Agrichemicals have been misused by rice farmers in Vietnam for a long time. This thesis has studied the rice farmers’ knowledge, risk awareness and risk perception to get an understanding of the rice farmers’ agrichemical management. 15 rice farmers in An Giang province in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam were interviewed in 2015 when the winter-spring rice was cultivated. Field method Contextual Inquiry was used to observe and interview the rice farmers. The rice farmers in Mekong Delta, Vietnam think that they are exposed to a medium risk when handling pesticides. They think that pesticides are the most effective pest controlling method. They do not use any protective gear because the weather is to hot which makes the protective gear uncomfortable to wear, even though the majority of the farmers have experienced health effects. The farmers overuse agrichemicals. The rice farmers can increase their gross income if they start using agrichemical more responsible. The majority of the farmers do not follow recommendations established in research. The Vietnamese government have a big responsibility to implement new laws to create a healthier and more environmentally sound agriculture.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19045号 / 農博第2123号 / 新制||農||1032 / 31996 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 縄田 栄治, 教授 舟川 晋也, 准教授 赤松 美紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

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This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project. / Revised.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

Denna rapport är en sammanställning av de 100 undersökta enskilda brunnarna i Landskrona kommun vid årsskiftet 05/06. Det utfördes analyser på mikrobiologisk-, nitrat-, nitrit- och även kemiska bekämpningsmedelspåverkan. Syftet med denna rapport är att bearbeta och presentera analysresultaten av de 100 enskilda brunnarna i Landskrona kommun och försöka dra slutsatser kring dessa. Alla analysresultaten sammanställdes i tabeller och så småningom kundes vissa slutsatser dras kring varför resultatet såg ut som det gjorde. Resultatet visade att endast åtta av de 100 brunnarna var otjänliga gällande mikrobiologisk påverkan. Denna parameter är väldigt varierande beroende mycket på yttre omständigheter men det kan ge en indikation på att brunnen inte är tillräckligt tät och därför kan ytvatten tränga in i brunnen. När det gäller nitritpåverkan blev bara en brunn otjänlig. Men när det gällde nitrat var det istället 17 % av brunnarna som visade sig vara otjänliga. Detta är ändå ett relativt bra resultat beroende på hur landskapet ser ut i Skåne med stor påverkan från enskilda avlopp, jordbruk och gödsling. Sist men inte minst analyserades kemiska bekämpningsmedel och gav ett oroande resultat. Hela 35 % av brunnarna var otjänliga pga. kemiska bekämpningsmedel. Detta resultat är inget ovanligt utan kan genom danska undersökningar bara bekräftas. Kemiska bekämpningsmedel kan sprida sig långa sträckor och inte bara vid den plats där ämnena använts eller spillts. De slutsatser som kan dras genom denna undersökning är att grävda brunnar i ytliga jordlager löper störst risk att i framtiden bli otjänliga då dessa utsetts för störst påverkan av föroreningar och ytvatten. Brunnar placerade på gårdsplan är speciellt utsatta och är starkt påverkade av både mikroorganismer och kemiska bekämpningsmedel. När det gäller kemiska bekämpningsmedel är resultaten från Landskrona liknande de från både Danmark och övriga Skåne. / The problem with bad drinking water in wells are a wide problem in an landscape such as Skåne. The purpose of this report is to work up all the data from the different analysis regarding drinking water quality from wells in Landskrona municipality. The parameters that were analysed were microorganisms, the content of nitrate and nitrite and also the concentration of pesticides. Many reports in the field of the subject were collected to get a good picture and a better knowledge of the different problems that lie ahead. This resulted in various conclusions but some of the conclusions was confirmed from other examinations. That wells in the ground are more exposed than wells in mountain. The concentration of pesticides were very high in many of the wells wich shows that this will be a great problem for us to deal with in the future. Examinations in both Denmark and remaining parts of Sweden also show high concentration of pesticides. This only confirm that the problem isn’t just a local here in the municipality.

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The potential of fenthion to act as a secondary poisoning hazard to birds of prey was investigated using American kestrels (Falco sparverius) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) as a representative model of a naturally occurring predator-prey interaction. Kestrels were presented with live sparrows previously exposed to perches containing Rid-A-Bird 1100$ sp circler$ solution (Rid-A-Bird, Inc., Muscatine, IA), 11% fenthion active ingredient, under simulated field conditions. All 14 kestrels tested died following ingestion of fenthion-exposed sparrows. Decreased brain cholinesterase activity and residue analyses of kestrel gastro-intestinal samples confirmed secondary fenthion poisoning. / Prey selection trials were conducted in the laboratory to determine the response of kestrels to a mixed flock of contaminated and uncontaminated sparrows. Kestrels captured fenthion-exposed prey significantly more often (12 out of 15 trials) than normal, unexposed prey. / These results suggest that avian predators and scavengers in the wild are at risk from contact with fenthion-exposed prey in areas where Rid-A-Bird perches are in use.

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr-smolts were exposed to sublethal concentrations of cypermethrin, chlorothalonil, quintozene or atrazine to determine if they affected osmoregulation. After 96 h of exposure to a pesticide, Na+K+-ATPase, hematocrit, liver somatic index (LSI), plasma sodium, chloride, and cortisol concentrations were determined. There were no mortalities observed following a 24-h seawater challenge. No effects were seen with cypermethrin exposure. Chlorothalonil exposure resulted in increases in plasma Na+ concentrations following the seawater challenge in the 0.18 and 3.6 μg/L groups. For quintozene, decreases in LSI was seen at each concentration, and decreases in Na+K+-ATPase activity was seen at 0.55 μg/L as well as a decrease in Na+ concentrations at the highest exposure concentration. Atrazine exposure increased Na+K+-ATPase activity in the 1 and 100 μg/L groups, and plasma cortisol concentrations at100 μg/L. Overall, the pesticides examined had minimal effects on fish osmoregulation and stress at the concentrations tested.