Affective reactions to unfair treatment date back to the earliest work on organizational justice. Seminal research on inequity identifies anger and guilt as primary responses to judgments of low justice. More recently, interpersonal justice has been linked to emotions such as anger and hostility. In fact, interpersonal justice is arguably the most emotionally charged of all the justice types. Yet, despite the strong theoretical support and empirical evidence linking interpersonal justice to negative emotions, we are unsure whether dignity and respect from a supervisor may also influence positive emotions. Justice scholars have also begun to investigate the moderating influence of status on to the effects of interpersonal justice. It has been suggested, and empirically demonstrated, that people of lower objective status (hierarchical position, race) react more strongly to fairness relative to those higher in status. However, we do not yet know how the effects of interpersonal justice may be moderated by employees’ perceptions of personal status, workgroup status, or supervisor status. Furthermore, scholars have yet to examine the moderating influence of status on emotional reactions to interpersonal justice. In this dissertation, I answer recent calls for further investigation into the relationships between interpersonal justice and emotions and between interpersonal justice and status. Specifically, I draw from affective events theory and self-enhancement theory to develop a model of interpersonal justice, status, and emotions. In this model, I hypothesize a mediating effect of emotions on the relationships between interpersonal justice and a number of distal attitudes and behaviors. I further predict a moderating influence of justice orientation and three types of status—personal (self) status, workgroup status, and supervisor status—on the interpersonal justice to emotions relationships. A sample of 427 university-based military cadets provided partial support for my model. As expected, interpersonal justice predicted a number of important distal outcomes indirectly through both positive and negative emotions. Personal status, supervisor status, and justice orientation moderated several of the relationships between interpersonal justice and emotions. Implications for practice and theory are discussed.

Past research has indicated that Chinese culture is more past oriented; whereas North American culture is more future oriented. Such cultural differences in temporal orientation may affect how people value future and past events. I predicted that the typical temporal asymmetry effect among European North Americans - placing more value on future events than on past ones - would be reversed among Chinese due to the cultural differences in temporal orientation. I conducted four studies to examine how culture affects the values people attached to past and future events. Overall, the results supported my predictions. Across all four studies, I found that European Canadians attached more monetary value to an event in the future than to an identical event in the past with similar temporal distance; whereas Chinese people placed more monetary value on a past event than on an identical future event. In Study 3, I also investigated the underlying mechanisms that would account for such cultural differences. Among the three mediators believed to be affected by the past and future orientations, I found two that mediated the cultural influences on the temporal value asymmetry effect: (1) emotions associated with future and past events, and (2) mental simulations of future and past events. Specifically, European Canadians predicted stronger emotions for future events than what they recalled for past events, whereas Chinese showed an opposite trend. Emotions associated with future or past events, in turn, predicted the monetary values attached to the events. In addition, relative to Chinese Canadians, who showed clearer mental simulations for past than for future events, European Canadians had clearer mental simulations for future than for past events. Mental simulations, in turn, showed a positive association with the monetary value assigned to the events. / Thesis (Ph.D, Psychology) -- Queen's University, 2008-09-26 16:18:09.371

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This study examines the coming out process for transgendered individuals using the framework of Austin's speech act: the locutionary force, the illocutionary force, and the perlocutionary force. A grounded theory analysis of 43 letters in two different Internet databases revealed similarities and differences in the coming out process for transgendered individuals, compared to what we know about the process for gay and lesbian people. Similarities were found in all three acts: labels and scripts are used in the locutionary act; confession, education, affirmation and remorse are used as framing strategies in the illocutionary act; and rejection and acknowledgement are addressed in the perlocutionary act. Unique aspects of the coming out process for transgendered individuals include the importance of and reliance on labels in the locutionary act, education in the illocutionary act, and the visualization and cooperation of others in the perlocutionary act. These findings have a number of important practical and theoretical implications for interpersonal relationships and scholarship. / Department of Communication Studies

Sun-compass orientation tests were performed on adults and larvae of the spring peeper (Hyla crucifer) and the western chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata triseriata). All animals were tested outdoors in a circular test pool from which all visible landmarks were obscured. Response on the Y-axis varied with the life history stage, and significant interspecific differences in sun-compass orientation behavior were noted. Statistical analysis was performed with Batschelet's V-test.Adult frogs were captured as they migrated to the breeding pond and tested under sunny skies. Chorus frogs oriented on the deep-water Y-axis of the nearest shoreline (n=30, p <0.005) but spring peepers did not orient (n=42, p >0.10).Frogs were also captured in the breeding pond at weekly intervals throughout the breeding season and tested under sunny skies. Chorus frogs oriented toward shore on the Y-axis (n=45, p <0.005); spring peepers did not orient (n=96, p >0.10). Adult chorus frogs kept in outdoor enclosures for a month after the breeding season were still oriented toward shore on the Y-axis (n=6, p <0.05). Chorus frogs tested under sunny skies after ten days of constant temperature, dim-light conditions in the laboratory did not orient (n=10, p >0.10).Adult chorus frogs captured as they left the breeding pond and tested under sunny skies did not orient on the Y-axis of the nearest shoreline (n=33, p >0.10), and neither did spring peepers (n=38, p >0.10).Larval western chorus frogs raised in outdoor enclosures oriented toward deep water on the Y-axis within five days after hatching (n=29, p< 0.005) and during late premetamorphosis (n=33, p <0.001). Chorus frog larvae did not orient during mid-premetamorphosis (n=32, p >0.10). Newly metamorphosed juveniles oriented on the Y-axis toward shore within a week after emergence (n=25, p< 0.01).Larval spring peepers oriented on the Y-axis toward shore within 18 days after hatching (n=37, p <0.0001) and also late in metamorphosis (n=29, p< 0.0001). Newly metamorphosed juveniles were not tested.

Šis darbas skirtas išsiaiškinti jaunų žmonių poreikius bei siekius, pagrindinius sprendimų dėl ateities motyvus bei veiksnius, susijusius su šiais sprendimais. Pagrindinis šio darbo tyrimo tikslas buvo - išsiaiškinti jaunų žmonių ateities orientacijų turinį bei jį lemiančius veiksnius, nustatyti kokią įtaką tam daro ekonominė padėtis, šeimos situacija, pasiekimai mokykloje bei asmeninės savybės ir palyginti didmiesčio bei miestelio mokinių ateities orientacijas. Tyrimo metu buvo apklausti 68 Vilniaus Viršuliškių vidurinės mokyklos bei Giedraičių Antano Jaroševičiaus vidurinės mokyklos 11 – 12 klasių mokiniai. Tyrimas buvo atliekamas anketavimo būdu. Mokiniams buvo pateiktos anoniminės anketos su 31 klausimu Išanalizavus gautus rezultatus, padarytos tokios darbo išvados: 1) Jauni žmonės yra optimistiškai nusiteikę savo tolimesnės ateities atžvilgiu, tiki jog pavyks susikurti sau gerovę: daugiau nei pusė apklaustųjų tikisi, kad ateityje turės ir aukštojo mokslo diplomą, ir sutuoktinį, ir dirbs mėgstamą, gerai apmokamą darbą, ir turės automobilį, jausis pasitikintys savimi bei bus pasiekę dabar užsibrėžtus tikslus. 2) Didžioji dalis jaunų žmonių iš karto po mokyklos baigimo planuoja toliau tęsti mokslus Lietuvoje, mažiau nei puse – palikti savo gimtąjį miestą, trečdalis pradėti dirbti ir tik nedidelė dalis – išvykti dirbti ar mokytis į užsienį. 3) Pagrindinis motyvas palikti savo gimtąjį miestą – išsilavinimo siekimas; tęsti mokslus Lietuvoje – noras ateityje susirasti gerai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of this work is to survey needs and goals of young people, aspects and motives which are related with the main future decisions. The principal object of this research was to find out young people‘s future orientations content and factors whitch cause it. Establish how economical situation, family situation, achievements in school or personal characteristics influence these contents and also to compare pupil‘s from city and small town future orientations. For this research 68 pupils of 11-12 forms from Vilnius Virsuliskiu secondary school and Giedraiciu Antonas Jarosevicius secondary school were interrogated. This survey was done using anonim questionnaire with 31 question. Such conclusions were made from results analysis: 1) young people think optimisticly about their futher future, they believe that they will create own prosperity: more than half respondents hope that in future they will have higher education degree and a spouse, favourite well paid job, a car, they will be confident about themselves and already reached goals whitch they are planed now. 2) Bigger half of young people straight after school are planning to continue studying in Lithuania, less than half to leave their native town, one third start to work and only little number to go work and study abroad. 3) the main motive to leave native town is education aspiration; to continue studies in Lithuania – wish to find well paid job in the future; to study in foreign countries – the aim of a better... [to full text]

Pharmacy in South Africa changed dramatically the past decade. Legislative changes include the amendment of The Pharmacy Act in 2003 allowing for nonpharmacists to own pharmacies. This opened the door for national chain stores to change their business model by including a dispensary in their retail service offerings. The regulation of medicine prices impacted the profitability of the pharmacy industry. This caused a double edge sword to retail pharmacy – not only do they need to compete with national supermarkets on front shop products, their products, namely scheduled medication also are regulated in dispensaries. In an environment of rapid change and shortened product and business model lifecycles, the future profit streams from existing operations are uncertain. Businesses need to consistently seek out new opportunities and therefore firms may benefit from adopting an entrepreneurial orientation. Entrepreneurial orientation of retail pharmacists operating in corporate and independent pharmacies’ might play a role in survival of pharmacy business as a professional services provider for which a fee may be charged. The entrepreneurial orientation of retail pharmacists in independent and corporate pharmacies is explored. A literature study on the field of Entrepreneurship is conducted. The term entrepreneurial orientation, consisting of five constructs, namely autonomy, innovation, pro-activeness, risk-taking and competitive aggressiveness is defined. Perceived success of the industry is defined in terms of growth and development. An entrepreneurial orientation questionnaire was distributed among retail pharmacists operating in corporate and independent environments. Both ratings of the constructs and their evaluation of the perceived success of the industry has been measured, analysed and reported. The results obtained from the questionnaire and the in-depth interviews in conjunction with the literature review are used to draw conclusions and make recommendations. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Pharmacy in South Africa changed dramatically the past decade. Legislative changes include the amendment of The Pharmacy Act in 2003 allowing for nonpharmacists to own pharmacies. This opened the door for national chain stores to change their business model by including a dispensary in their retail service offerings. The regulation of medicine prices impacted the profitability of the pharmacy industry. This caused a double edge sword to retail pharmacy – not only do they need to compete with national supermarkets on front shop products, their products, namely scheduled medication also are regulated in dispensaries. In an environment of rapid change and shortened product and business model lifecycles, the future profit streams from existing operations are uncertain. Businesses need to consistently seek out new opportunities and therefore firms may benefit from adopting an entrepreneurial orientation. Entrepreneurial orientation of retail pharmacists operating in corporate and independent pharmacies’ might play a role in survival of pharmacy business as a professional services provider for which a fee may be charged. The entrepreneurial orientation of retail pharmacists in independent and corporate pharmacies is explored. A literature study on the field of Entrepreneurship is conducted. The term entrepreneurial orientation, consisting of five constructs, namely autonomy, innovation, pro-activeness, risk-taking and competitive aggressiveness is defined. Perceived success of the industry is defined in terms of growth and development. An entrepreneurial orientation questionnaire was distributed among retail pharmacists operating in corporate and independent environments. Both ratings of the constructs and their evaluation of the perceived success of the industry has been measured, analysed and reported. The results obtained from the questionnaire and the in-depth interviews in conjunction with the literature review are used to draw conclusions and make recommendations. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

In this dissertation, the intersection between emotion and motivation was explored. Participants in this study were given a survey at two time points during the semester. Using this data, the factor structure for the motivation construct as described by Elliot and colleagues were explored using a MTMM model. Leading from the measurement model from the CFA, results indicated that emotion and motivation are highly related, but in different ways depending on if the students have had academic feedback. The academic feedback also may change some students’ motivational orientations, based on their emotional reaction.

The current study investigated the relation between academic rumination and achievement goal orientation using hierarchical regression. One hundred and ninety-six first year undergraduate students completed measures of depressive symptoms (BDI), achievement goal orientation (PALS) and rumination (MDRS). Analysis revealed that participants adopting performance-avoid goals were more likely to engage in brooding and reflective ruminative responses to stressful academic situations, while those reporting adopting mastery goal orientations were more likely to report lower brooding scores in stressful academic situations. Further analysis revealed that the relation between academic rumination and achievement goal orientation extended beyond a shared relationship with depressive symptoms. These findings are a first step in demonstrating a relationship between academic rumination and achievement goal orientations which may help to improve motivational intervention programs that assist students in adopting mastery goals as well as coping with stressful academic situations. / Graduate