I dagens samhälle styrs mycket av kunden. Då det finns ett överflöd av produkter kan kunder lätt gå över till en konkurrent om de känner att de inte får sina behov tillfredsställda. För företag är det därför viktigt att se kunden som en tillgång och kunna urskilja deras behov. När det gäller val av värmekälla har konsumenter blivit mer prismedvetna och söker ofta efter ett prisvärt alternativ. Konkurrensen mellan företag som tillverkar pelletssystem har hårdnat på grund av att pelletsintresset har ökat med åren som en följd av att olja och el har blivit dyrare. Janfire som är tillverkare av pelletssystem är i dagsläget under tillväxt och har insett vikten av att ta reda på hur konsumenter som är intresserade av pellets som värmekälla ser ut och till vilka de bör rikta sin marknadsföring. De vill följa med i utvecklingen och kunna tillgodose konsumenters behov på ett bättre sätt. Frågan i uppsatsen vi ville få svar på var: Vilka konsumenter kan Janfire med fördel rikta sin marknadsföring till och hur ser kundprofilen ut för dessa konsumenter? För att komma fram till vilka konsumenter Janfire bör rikta sin marknadsföring till och vad som karaktäriserar dessa konsumenter, genomförde vi 50 telefonintervjuer med personer som beställt broschyrer från Janfire och därmed visat intresse för företagets produkter. De svar som framkom genom dessa intervjuer sammanställde vi innan vi sedan analyserade och drog en slutsats. Den slutsats vi kom fram till var att Janfire bör rikta sig till personer som är 46 år eller över. Årsinkomsten för dessa konsumenters hushåll ligger mellan 200 000 till 600 000 kronor. De har antingen en enplansvilla med källare eller en en och enhalvplansvilla med källare med en boendeyta som ligger mellan 100 till 150 kvadratmeter. Värmekällan som används i dagsläget är olja och/eller el. De anser att det viktigaste vid val av värmekälla är uppvärmningsförmågan och de är intresserade av pellets på grund av att det är billigt i drift. De är intresserade av det enkla paketet som innebär en investering på 25 000 kronor, där det krävs cirka 15 minuters skötsel i veckan.

This study will identify the environmental impact in terms of carbon dioxide for a boiler house on behalf of Kvänum energi. The boiler central consists of a main building, which in turn contains multiple components such as boilers, pipes, etc, the boiler central uses pellets fuel. It also includes a silo and an ash container. The total weight of the boiler is about 63 tons. Each boiler has an output of 600 kW; the central includes three boilers with room for a fourth if necessary. The study has followed the ISO 14040 as far as it has been possible. The boiler central is manufactured at Kvänum Energi’s plant in Kvänum and then assembled on-site for the customer. When analyzing the system the entire product has been divided into smaller parts to make the analysis more manageable. The breakdown was made regarding the material. The conclusions from the calculations of emissions were that material was of greater importance to the environment than transportation. Design improvement proposal was mainly focused on materials and how any change of material would affect the environment and energy consumption. The ability to construct the building and silo in aluminum was investigated from the strength, price and environmental impact point of views. From design point of view, steel and aluminum are equivalent for the purpose, but in terms of cost, aluminum is more expensive. However the recycling option is significantly better for aluminum. EPS (Environmental Priority Strategies), which is a Swedish method developed for engineers at Volvo, was used for the calculation of environmental impact. When comparing steel and aluminum, the aluminum construction received a lower value regarding carbon dioxide i.e. better from an environmental perspective. The study includes a short survey on a transport to a fossil fuel dependent country, and it is investigated whether such a transport would be justified. The transport would be by boat and truck and the resulting emissions from the transport is about 1 ton of CO2. In the study, Lithuania has been chosen as an example because it has the same climate as in Sweden, i.e. a large need for heating during winter, and also because that Lithuania has a high dependence of oil and gas for heating.

