Foreign direct investment (FDI) is played a vital role for boosting up the economies of developing countries. Hence, it is necessary to know the factors that determines the flows of FDI in the developing countries. This study has attempted to investigate how different factors affect the inflow of foreign direct investment in South Asian Countries. To attain the objective this study has collected data on the respective variables for 45 years and considered seven countries. The relationship between different economic variables and their overall impact on FDI inflows have been examined through various panel models like basic pooled OLS estimation, entity fixed effect model, time fixed effect estimation and random effect model. The outcome of this study is that GDP of the country is the main factor behind the FDI inflows in South Asian countries.

Economic inequality and its effects on income growth is a topic that has been researched extensively. Previous studies with the aim to determine the impact of income inequality on economic growth have functioned more as pointers than solid facts. This study contributes to the continued discussion within the growth economy by exploring the relationship between the growth rate of average income and income inequality using panel data of Swedish municipalities from 2000-2020. Produced independently, this study uses the Gini coefficient as a tool to measure the income inequality among all 290 municipalities in Sweden. The result from the panel estimation shows no clear effect on the impact of income inequalities on income growth. However, when endogeneity is considered a 2SLS regression with the age structure as an instrument variable is used, the estimation shows that income inequality at local level has a positive association to growth of average income. Coherent with earlier studies of income inequality among Swedish municipalities, the result implies that as income inequality increases between income groups, average municipality experiences increase in growth of average income. Furthermore, this disposition compares the estimated results to a system GMM estimation.

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As the consequences of climate change is increasing the need of replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy globally is becoming more urgent. A central question that has been questioned in the literature is that if the world is on track on a transition away from fossil fuels or if we are only adding renewable energy to the energy mix in a world that continues to grow and consume more energy. Because of the above mentioned, this thesis aims to investigate if the increased generation of electricity from renewable sources are displacing the generation of electricity from fossil fuels. This is tested using a time and country fixed effects model including 176 countries with yearly observations from 2000 to 2020. The result from the regression showed that one additional kWh electricity generated from renewable sources has not statistically managed to displace one kWh of electricity generated from fossil fuels, net of controls. Previous studies using a similar methodology but on older time frames has shown result were almost no displacement has occurred when renewable sources have been added. The result from this thesis should not be interpreted as that the transition is not going to happen since it might be that the global initiatives taken around the globe to make the transition happenis not get visible in the numbers used in thesis, but the result does on the other hand indicate that several economic, political, and social factors has made the transition to renewables difficult, and that we should not assume that renewable energy will replace fossil fuels for electricity generation without policy measures that supports the transition.

Since theories of corporate finance are recognised to be conditional, this study explores the impact of the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2007-2009 and institutional settings in determining corporate financial decisions. The recession on the supply of credit and demand for credit affects the corporate financial channels. The credit recession causes more agency costs, bankruptcy costs and information asymmetry, which adversely influence both borrowing and investments. Firms reduce debt financing, retain more cash and cut corporate payouts due to a sharp rise in uncertainty. Moreover, the role of institutional settings on corporate decisions differs following the GFC. Three empirical chapters contribute to the literature: First, Chapter 3 investigates the role of GFC on determinants and the adjustment speed of leverage and debt maturity and reveals that the effect of bankruptcy costs, agency costs and information asymmetry only increases on debt maturity, as opposed to leverage in the post-GFC. The adjustment speed of leverage and debt maturity drops after the GFC due to the low supply and demand for credit. Chapter 4 examines how cash holdings have been affected by the GFC across countries which have different agency problems and analyses how the rise of agency costs and information asymmetry can explain cash decisions before and after the GFC. Financially constrained firms have quicker cash holdings’ adjustment compared to unconstrained firms. However, while firms in low-governance countries have slower adjustment speed of cash than those in high-governance countries in pre-crisis, it has been found that it is vice versa in the post-crisis period. Finally, Chapter 5 analyses the effect of agency problems and the GFC on dividend payouts. Contrary to firms in high-governance countries, those in common-law countries are less likely to pay out dividends, as confirmed by the substitute and outcome models, sequentially after the GFC. Also, dividends are used as a signalling device by the GFC. Overall, the GFC and institutional settings impact corporate financial policies of firms to specify where and when their shareholders invest. / Ministry of National Education of the Republic of Turkey İlim Yayma Vakfı İstanbul İktisatçılar Derneği (İKDER)

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This study aims to investigate if there is any causal relationship between human rights and economic growth. The causality is tested in both directions, from human rights to economic growth and from economic growth to human rights, using a panel data Granger Causality test. The variable used to represent human rights is a human rights score and the variable used to represent economic growth is annual growth of real GDP per capita. Both of these variables are retrieved from Our World in Data. There is a total number of 81 countries included in this study with yearly observations from 1962 until 2017 on both variables. To achieve a greater depth the 81 countries were categorized into three different categories: low-income, middle-income and high-income countries. Previous studies and theories indicate that it is possible to expect a two-way causal relationship between economic growth and human rights. However, the results in this study indicate that there is no statistically significant causal relationship in any direction for any of the income categories.

This paper examines whether the total amount issued of a company has an effect on corporate bonds’ yield spreads on the Swedish debt capital market. With panel data regression of over 150,000 observations from over 20 investment graded companies, it is found that the relationship is smile-like. Companies with lower and higher amount of issued bonds have a higher yield spread compared to those in the middle-size range of the same credit risk. The significance hold after controlling for other regressors such as bond-specific, firm-specific, and macroeconomic variables. The effect can be viewed as a market-illiquidity problem from the theory of constrained investors where Swedish issuers outgrow the smaller SEK market and the yield spread levels are not fully explained by default risk determinants. The paper’s result indicates that the total amount outstanding of a company has a role in explaining the dynamics of corporate bonds’ yield spread. / Denna uppsats undersöker om det totala utfärdade beloppet för ett företag har en effekt på företagsobligationers yield spread på den svenska skuldkapitalmarknaden. Med paneldataregression på över 150,000 observationer från över 20 investeringsgraderade företag kan det konstateras att förhållandet är icke-linjärt. Företag med lägre och högre belopp emitterade obligationer har en högre yield spread jämfört med dem i medelstorleksintervallet av samma kreditrisk. Signifikansen håller efter kontroll för andra regressorer, såsom obligationsspecifika, företagsspecifika och makroekonomiska variabler. Effekten kan ses som ett problem med illikviditet på marknaden utifrån teorin om begränsade investerare där svenska emittenter växer ifrån den mindre SEK-marknaden. Uppsatsens resultat indikerar att det totala utestående beloppet för ett företag har en roll i att förklara dynamiken i företagsobligationernas yield spread.