When mining activities in some parts of the Witwatersrand were discontinued in 2000, the defunct workings started to flood. In September 2002 the mine water started to decant from the West Rand Mine Basin (WRB) next to the Tweelopie East Stream. Treated water is currently used in the mine's metallurgical plants and 15Ml per day of treated water is disposed firstly into the Cooke Attenuation Dam and then discharged into the Wonderfonteinspruit. The aim of this study was to find and provide remediation measures as a result of acid mine drainage and other impacting factors on the water quality and volume in the Wonderfonteinspruit. Conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) were highest at the point where the tailings dam leached into the Wonderfonteinspruit. Sulphate was very high as was expected due to acid mine drainage. The best way to treat the high sulphate levels is with sulphate-reducing bacteria. To avoid the fatal flaw of many other constructed wetlands, a continuous carbon source is provided to the bacteria in the form of activated sewage from the Flip Human sewage treatment plant. Iron and other heavy metals are being precipitated through oxidation reactions to form oxides and hydroxides from the aerobic cell in the wetland. The wetlands are also known for their ability to reduce nitrate and microbial values with great success. In the remediation, four elements that currently do not comply with the SABS criteria for class 0 water, were chosen for improvement: conductivity, dissolved solids, sulphate and iron. Conductivity falls within class 1 and has a maximum of 178 mS/m @25ºC that should be reduced to under 70 mS/m. Total dissolved solids have a value of 1585 mg/l, which is much higher than the prescribed 450 ml/l, making it class 2 water. The last two problematic elements are both considered as class 2 water: sulphate peaks at 592 mg/l where the preferred value is 200 mg/l, and iron should be 0.01 mg/l, not the staggering 0.3mg/l. iv Alternative mitigation methods were identified and analysed for the impacts of the five major contaminators and ultimately the solution comes down to constructed wetlands. This is not a straightforward solution, however, and a specific design to accommodate all the different pollutants and water quality ranges was proposed. The other mitigation methods include a cut-off trench and pump-back system for the tailings dam, as well as the implementation of a monitoring programme. The sewage works should be optimised and better managed. Both the settlement and agricultural sector need to be educated on their representative impacts on the environment and government assistance should be available. / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES / MSC (ENVIRON MANAGEMENT)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoMFS_DISSERT.pdf: 1731958 bytes, checksum: 71ef7d1af5eeb687dbc5294c14780b93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / The prevailing water scarcity in the Brazilian semiarid restricts the availability of drinking water, encouraging the practice of reuse primarily in agricultural production. This study aimed to analyze the performance of decanting-digester, wetland and solar reactor for the treatment of domestic sewage Milagres rural community, Apodi-RN. During the period of 1 to 22 December 2010, equivalent to 48 to 70 days after planting of Pennisetum purpureum, samples were collected from domestic sewage at different stages of treatment in four replications in time, to determine physicochemical and microbiological characteristics. The results indicated that there was significant removal of turbidity, total and fecal coliforms, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, total solids, phosphorus, total nitrogen and oils and greases using the set of decanting-digester with biological filters, wetland and solar reactor. The combination of solar radiation of 25.16 MJ m-2 d-1, 0.10 m blade effluent and solar exposure of 12 hours Apodi-RN allowed up to 99.99% removal of fecal coliforms and effluent treated introduces microbiological standard that meets the state guidelines for fertigation of crops not eaten raw / A escassez hídrica predominante no semiárido brasileiro restringe a disponibilidade de água potável, incentivando a prática do reuso principalmente na produção agrícola. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar o desempenho de decanto-digestor, sistema alagado construído e reator solar no tratamento de esgoto doméstico do assentamento Milagres, Apodi-RN. De 1 a 22 de dezembro de 2010, equivalente ao período de 48 a 70 dias após o plantio de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum), foram coletadas amostras do esgoto doméstico nas distintas etapas de tratamento, em quatro repetições no tempo, para determinação de características físico-químicas e microbiológicas. Os resultados indicaram que houve remoção significativa de turbidez, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, demanda química de oxigênio, sólidos totais, sólidos suspensos, fósforo total, nitrogênio total e óleos e graxas com o uso do conjunto de decanto-digestor com filtros biológicos, sistema alagado construído e reator solar. A combinação de radiação solar de 25,16 MJ m-2 d-1, lâmina de 0,10 m de efluente e tempo de exposição solar de 12 horas em Apodi-RN permitiu remoção de até 99,99% dos coliformes termotolerantes e o efluente tratado apresenta padrão microbiológico que atende as diretrizes estaduais para fertirrigação de cultivos agrícolas não consumidos crus

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09987.pdf: 6803672 bytes, checksum: c070bf0956c20ddeb4d6cb89d8d1535c (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:00/02118-9