Summary The aim of the study was to obtain multiparticulate prolonged release drug delivery systems by incorporating microgranules with selegiline hydrochloride (SCh) and pellets with verapamil hydrochloride (VH) into lyophilized and pressed tablets, respectively. Also it was assumed to preserve primary dosage form properties unchanged in final drug form. Prolonged drug action is very important nowadays because using these drug forms, a drug plasma level is more constant, which is associated with less adverse side-effects, a more constant and prolonged therapeutic effect and a better compliancy. In the study all the batches of microgranules (XPS1, XPS3 and XPS3P) were prepared by cross-linking the pectin with Zn2+ ions. During this process the active pharmaceutical ingredient (SCh) was incorporated in the cross-linked granules (SCh to pectin ratio was 1:2). In this case namely cross-linking the pectin with Zn ions has the main influence in gaining drug prolonged release properties. In order to evaluate, how the coating can change microgranule properties, they were additionally coated with 2% pectin solution (XPS3P). Selegiline has an extensive presystemic metabolism resulting in inadequate oral absorption (absolute bioavailability is only about 10%), there is a need for developing a new drug delivery systems, which provide higher drug concentration in the blood. As an alternative to conventional oral forms and injections, boccoadhesive therapeutic agents can be used. Direct... [to full text] / Magistrinio darbo tikslas buvo pagaminti multirezervuarinio tipo prailginto poveikio vaistines formas inkorporuojant mikrogranules su selegilino hidrochloridu (SCh) bei peletes su verapamilio hidrochloridu (VH) atitinkamai į liofilizuotas ir presuotas tabletes. Taip pat buvo siekiama išlaikyti pirmines tarpinių formų (mikrogranulių bei pelečių) savybes galutinėse vaistų formose (liofilizuotose tabletėse bei įprastose presuotose tabletėse). Prailgintas vaisto poveikis šiuo metu yra labai aktualus, nes vartojant tokį vaistą didėja gydytojo-paciento susitarimo laikymasis (pacientui vaistą vartoti vieną kartą per dieną yra žymiai patogiau nei keliskart ). Mokslinio darbo metu visos mikrogranulių partijos (XPS1, XPS3 ir XPS3P) buvo gaminamos modifikuotos drėgnosios granuliacijos būdu surišant pektiną dvivalenčio cinko jonais. Būtent šis procesas turėjo lemiamą įtaką prailginto vaisto poveikio gavimui. Į sujungtą pektiną vaistinė medžiaga (SCh) buvo įvestas dviem būdais: miltelių ir 20% tirpalo forma. Gautos mikrogranulės susmulkintos kavamale ir iš jų atskirta 100 - 200 µm frakcija, kuri ir buvo panaudota tolimesniam tyrimui. Norint įvertinti avalkalo įtaką vaistinės medžiagos atsipalaidavimui, mikrogranulės buvo papildomai padengtos 2% pektino tirpalu. Veiklioji medžiaga SCh organizme gausiai metabolizuojama kepenyse, todėl vartojimas per os nėra efektyvus (absoliutus bioprieinamaumas yra tik 10%). Kaip alternatyva injekcinėms formoms gali būti mukoadhezinės, skirtos aplikuoti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Ph.D.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferrari_pc_dr_arafcf.pdf: 1233795 bytes, checksum: a7486ae71eacda126f26925b58c89a78 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O desenvolvimento de formas farmacêuticas administradas pela via oral e utilizadas para liberação colônica de fármacos, visando o tratamento local de doenças inflamatórias intestinais, tem sido bastante estudado. Com essa finalidade, no presente trabalho foram preparados pellets de metronidazol (MT), constituídos ou não de quitosana (QS) e revestidos com QS, ftalato de hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (HPMCP), Kollicoat MAE® e Kollicoat SR®. Os pellets foram preparados por extrusão-esferonização e revestidos em leito fluidizado. Três delineamentos experimentais foram planejados com a finalidade de se definir as formulações a serem preparadas e analisadas. Os pellets e seus constituintes foram analisados por espectrofotometria no IV e por análise térmica, para verificação de possíveis interações entre o fármaco e o excipiente. A morfologia dos pellets foi analisada através de estereoscópio e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Outras análises incluíram área superficial, granulometria, densidade e grau de intumescimento. Também foi realizada a liberação in vitro do fármaco durante 8 horas, utilizando-se os Aparatos I e III da Farmacopéia Americana, e análise de absorção intestinal pela técnica do saco intestinal invertido. As análises térmica e espectrofotométrica por IV revelaram que não há interações físico-químicas entre o MT e os demais componentes dos pellets. A análise morfológica revelou que os pellets são esféricos; as análises de área superficial e microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostraram que o processo de revestimento não foi eficaz para algumas amostras, pois apresentaram poros em suas estruturas. Os pellets também foram analisados quanto à capacidade de intumescimento, demonstrando que a presença de QS acentua o grau de intumescimento das amostras... / The development of oral administered dosage forms used for colonic drug delivery aiming the local treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases has been well studied. Thus, in the present work metronidazol (MT)-containing pellets, constituted or not by chitosan (QS) and covered with QS, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phtalate (HPMCP), Kollicoat MAE® and Kollicoat SR® were developed. The pellets were prepared by extrusion-spheronization and covered on fluidized bed. Three experimental designs were used to define the formulations to be prepared and analyzed. The pellets and their