessutom undersöktes om det skett förändringar i grundvattnets flödesriktning samt hur situationen kan se ut i framtiden. En tydlig inträngning av ytvatten och organiskt material kunde ses vid Övre Tjärnas vattentäkt. Vid Lennheden syntes inga tecken på en ökad inträngning efter driftstarten förra året, däremot syntes en förändring i grundvattnets flödesriktning som verkar ha skiftat riktning från sydostlig till nordvästlig. Syrehalten var förvånansvärt låg inom hela undersökningsområdet. Till följd av den låga syrenivån och halten organiskt material har halten av tvåvärt järn och tvåvärt mangan börjat öka. / Today, half of Sweden’s water supply comes from groundwater sources. Renewal of groundwater naturally happens most commonly through precipitation that seeps down to the groundwater table, but during special conditions renewal of groundwater through intrusion of surface water (e.g. river or lake) is possible. This will take place during saturated conditions, i.e. below the groundwater table, which will affect the quality of the groundwater. Surface water has a high content of organic matter, which will be degraded with the help of microorganisms. The microorganisms use oxygen during their respiration, and when the degradation takes place at saturated conditions the oxygen is being consumed at a higher rate than it is being added, since there is no contact with the atmosphere. This means that there is a risk that the organic matter will not degrade completely, which can cause problems in the drinking water plant, since organic matter can cause colour and smell to the water. Water with low oxygen content can also have higher concentrations of iron and manganese, which can lead to precipitation in pipes and to colour and smell as well. Last year, a new groundwater fed drinking water plant opened in Lennheden, situated northwest of Borlänge. It will, together with the old drinking water plant Övre Tjärna, supply both Borlänge and Falun with drinking water. Since it recently opened, it is suitable to examine possible changes in the groundwater quality, as it can cause problems in the future if the changes are not discovered in time. Both the drinking water plants are situated near the river Dalälven, where the intrusion of surface water is thought to have increased after the opening of the water plants. The aim of this study was therefore to determine how the operation of the two water plants will affect the groundwater quality, with regard to oxygenation and organic matter, due to the believed increased intrusion of surface water. In addition, possible changes in the groundwater flow directions were examined as well as how the situation can look like in the future. The results showed that there is a clear intrusion of surface water and increased organic content in the direction towards the old water plant, Övre Tjärna. No indications of increased intrusion due to the opening of Lennheden water plant could be seen, but a change in groundwater flow direction from southeast to northwest could be identified. The oxygen level was surprisingly low in the whole study area, which has lead to higher concentrations of iron and manganese in the groundwater.

Les procédés membranaires se sont progressivement démocratisés dans les usines de traitement des eaux. Cependant, leur développement est limité par le colmatage. En présence de mélange de colloïdes organiques et de particules minérales, les mécanismes de colmatage deviennent complexes et impliquent de nombreuses interactions. Ainsi, l'objectif de ces travaux a été de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu lors de la filtration de suspensions composées de particules minérales et de matières organiques dissoutes et colloïdales. Des extractions et caractérisation de matières organiques ont été réalisées sur une eau de rivière et un effluent secondaire. Les fractions colloïdales (> 3,5 kDa) et dissoutes ont été filtrées sur des membranes d'ultrafiltration en absence et en présence de particules minérales (i.e. argiles). En raison de leur masse moléculaire élevée, les colloïdes organiques ont engendré le plus fort pouvoir colmatant quelle que soit leur origine et leur composition chimique. Par la suite, la filtration de suspensions mixtes constituées de particules minérales et de matières organiques a montré des comportements très différents selon les mélanges étudiés. L'élucidation des mécanismes mis en jeu a permis de développer un modèle phénoménologique permettant de décrire les différentes chutes de flux observées en incluant des mécanismes de blocage de pores et de tamisage du dépôt de particules. / Membrane processes have been gradually implemented in water treatment plants. However, their development is still limited by fouling. The mechanisms of fouling generated by mixtures of organic colloids and mineral particles are more complex and involve interactions between mineral and organic constituents. Thus, the objective of this work was to better understand the mechanisms involved in the filtration of suspensions composed of mineral particles and dissolved and colloidal organic matter. The organic matters from river water and a secondary effluent were first extracted and characterized. The dissolved and colloidal fractions (> 3.5 kDa) were filtered on ultrafiltration membranes in the absence and presence of mineral particles (i.e. clay). Due to their high molecular weight, the organic colloids were the main contributor to membrane fouling whatever their origin and chemical composition. Then, the filtration of suspensions constituted of both mineral particles and organic matter showed very different behaviors depending on the nature of each constituent. A phenomenological model has been developed to describe the observed flux decrease. The model includes pore blocking mechanisms associated to a screening effect of mineral particles cake layer.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study on nutrient cycling in plantation of eucalyptus provides alternative recovery and management avoiding having reduction in future productivity of plantations, contributing to sustainable management. The current study was conducted in the municipality of Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in an area belonging to the enterprise Stora Enso S/A. The objective was to assess biomass and nutrient dynamics in a stand of Eucalyptus urograndis in soil subjected to sand effects in southern Brazil. From an inventory, 12 trees were selected and sampled for the quantification of aboveground biomass. The root system was sampled through the excavation of four trees. For the sampling of the leaf litter produced, 16 collectors of 0,5 m² of useful area were installed for the evaluation of leaves, miscellany and thin branches (diameter less than or equal to 5 mm). In addition, sub-plots were installed for the collection of thick branches (diameter greater than 5 mm). The estimated total biomass was of 75 Mg ha-1, with the following distribution 5,5%; 10,2%; 7,7%; 61,2% and 15,4% in the leaves, branches, stem bark, stem wood and roots, respectively. The litterfall in the year was 8,1 Mg ha-1, having its peak between the months of November and December. The litter accumulation was 9,7 Mg ha-1. The amount of nutrients in biomass had the following magnitude of the macronutrients: Ca > K > N > Mg > S > P. The amount of biomass was micronutrients: Mn> Fe> B> Zn> Cu. The litterfall followed the order of the following fractions: leaves > thin branches > thick branches > miscellany. The Ca concentration was greater in thick branches and N was higher in the leaves. The lowest P concentration was observed in the thick branches. Regarding the micronutrients, values showed variations and presented the following order: Mn > Fe > B > Zn > Cu. The species showed good efficiency in using nutrients. Based on nutrient removal in different scenarios harvest of biomass, nutritional balance and potential number of rotations of the wood harvesting + stem bark of removes over 50% of all accumulated in above-ground biomass nutrients. Performing their harvest of commercial timber leaving residues on the soil itself contributes to nutrient cycling avoiding decreased productivity in the next rotation. / O estudo sobre a ciclagem de nutrientes em plantio de eucalipto prevê alternativas de recuperação e manejo evitando que haja diminuição de produtividade em futuros plantios, contribuindo para o manejo sustentável. O presente estudo foi realizado no município de Alegrete, Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo foi avaliar a biomassa e os nutrientes em um povoamento de Eucalyptus urograndis aos 4,5 anos de idade, estabelecido em solo sujeito a arenização no sul do Brasil. A partir de um inventário, doze árvores foram selecionadas e amostradas para a quantificação da biomassa acima do solo. O sistema radicular foi amostrado através da escavação de quatro árvores, uma em cada classe. Para a amostragem da serapilheira produzida foram instalados 16 coletores de 0,5 m² de área útil para avaliação das frações folhas, miscelânea e galhos finos (diâmetro menor ou igual a 5 mm), além da instalação de sub-parcelas para coletas de galhos grossos (diâmetro maior que 5 mm). A biomassa total estimada foi de 75 Mg ha-1, com a seguinte distribuição 5,5%; 10,2%; 7,7%; 61,2% e 15,4% nas folhas, galhos, casca do tronco, madeira do tronco e raízes, respectivamente. A quantidade de macronutrientes na biomassa teve a seguinte magnitude: Ca > K > N > Mg > S > P. A quantidade de micronutrientes na biomassa foi: Mn > Fe > B > Zn > Cu. A produção de serapilheira anual foi de 8,1 Mg ha-1, tendo seu pico nos meses de novembro e dezembro. A serapilheira acumulada foi de 9,7 Mg ha-1. A serapilheira produzida seguiu a ordem das seguintes frações: folhas > galhos finos > galho grosso > miscelânea. A concentração de Ca foi maior no galho grosso e do N foi maior nas folhas. A menor concentração do P foi no galho grosso. Em relação aos micronutrientes verificou-se que foram mais presentes nas raízes. A espécie apresentou boa eficiência no uso dos nutrientes. Com base na remoção de nutrientes nos diferentes cenários de colheita da biomassa, balanço nutricional e número potencial de rotações, a colheita da madeira do tronco + casca do tronco, removeu acima de 50% de todos os nutrientes acumulados na biomassa acima do solo. Realizando a colheita apenas da madeira comercial deixando os resíduos da colheita sobre o solo contribui-se com a ciclagem de nutrientes evitando a diminuição da produtividade nas próximas rotações.