O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as relações entre estilos parentais percebidos e uso de drogas por adolescentes, além de testar o poder preditivo dos estilos parentais para o consumo dessas substâncias psicoativas. Para tanto, aplicou-se um inventário sobre o uso de drogas e uma escala de estilos parentais em 649 estudantes de escolas públicas e particulares, 55% eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 14,9 anos (DP=1,6). Constatou-se maior frequência de usuários de drogas entre os participantes do ensino fundamental, os de escolas públicas e os com percepção de estilo parental negligente. As variáveis idade, tipo de escola, exigência e responsividade parental compuseram um modelo preditivo para o consumo de drogas. Os resultados indicaram a importância do estilo autoritativo para a prevenção e do negligente para o risco do uso de drogas. / The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between perceived parenting styles and drug use by adolescents, in addition to test the predictive power of parenting styles for the consumption of psychoactive substances. The instruments used were an inventory about the use of drugs and the Brazilian adaptation of a parenting styles scale. The participants were 649 students from public and private schools, 55% were female with a mean age of 14.9 years (SD=1.6). The results showed a higher frequency of drug users among students of elementary and public schools, and among those who presented a perception of negligent parenting style. The variables age, type of school, demandingness and responsiveness composed a predictive model for drug use. The results pointed out the importance of the authoritative style for prevention and the negligent style as a risk factor for drug use.

Obesity has been on the rise for several decades in both children and adults. Furthermore, obesity is associated with diseases. Children's environment is suspected to affect children's eating habits and lack of exercise, but the salient aspects of children's environments are still not well understood. The present research addresses the possibility that work to family spillover may disrupt family eating patterns and children's physical activity sufficient enough to cause weight gain. Other researchers have examined the environment of the family in terms of parenting style and family rituals. This literature however has not examined the possible moderating effect of parenting styles on the effects of work to family spillover on children's obesity. The study included a cross-sectional sample of children and adolescents (n = 312) in a Houston study. Participants included both parents (if a father was present in the household) and one child aged either 9-11 or 13-15. Bivariate, multivariate, and logistic regression analyses were performed. Work to family spillover, family meal rituals and parenting styles were found to have a relationship with children obesity measures for both age groups. However, these relationships are less strong when combined into a full model. Only a mothers' work strain was associated with increased odds of having overweight children in the 9-11 age group. Although the relationship between mothers? work strain and mothers' controlling parenting style and obesity-related variables remained significant, there was no evidence that a maternal or paternal parenting style moderates the relationship between work spillover and children obesity measures. Father dinner ritual importance was associated with lower odds of having overweight children among 13-15 year old adolescents. However, findings did not support hypothesis that family meal ritual variables children eating while watching TV, mother eating while watching TV nor Father dinner ritual (all significant in the full model) moderated the positive relationship between mothers work strain and overweight, at-risk for overweight, or healthy weight children for neither age group.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as relações entre estilos parentais percebidos e uso de drogas por adolescentes, além de testar o poder preditivo dos estilos parentais para o consumo dessas substâncias psicoativas. Para tanto, aplicou-se um inventário sobre o uso de drogas e uma escala de estilos parentais em 649 estudantes de escolas públicas e particulares, 55% eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 14,9 anos (DP=1,6). Constatou-se maior frequência de usuários de drogas entre os participantes do ensino fundamental, os de escolas públicas e os com percepção de estilo parental negligente. As variáveis idade, tipo de escola, exigência e responsividade parental compuseram um modelo preditivo para o consumo de drogas. Os resultados indicaram a importância do estilo autoritativo para a prevenção e do negligente para o risco do uso de drogas. / The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between perceived parenting styles and drug use by adolescents, in addition to test the predictive power of parenting styles for the consumption of psychoactive substances. The instruments used were an inventory about the use of drugs and the Brazilian adaptation of a parenting styles scale. The participants were 649 students from public and private schools, 55% were female with a mean age of 14.9 years (SD=1.6). The results showed a higher frequency of drug users among students of elementary and public schools, and among those who presented a perception of negligent parenting style. The variables age, type of school, demandingness and responsiveness composed a predictive model for drug use. The results pointed out the importance of the authoritative style for prevention and the negligent style as a risk factor for drug use.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as relações entre estilos parentais percebidos e uso de drogas por adolescentes, além de testar o poder preditivo dos estilos parentais para o consumo dessas substâncias psicoativas. Para tanto, aplicou-se um inventário sobre o uso de drogas e uma escala de estilos parentais em 649 estudantes de escolas públicas e particulares, 55% eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 14,9 anos (DP=1,6). Constatou-se maior frequência de usuários de drogas entre os participantes do ensino fundamental, os de escolas públicas e os com percepção de estilo parental negligente. As variáveis idade, tipo de escola, exigência e responsividade parental compuseram um modelo preditivo para o consumo de drogas. Os resultados indicaram a importância do estilo autoritativo para a prevenção e do negligente para o risco do uso de drogas. / The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between perceived parenting styles and drug use by adolescents, in addition to test the predictive power of parenting styles for the consumption of psychoactive substances. The instruments used were an inventory about the use of drugs and the Brazilian adaptation of a parenting styles scale. The participants were 649 students from public and private schools, 55% were female with a mean age of 14.9 years (SD=1.6). The results showed a higher frequency of drug users among students of elementary and public schools, and among those who presented a perception of negligent parenting style. The variables age, type of school, demandingness and responsiveness composed a predictive model for drug use. The results pointed out the importance of the authoritative style for prevention and the negligent style as a risk factor for drug use.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit definitional impairments in social relatedness; a phenomenon that can be explained, in part, by their deficits in empathy. Despite the extent of these deficits, relatively little is known about which factors promote or impede empathic functioning within this group. To date, studies of neurotypical children and adolescents suggest the explanatory power of temperament, parenting style, and parenting stress; associations which have yet to be adequately explored with ASD. Thus, the overarching aim of this investigation was to test whether the aforementioned intra- and interindividual features would predict empathy amongst children and adolescents with ASD. To account for some of the heterogeneity in ASD, two groups of parent-child dyads were recruited: one comprising male children and adolescents with intact receptive and expressive language (n = 40, M = 7.68 years); the other, males with little to no language use in either domain (n = 40, M = 9.09 years). A third group of parent-child pairs comprising male neurotypical children and adolescents with age-appropriate language functioning was included as a comparison sample (n = 40, M = 9.53 years). Parents completed wellestablished questionnaires pertaining to child/adolescent temperament and empathy, as well as parenting style and parenting stress, primarily via telephonic interviews. Results showed that temperamental regulation and negative affectivity were linked to empathy within the neurotypical group in positive and inverse directions, respectively. Only regulatory processes were positively associated with empathy within the non-verbal ASD group, whilst only negative affectivity was inversely associated to empathy within the verbal ASD group. Further, warm, responsive, autonomy-promoting parenting was positively associated with empathy within the neurotypical group, whilst punitive and lax parenting were inversely associated with empathy. Positive forms of parenting were also found to predict empathy within both ASD groups – though somewhat less so within the verbal ASD group. Perhaps a consequence of the severity of their empathic deficits, lax and permissive parenting techniques were not tied to empathy within the ASD groups. Finally, parenting stress was inversely linked to empathy within the non-verbal ASD and neurotypical groups only. Results highlight that findings obtained within neurotypical samples cannot always be extrapolated to ASD. Results further underscore the need for ASD interventions to adopt a family systems perspective, teaching parents how to perceive and respond to their children in adaptive ways.