constituents were analyzed by IR spectrophotometry and thermal analysis, in order to assess possible interactions between the drug and the excipients. Pellets’ morphology was verified under a stereoscope and by means of scanning electronic microscopy. Other analyses included surface area, size distribution, density and degree of swelling. In vitro drug release, using Apparatuses I and III of United States Pharmacopoeia, and the assay of intestinal absorption by the everted gut sac technique were also carried out. Both thermal and IR spectrophotometric analyses revealed no physicochemical interactions between MT and the other constituents of the pellets. Morphological analyses showed that the pellets have spherical shape. The covering process was not efficient for some samples, since it was possible to identify pores on their surfaces, as assessed by surface area determination and scanning electronic microscopy. The presence of QS increased the swelling ratio. The in vitro ability of the pellets to reach colonic conditions, after resisting against gastric and enteric environments was also demonstrated. Firstly, it was observed that most of the drug was released in gastric medium from uncovered pellets or from those covered with QS or HPMCP, mainly due to the defects observed in such coatings... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Submitted by DORIVAL PINHEIRO GARCIA null (pelletsdemadeira@gmail.com) on 2017-04-07T01:38:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Técnicas Multivariadas pellets.pdf: 1785176 bytes, checksum: 352f781df79b5b1eb20f9862b1e7caa3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-12T20:33:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_dp_dr_guara.pdf: 1785176 bytes, checksum: 352f781df79b5b1eb20f9862b1e7caa3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T20:33:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_dp_dr_guara.pdf: 1785176 bytes, checksum: 352f781df79b5b1eb20f9862b1e7caa3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-07 / As previsões indicam crescimento da demanda por pellets de biomassa nos próximos anos, sobretudo depois dos recentes acordos firmados pela Conferência do Clima em Paris (COP21), que aponta a necessidade de substituir combustíveis fósseis por recursos energéticos com baixas emissões de carbono. Países desenvolvidos pesquisam plantas de ciclo curto e alto rendimento de massa seca que possam suprir essa necessidade por energia limpa e renovável. No Brasil, começam a se desenvolver culturas energéticas como o bambu, cana-energia, sorgo e capim-elefante, que são especialmente dedicados à geração de energia termoelétrica. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre a viabilidade técnica da produção de pellets com essas biomassas. Este estudo analisou as características físicas (densidade a granel, teor de umidade e durabilidade mecânica), químicas (CHNS/O, carbono fixo, voláteis, cinzas, extrativos, lignina e holocelulose) e térmicas (poder calorífico superior e inferior, densidade energética) de nove amostras de pellets, sendo cinco de biomassa florestal e quatro gramíneas. Objetivou-se determinar qual biomassa vegetal apresenta as melhores características bioenergéticas para a produção de pellets e as técnicas multivariadas de agrupamento hierárquico (HCA) e dos componentes principais (PCA) foram empregadas nessa avaliação. Os resultados, que foram comparados com os padrões estabelecidos na norma internacional ISO 17225, mostraram que os pellets de biomassa florestal apresentaram características bioenergéticas mais eficazes do que os pellets de gramíneas. Assim, concluiu-se que o pinus apresentou o melhor desempenho global para a produção de biocombustíveis sólidos na forma de pellets, com favoráveis teores de cinzas, densidade energética, poder calorífico e volume específico. / A biomass growth pellets demand is expected in the coming years, especially after the recent agreements signed by the Climate Conference in Paris (COP 21), which indicates the need to replace fossil fuels for energy sources with low carbon emissions. Short-cycle plants with dry mass high-output production is the aim of developed countries researches, in order to meet the need for clean and renewable energy. Energy crops like bamboo, energy cane, sorghum and elephant grass has begun in Brazil, which are especially applied to thermoelectric power generation. Nevertheless, there is little awareness about the technical feasibility of pellet production using these biomasses. This study examined the physical (bulk density, moisture content, mechanical durability), chemical (CHNS/O, fixed carbon, volatile, ash, extractive, lignin, holocellulose) and thermal characteristics (high and lower calorific value, energy density) of nine pellets samples. Five of them were plant biomass – from forest and four grass species. The purpose to determine which plant biomass has the best bioenergetic characteristics for the production of pellets and multivariate techniques of hierarchical Clustering (HAC) and the main components (PCA) were used in this evaluation. The results, compared with the standards set by ISO 17225, showed that forest biomass pellets presented more efficient bioenergetic characteristics than grass pellets. Thus, it was concluded that the Pinus woody biomass showed the best overall performance for the production of solid biofuels in pellets form, with favorable ash content, energy density, calorific value and specific volume.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:37:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 04604.pdf: 1479024 bytes, checksum: 7c6ae155b3f6a993e0067537881b8a01 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP