The 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) virus quickly became a pandemic and a threat to the health of many across the globe. H1N1 was able to preferentially bind to pneumocytes in the lower lung, resulting in atelectasis, surfactant disruption, and eventual acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Management of ARDS during this time included non-ventilatory and ventilatory techniques such as conservative fluid management, prone positioning, differing PEEP levels, and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO). High cost, unequal global access to ECMO centers, and complication rates present challenges to future ECMO expansion. Despite this, the available information supports the use of ECMO for H1N1-associated ARDS. Future studies and simulations should be conducted to expand the knowledge base on using ECMO as a treatment for pandemic influenza-associated ARDS, with particular attention on bridging gaps in access for the most vulnerable and affected populations.

In the beginning of 2020 Covid-19 was classified as a worldwide pandemic. The aim of this essay was to research how the Covid-19 pandemic, and the preventive measures that were introduced, have affected children in Sweden. Furthermore, we also wanted to understand if children's availability to support or help has been affected due to the pandemic. To answer our research questions, we used a qualitative content analysis method and analyzed reports from three different organizations: Socialstyrelsen, Bris and Rädda Barnen. We analyzed our result with Antonovsky’s theory sense of coherence and Bourdieu's theory of capital and field as these theories emphasized how different individuals have different resources in handling crises and how different individuals will be affected when their everyday life is changed. We found that even though Sweden did not demand lockdowns and schools for children under the age of 16 remain open to a large extent, children in Sweden have been affected by the pandemic. Children often experienced limitations at school or limitations in their after-school activity. The children that were most affected by the pandemic were children that were in difficult situations before the pandemic. The recommendations and preventative measures that were put in place resulted in isolation which made difficult situations more difficult. The preventative measures also made it more difficult for children to seek support or help from resources outside their family. It was harder to receive support and help when the children no longer had the ability to meet important adults outside their caretakers, and many professionals and organizations would only digitally meet the children. It is yet too early to fully understand the consequences that the pandemic has had on children as the pandemic is still ongoing and a lot more research is needed. We hope that this essay can highlight the consequences that have already been established after the year 2020 was summarized.

Omställningen till ett digitalt arbetsliv, till följd av Covid-19-pandemin, på distans har förändrat många människors sätt att arbeta de senaste två åren. Forskning visar på motstridiga resultat hur distansarbetare upplever detta sätt att arbeta och det finns en bristande kunskap om hur kommunikationen inom de digitala plattformarna påverkar distansarbetarnas upplevelse av KASAM. Syftet var att undersöka om distansarbetare, som innan pandemin inte tidigare arbetat på distans, upplever att kommunikation via digitala plattformar påverkar deras upplevelse av KASAM. I studien deltog 12 respondenter från både offentlig och privat sektor. Genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer, som analyserades tematiskt, visade resultatet att respondenterna upplevde både faktorer som hindrade KASAM, som bland annat försämrad teamkänsla, och faktorer som främjade KASAM, som bland annat ökad effektivitet. Studiens resultat visade i linje med vad tidigare forskning sagt att det finns både positiv och negativ påverkan på respondenternas KASAM när de kommunicerar via digitala plattformar under distansarbete.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In the event of another pandemic influenza, it will be important to understand the public’s perception of quarantine and social distancing methods, as these methods will be the first line of defense in attempting to contain or lessen the severity of the outbreak until a vaccine and medications can be developed and produced in mass quantities. College students perceptions are particularly important to look at as their living situations can vary drastically from the general public, i.e. living far away from home and with roommates. This study looks at college students perceptions of quarantine and social distancing measures that could be implemented in the event of an outbreak of pandemic influenza. The data revealed that undergraduate college students in this study favored the use of government implemented quarantine and social distancing methods, except for requiring that religious services be temporarily canceled. They are also worried about the potential problems that may occur as a result of the implementation of quarantine and social distancing methods, and the only information source that the majority of them trust to give them useful and accurate information regarding an influenza pandemic in their community was their physician or other health care professional. Of most significance to the college student population, as opposed to the general public, is the place of quarantine for the other people that live in the same residence. Fifty-three percent of the respondents in this study favored quarantining the other people living in their residence in a separate quarantine facility compared to 29% in the Blendon (2006) study that surveyed the general adult population in the United States.

Measures to combat the coronavirus pandemic in the field of tax law Abstract On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared a pandemic in relation to the worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2, a member of the coronavirus family. A few days later, the Czech Republic responded to the situation by declaring an emergency status. Throughout the duration of the coronavirus pandemic, a number of measures were taken in diverse areas of law to influence or mitigate the effects of the coronavirus pandemic. One of these areas was the field of tax law. Therefore, the subject of this thesis is the measures to combat the coronavirus pandemic in the field of tax law. With regard to the number of measures adopted, I am focusing on two selected measures that have been adopted under Act No. 609/2020 Coll. amending certain tax law and certain other laws ("the tax package"), namely the introduction of a progressive tax rate and the abolition of super-gross salary as a partial base of the employment income tax. The aim of this thesis is to describe the most important measures in the field of tax law and to critically assess whether the introduction of a progressive tax rate and the abolition of super- gross salary as the partial base of the employment income tax are measures to combat the coronavirus pandemic in the field...

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka och analysera enhetschefer inom offentlig vård ochomsorg och deras upplevelse gällande covid-19 pandemins inverkan på tillitsbaserat ledarskap.Covid-19 pandemin innebar en risksituation för samhällets grundläggande funktioner, hälsa ochfrihet vilket definierar covid-19 som en samhällskris. Det finns en hel del forskning på hur enkris kan påverka ett ledarskap men det finns en begränsad mängd forskning på hur justtillitsbaserat ledarskap kan påverkas av en kris.Semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med åtta enhetschefer inom vård och omsorg som varverksamma inom särskilt boende och hemtjänst. Enhetschefer i denna kontext avser förstalinjens chefer. Intervjuerna har analyserats tematiskt varav två huvudteman togs fram.Förhållningssätt och förutsättningar till tillitsbaserad styrning och möjligheter för utförandeav arbetsuppgifter. Vår teoretiska utgångspunkt har i huvudsak varit tillitsbaserat ledarskap,KASAM (känsla av sammanhang) och Top-down/bottom-up.De mest framträdande resultaten är att informanternas förhållningssätt till tillitsbaseratledarskap inte har ändrats nämnvärt under covid- 19 pandemin. Däremot har förutsättningarnaför att leda tillitsbaserat förändrats i och med ständigt förändrade ramar utifrån nya direktiv.Chefernas dagliga arbete har påverkats och nya frågor och prioriteringar har uppstått till följdav covid-19 pandemin. Slutsatserna vi drar är att en pandemi inte behöver påverka inställningentill tillitsbaserat ledarskap. Däremot kan en pandemi påverka möjligheterna ochförutsättningarna att leda utifrån filosofin. Vidare kan arbetsuppgifterna påverkas av ändradeförutsättningar

Hybrid governance in Latin America A case study of the response of Mexican criminal syndicates to the COVID-19 pandemic Wordcount: 20282 International Master in Security Intelligence and Strategic Studies 2409572N 29/07/2021 Abstract In the academia, long dominated by a Western state-centric approach, the idea of the coexistence of different orders of social domination emerged in the nineties. It set the premises for the academic literature on hybrid governance. This research area is very recent and still developing. Hence, the fields of application of this concept in the academic literature are diverse but still too limited. Therefore, this dissertation arises from the consideration that it would be interesting to further investigate the applicability of this under-exploited notion. In particular, it looks at criminal organizations in Latin America through the case study of Mexican drug cartels amid the pandemic. This case presents the key characteristics of hybridity, hence making it a relevant tool to analyze it. The finding of the possibility of the applicability of hybrid governance as an analytical lens to understand Mexican drug cartels during the pandemic suggests the possibility to expand the field of application of this concept. It leads to a broader reflection on hybrid governance schemes with...

Doctor Educationis / President Cyril Ramaphosa first addressed the nation regarding the Covid-19 pandemic on the 15th of March 2020, when he announced the national state of disaster in terms of the Disaster Management Act (DMA) to prevent the rise of Covid-19 infections.1 On the 23rd of March 2020 in his second address, the President announced a national Lockdown, initially for 21 days, and outlined more stringent interventions to limit the transmission of the coronavirus and to mitigate its economic and social impact.2 Since then, there have been at least four sets of directions issued to the provinces and municipalities in terms of the Disaster Management Act, with the first set of directions to provinces and municipalities taking effect on the 25th of March 2020. The purpose of the directions issued to municipalities were to direct municipalities in respect of the following matters in response to Covid-19 namely, the provision of water and sanitation services, hygiene education, communication, and awareness. For the purposes of this research, the word coronavirus will be used interchangeably with Covid-19. The first set of directions titled ‘COGTA COVID-19 Disaster Response Directions 2020’ took effect on the 25th of March 2020.3 The directions stipulated that no council meetings outside the District Command Centre meetings may be undertaken during the initial 21 Day Lockdown period, or any other extended period that may be declared. Since then, there have been amendments to these directions. The directions which commenced on the 3rd of July 2020, as far as local governance is concerned, stated that municipalities and municipal entities could convene council meetings.

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