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an illness that significantly reduces the quality of life of those affected by the disorder. Current and past research has established a relationship between an authoritarian parenting style and the development of OCD. There is an absence of research regarding the influence of parenting styles on the development of different subtypes of OCD. This study examined the relationship of Baumrind's parenting styles (permissive, authoritarian, and restrictive) as gathered from participant answers on the Parenting Behavior Questionnaire and the OCD subtypes (contamination, harm, unwanted thoughts, and symmetry) as gathered from participant answers to the Dimensional Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Participants were 140 members of OCD Foundations within the United States, between the ages of 18 and 69, who self-selected to take the online survey that was linked to them by an e-mail from the foundations. A one-way between subjects ANOVA showed no significant difference between the 3 parenting styles and the 4 subtypes of OCD. Future studies should use a clinical sample that isolates participants for the specific diagnosed OCD subtypes. This isolation would eliminate the limitation of this study that had participants answering questions across all subtypes, regardless of their diagnosis. This study may impact social change by furthering the discussion of how parenting and OCD may be related, thus helping scholars, educators, and other professionals to be more proactive in guiding parents when raising their children.

Objective: To examine whether caregiver burden, parenting style, and sibling relationships in families raising a child with a disability (CWD) predict cooperative and externalizing behaviors in typically-developing sibling (TDS). Methods: This correlational study included 189 families raising both a CWD and a TDS. Mothers and fathers completed self-report questionnaires on caregiver burden, sibling relationships, parenting style, and TDS cooperative and externalizing behaviors. Results: Authoritative parenting was positively associated with cooperative behaviors, whereas authoritarian parenting was positively associated with externalizing behaviors. Hierarchical regression revealed caregiver burden was a significant predictor of cooperative and externalizing behaviors; however, when parenting style was added as a predictor, it was also significant. However, when sibling relationships were added as a predictor, they were the only consistently significant predictor for both cooperative and externalizing TDS behaviors; caregiver burden was no longer significant and parenting style was only significant in predicting externalizing behaviors. Conclusion: Positive sibling relationships may help negate the effects of caregiver burden and poor parenting practices on sibling outcomes. Therefore, interventions improving parenting and sibling relationships are critical in families raising a CWD.

Previous stepfamily research suggested that the parenting styles of biological parents and stepparents are related to children's behavioral adjustment. Scant research also provided evidence of the significance of combined parenting styles on emerging adults' behavioral adjustment. In conjunction with this literature, the scope of the current study served four purposes. First, the current study examined the degree to which parenting styles predict emerging adults' behavioral adjustment. Second, the degree to which biological parent and stepparent parenting styles predict the emerging adult-biological parent and stepparent relationships was examined. Third, the degree to which the emerging adult-biological parent and stepparent relationships predict adjustment was examined. Fourth, emerging adult-biological parent and stepparent relationships were examined as mediators in the relationship between parenting styles and emerging adults' adjustment. As part of this study, 100 emerging adults who were enrolled in a psychology course at the University of Central Florida were given a series of questionnaires regarding the variables of interest (i.e., parenting style, stepparenting style, biological parent-emerging adult relationships, stepparent-emerging adult relationships, and emerging adults' adjustment). Results of this study provided confirmation of previously held notions that both parenting styles and relationships are predictors of emerging adults' adjustment. Additionally, this study contributes new information concerning the significance of combined parenting styles and the use of parent-emerging adult relationships as a mediator between an authoritative parenting style and emerging adults' adjustment.

The current study investigated the effects of parenting styles in same-sex and opposite-sex parent-child dyads, as well as the differences in parenting styles in two regions of the country. This study’s sample came from two previously collected datasets: one from Mississippi and one from Florida. The participants reported on perceived parental behaviors, parenting styles, discipline practices, and their own psychological adjustment. There were main effects for gender of emerging adults and parenting styles of mothers and fathers. No interactions between the genders of the parent and child reached significance. The results of Pearson correlations suggest that authoritarian parenting leads to negative outcomes for individuals from Florida, although there was no relationship for individuals from Mississippi. Conversely, the results suggest that permissive parenting leads to negative outcomes for individuals from Mississippi, although there was no relationship for individuals from Florida. Thus, outcomes related to parenting seem to differ by region.

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