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work aims at assessing the nitrogen mineralization in aerobic and anaerobic conditions in an incubation experiment and monitoring the N level in plants by the use of chlorophyll meter in order to establish a critical value of the SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) reading for flooded rice crop. Two studies were carried out being one in the lab, with incubation of different kinds of rainfed and lowland soils, in humid and flooded conditions. Nine evaluations of N-NH4 + e N-NO3 - content were carried out. Parallelly, an experiment in the greenhouse has been carried out by using the same soils in the same conditions as the rice crop. At the end of the experiment the green/dry matter, Nitrogen content in the plant tissue and accumulated Nitrogen were determined. For the second study, three field experiments were developed in the crops of 2006/07; 2007/08 and 2008/09, with flooded rice cultivars. For the experiment 1, six limits of values in the chlorophyll meter were established as treatment in the R0 stage and six doses for the 1st topdressing fertilization. Assessment with the chlorophyll meter was carried out and when necessary, nitrogen was applied in order to reach the pre-established reading values in R0. For the experiments 2 and 3, different doses of N were used for the 1st and the 2nd topdressing fertilization, one after the readings were done with chlorophyll meter. For the study 2 green/dry matter, N contend in the tissue and accumulated N were also determined. In study 1 the flooded soils presented the highest N-NH4 + contends released during the experiment. The highest N-NO3 - contends were lowland soils, once the soils presented the highest SOM contends, they also presented the highest contends of N-NH4 + and N-NO3 -. The accumulated N mineral at 102 day in the lowlands was higher when maintained under flood and rainfed when kept humid. The best correlation was obtained between the N-mineral contend and the accumulated N in the plant tissue. For the experiment 1 of the study 2 there was a linear reaction between values of the chlorophyll meter readings in R0 and the N contend in plants, however, the grain productivity had a quadratic behavior when related to the chlorophyll meter readings, being the estimated the critical value of the reading of 36 SPAD units in R0. For the experiments 2 and 3 of the study 2 there was effect of the 1st and the 2nd application of N demonstrated by the chlorophyll meter readings, nevertheless, as the time passed by the readings were similar for all treatments. The green and/or dry matter and the accumulated N responded linearly to the doses of N. there was no interaction effect for the doses of N in the grain productivity in both experiments and its answer was quadratic. The nutritional state evaluation of the plants by the chlorophyll meter, alone, is not a good indicator of the general conditions of the crop and the green or dry matter might help in the interpretation of the results for a better adjust in the topdressing N fertilization. / O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a mineralização de N em condições aeróbicas e anaeróbicas em experimento de incubação e monitorar o nível de N nas plantas com o uso clorofilômetro para estabelecer um valor crítico de leitura SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) para a cultura do arroz irrigado. Foram desenvolvidos dois estudos, sendo o estudo 1 em laboratório, com incubação de diferentes tipos de solos de sequeiro e de várzea, em condições úmidas e alagadas. Foram realizadas nove avaliações dos teores de N-NH4 + e N-NO3 -. Paralelamente, foi desenvolvido um experimento em casa-de-vegetação utilizando-se os mesmos solos nas mesmas condições com o cultivo de arroz. Ao final do experimento determinou-se a matéria verde/seca, teor de N no tecido das plantas e N acumulado. Para o estudo 2 foram desenvolvidos três experimentos a campo, nas safras 2006/07; 2007/08 e 2008/09, com cultivares de arroz irrigado. Para o experimento 1 como tratamentos foram préestabelecidas seis faixas de valores de leitura do clorofilômetro no estádio R0 e seis doses para a 1ª adubação de cobertura. Foram realizadas avaliações com o clorofilômetro e, quando necessário, foi aplicado N para atingir os valores de leitura pré-estabelecidos em R0. Para os experimentos 2 e 3 foram utilizadas diferentes doses de N para a 1ª e 2ª adubação de cobertura, sendo posteriormente realizadas as leituras com o clorofilômetro. Para o estudo 2 também foram determinados a matéria verde/seca, teor de N no tecido das plantas e N acumulado. No estudo 1 os solos alagados apresentaram os maiores teores de N-NH4 + liberados durante o experimento. Os maiores teores de N-NO3 - foram para os solos de várzea úmidos, sendo que os solos que apresentaram maiores teores de MOS, apresentaram também maiores teores de N-NH4 + e NNO3 -. O N mineral acumulado aos 102 dias nos solos de várzea foi maior quando mantidos sob alagamento e nos de sequeiro quando mantidos úmidos. A melhor correlação foi obtida entre o teor de N-mineral e o N acumulado no tecido das plantas. Para o experimento 1 do estudo 2 houve relação linear entre os valores de leituras do clorofilômetro em R0 e o teor de N das plantas, entretanto, a produtividade de grãos teve um comportamento quadrático quando relacionadas com as leituras do clorofilômetro, sendo estimado o valor crítico de leitura de 36 unidades SPAD em R0. Para os experimentos 2 e 3 do estudo 2 houve efeito da 1ª e 2ª aplicação de N evidenciado pelas leituras do clorofilômetro, porém com o passar do tempo as leituras foram semelhantes para todos os tratamentos. A matéria verde e/ou seca e N acumulado responderam linearmente às doses de N. Não houve efeito de interação para as doses de N na produtividade de grãos de ambos experimentos e a resposta desta foi quadrática. A avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas pelo clorofilômetro, isoladamente, não é um bom indicador das condições gerais da lavoura, podendo a matéria verde ou seca ajudar na interpretação dos resultados para um melhor ajuste na adubação de N em cobertura.

Les communautés microbiennes sont des acteurs majeurs du fonctionnement biologique du sol à travers notamment leur implication dans les transformations des cycles biogéochimiques (C, N, P…). Dans les agro-écosystèmes, la diversité de ces communautés est régulièrement modifiée par des perturbations liées aux pratiques agricoles et la question des conséquences de ces modifications pour le maintien du fonctionnement biologique et des fonctionnalités des systèmes agricoles est aujourd’hui centrale. Si le rôle de la diversité biologique pour le fonctionnement des écosystèmes a été bien étudié chez les macro-organismes, et notamment les plantes ; la relation biodiversité/activité est encore très mal connue pour les microorganismes du sol. Pourtant, dans la mouvance agroécologique actuelle, cette connaissance est nécessaire pour définir de nouvelles pratiques culturales intégrant une gestion de la diversité microbienne pour une utilisation durable des agrosystèmes. Dans ce travail, l’objectif général était de tester l’importance de la diversité pour la stabilité (résistance/résilience) et l’activité des communautés microbiennes (bactéries et champignons) impliquées dans les transformations de la matière organique dans le sol, une fonction déterminante pour la fertilité des sols, la qualité de l’environnement et les changements globaux. D’un point de vue expérimental, nos questions ont été abordées par le couplage d’expérimentations au laboratoire avec des échantillonnages réalisés au terrain. Dans un premier travail basé sur une manipulation de la diversité au laboratoire, nous avons montré que la stabilité de la structure et de l’activité des communautés en réponse à différentes perturbations est positivement liée à la diversité microbienne (i.e. nombre d’espèces). Ce lien a ensuite été validé par une expérimentation basée sur un échantillonnage de terrain qui nous a permis de démontrer (i) que la diversité microbiennes peut être modulée (augmentée ou diminuée) en fonction de l’intensité d’usage des sols, et (ii) que la minéralisation de la matière organique est plus intense dans les sols présentant les plus hauts niveaux de diversité. Enfin, dans le cadre d’une expérimentation réalisée au terrain (SOERE-ACBB, Lusignan), nous avons montré que la réponse des communautés de bactéries et de champignons à un apport de résidus de blé, en termes de successions de populations et d’activité de minéralisation de la matière organique, dépend de l’historique cultural du sol. Ces travaux apportent de nouvelles connaissances sur l’importance de la diversité microbienne (richesse, composition) pour la stabilité et l’activité des communautés impliquées dans les transformations de la matière organique dans le sol. Ils montrent également que la modulation de la diversité des communautés microbiennes du sol par les pratiques agricoles, présentes ou passées, peut affecter significativement le turnover de la MOS. / Soil microbial communities act as important agents of the biological soil functioning, particularly through their involvements in the transformations of biogeochemical cycles (C, N, P…). In agro-ecosystems, the diversity of these communities is affected by perturbations associated to agricultural practices, and the significance of these modifications in terms of preservation of biological functioning and sustainability of agricultural systems has emerged as a central issue in the environmental sciences. Whereas the role of biodiversity has been well studied for macroorganisms, in particular for plants; the biodiversity/activity relationship is still largely unknown for soil microorganisms. However, in the current agro-ecological movement, this knowledge is needed to define new agricultural practices including a best management of microbial diversity for the sustainable use of agro-ecosystems. In this context, the objective of this Phd was to test the significance of microbial diversity for the stability (resistance/resilience) and the activity of microbial community (bacteria and fungi) involved in the turnover of soil organic matter, a major function for soil fertility, environment quality and global changes. From an experimental point of view, these issues were addressed by coupling laboratory with field experiments. In a first work, by manipulating microbial diversity in laboratory condition, we have shown that the stability of both microbial genetic structure and activity in response to different perturbations is positively linked to microbial diversity (i.e. number of species). This link was then validated by a sampling based on a field experiment that allowed us to demonstrate that (i) the soil microbial diversity can be modulated (increased or decreased) depending the intensity of land use management, and (ii) the mineralization of organic matter is more intense in the soil with the highest level of diversity. Finally, thanks to an experiment carried out in the field (SOERE-ACBB, Lusignan), we showed that the response of bacterial and fungal communities to wheat residues supply in terms of successions of microbial populations and activities of organic matter mineralization depends on the soil management history. These works provide new insights into the significance of microbial diversity (richness, composition) for the stability and the activity of communities involved in the soil organic matter turnover. They also suggest that the modulation of the diversity of soil microbial communities by agricultural practices, past or present, can significantly affect the turnover of soil organic matter.

En milieu marin, les communautés bactériennes hétérotrophes sont exposées à un mélange hétérogène de composés organiques dissous présentant différents degrés de labilité, qui peuvent contrôler à la fois leurs activités et leur composition. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons étudié la réponse de communautés bactériennes présentes dans des environnements côtiers contrastés à l’ajout simple ou combiné de différentes sources naturelles de matière organique dissoute (MOD), préalablement photo oxydée ou non et présentant différentes bio réactivités. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié l’impact d’ajout de MOD labile provenant de méduses sur l’activité et la diversité bactériennes d’une communauté d’une lagune côtière méditerranéenne. Nous avons observé que la résilience des communautés bactériennes suite à cet ajout était plus importante pour les fonctions métaboliques que pour la diversité. Ceci suggère que les efflorescences de méduses peuvent entrainer des changements durables de la structure des communautés bactériennes en environnement côtier. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la possibilité d’un priming effect (accélération de la dégradation bactérienne de la MOD réfractaire en présence de MOD labile) en milieu côtier. Des expériences d’ajout simple ou combiné de MOD labile et récalcitrante ont été réalisées sur des communautés bactériennes de Mer Méditerranée et d’un fjord de Patagonie chilienne. Dans les deux cas, nous avons observé des changements plus importants de la composition communautaire bactérienne suite à un ajout combiné. Cependant, nous n’avons pas observé une plus forte consommation de MOD récalcitrante suite à l’ajout de composés labiles, ce qui suggère que le priming effect n’a pas eu lieu au cours de nos expériences. Enfin, nous avons étudié l’impact de la photodégradation de différentes sources de MOD (i.e. MOD récalcitrante de rivière, MOD labile provenant de phytoplancton) sur l’activité et la diversité de communautés bactériennes côtières. Nous avons observé que la photodégradation de la MOD issue d’une culture de phytoplancton entrainait à la fois une croissance bactérienne plus faible et une modification de la diversité bactérienne en faveur des Alphaprotéobactéries. / Heterotrophic bacterial communities in marine environment are exposed to a heterogeneous mixture of dissolved organic compounds with different bioavailability that may control both their activities and their composition. In the frame of this thesis, we studied the response of different coastal bacterial communities to the single or combined addition of various natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) photo-oxidized or not, presenting different bioavailability characteristics. Firstly, we studied the effects of the addition of highly bioreactive DOM derived from jellyfish on bacterial activities and community structure in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon. We observed that resilience of the bacterial community after the addition of DOM from the jellyfish was higher for metabolic functions than diversity, suggesting that jellyfish blooms can induce durable changes in the bacterial community structure in coastal lagoons. Secondly, we investigated the occurrence of priming effect (increase in microbial degradation of refractory DOM upon the addition of labile DOM) on coastal marine environments. Experiments with single or combined additions of recalcitrant and labile DOM sources were performed with a Mediterranean and a Patagonian fjord bacterial communities. In both cases we observed a greater effect of combined addition on bacterial community composition. However we did not observe an increase in recalcitrant DOM degradation of recalcitrant DOM following the addition of labile compounds, suggesting that priming effect did not occur during our experiments. Finally, we studied the impact of contrasted DOM (i.e. recalcitrant riverine DOM, labile phytoplankton-derived DOM) photodegradation on coastal bacterial communities activity and composition. We observed that photodegradation of phytoplankton-derived DOM led to a lower bacterial growth and changes in bacterial community diversity, in favour of Alphaproteobacteria.