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Uma vez introduzidos no ambiente aquático os resíduos podem ser adsorvidos por partículas orgânicas em suspensão. Dependendo da morfologia do rio e das condições hidrológicas, essas partículas são depositadas ao longo de seu curso, tornando-se parte dos sedimentos de fundo, tornando-os, muitas vezes, fonte de contaminação para a coluna dágua e para os organismos bentônicos. Na avaliação de recursos hídricos, os sedimentos têm sido um dos mais importantes indicadores do nível de contaminação de ecossistemas aquáticos, representando a deposição de contaminantes no ambiente ocorrida durante décadas. O rio Tietê corta o estado de São Paulo, porém é na região metropolitana que este sofre piores impactos. Na região de Salesópolis as águas do rio Tietê são utilizadas para abastecimento público, porém, ao atravessar a cidade de Mogi das Cruzes, a qualidade de suas águas diminui de maneira expressiva. Dada a importância do rio Tietê e dos sedimentos à biota aquática, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a toxicidade do sedimento em cinco pontos ao longo do rio Tietê, entre os municípios de Salesópolis e Suzano, São Paulo. Foram realizadas quatro coletas: duas no verão e duas no inverno. O sedimento integral foi avaliado por ensaios de toxicidade aguda e crônica com Hyalella azteca e Ceriodaphnia dubia respectivamente; o elutriato por ensaios de toxicidade crônica com C. dubia; e a água intersticial foi submetida à Vibrio fischeri. Amostras de água do rio também foram avaliadas para efeitos crônicos com C. dubia. As amostras de sedimento também foram caracterizadas quanto a presença de metais e hidrocarbonetos, buscando correlacionar os efeitos biológicos à contaminação química. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios com sedimento integral apontam os pontos localizados nas cidades de Mogi das Cruzes (P3) e Suzano (P4) como os mais tóxicos, além de apresentarem concentrações mais elevadas de metais pesados. Os ensaios em fases aquosas do sedimento (elutriato e água intersticial) apontaram Biritiba-Mirim (P1) como um local com elevada freqüência de efeitos tóxicos e importante presença de hidrocarbonetos. O ponto P2, em Biritiba-Mirim também apresentou hidrocarbonetos. No reservatório Ponte Nova (P0) a toxicidade foi o segundo local menos freqüente. Os resultados evidenciaram um gradiente de toxicidade e contaminação que aumenta de acordo com o distanciamento do reservatório da Ponte Nova (P0) e aproximação da metrópole. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09987.pdf: 6803672 bytes, checksum: c070bf0956c20ddeb4d6cb89d8d1535c (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:00/02118-9

Orientador: Araí Augusta Bernárdez Pécora / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T20:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elias_RicardoBoulos_M.pdf: 5900917 bytes, checksum: c0cfa8f4c7647862360c4b9fbf2b8f05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho reporta os resultados obtidos na avaliação experimental de um ciclone de formato americano que foi modificado e adaptado para realizar a climatização de ambientes, através da técnica do resfriamento evaporativo. Para tal, o equipamento foi munido de bocais atomizadores, que realizam a injeção de líquido transversalmente à corrente de gás. Os ensaios consistiram de um planejamento fatorial completo para duas variáveis independentes com a adição de pontos centrais no espaço experimental, cujo fim foi o de verificar os efeitos do diâmetro dos orifícios da pastilha do atomizador (d = 2,8 e 3,6 mm) e da razão entre as vazões de líquido e de gás (L/G = 0,65 e 0,76 L/m³), sobre as propriedades do gás, tornando-o apto a adequar a temperatura e a umidade do ar. Através da Metodologia da Superfície de Respostas (MSR) foram analisadas a Eficiência de Saturação (Es), o Número de Unidades de Transferência do Gás (NtG) e a Perda de Carga no Sistema ('delta'Psis), respostas indicadoras de desempenho amplamente destacadas na literatura pesquisada. Foram obtidas Eficiências de Saturação entre 45,9 e 62,2%, Número de Unidades de Transferência do Gás entre 0,67 e 1,48 e Perdas de Carga de 1.664 a 1.735 Pa. O emprego de técnicas estatísticas permitiu a proposição de correlações empíricas para previsão do comportamento do sistema para a faixa de operação estudada. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o equipamento dispõe de potencial para se tornar uma alternativa viável de condicionamento do ar para os padrões humanos / Abstract: This work reports the results obtained in the experimental evaluation of an American cyclone type which has been modified and adapted to perform air conditioning of environments, using the technique of evaporative cooling. To this end, the equipment was fitted with atomizers nozzles, which perform the injection of liquid transversely to the gas stream. The experiments consisted of a full factorial design for two independent variables with the addition of central points in the experimental space, whose purpose was to examine the effects of the diameter of the holes of the atomizer insert (d = 2.8 and 3.6 mm) and liquid and air flow ratio (L/G = 0.65 and 0.76 L/m³) on the properties of the gas, making it able to suit the temperature and humidity. Responses of performance widely highlighted in the literature, Efficiency Saturation (Es), the Number of Gas Transfer Units (Nto) and the System Loss Pressure ('delta'Psjs), were analyzed through the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Saturation efficiencies between 45.9 and 62.2%, Number of Gas Transfer Units from 0.67 to 1.48 and Pressure Losses from 1,664 to 1,735 Pa were obtained. The use of statistical techniques allowed the proposition of empirical correlations to predict the behavior of the system for the operating range studied. The results show that the equipment has the potential to become a viable alternative to air conditioning for human standards / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

This thesis presents an analysis of air quality control initiatives in the GVRD. Starting with an examination of deteriorating regional air quality, oxides of nitrogen emissions (NOx), are the focus (as a precursor to ground level ozone.) The research demonstrates that if the status quo is maintained, episodes of ground level ozone will get worse and the effects will be far reaching and expensive. The Greater Vancouver Regional District's Air Quality Management Plan is reviewed, with emphasis on analysis and evaluation of emission reduction strategies. Emission Reduction Measures (ERMs) are various methods of reducing air pollution (including scrubbers on smoke stacks, transportation demand management, alternative fuels and motor vehicle inspection/maintenance programs.) Emission Reduction Measures are viewed as the tools that must be implemented to solve air quality problems. Environmentally, the most desirable solution would be to implement all ERMs. However, factors such as cost effectiveness and social, financial, political and customer service impacts must be considered and the best measures should be implemented first. The best solutions are those that meet as many objectives as possible while causing the least amount of negative impacts on the economy, society, government and the environment. Finding optimal solutions is a task that requires formalization of common sense. Analytical frameworks such as the cost/benefit analysis, decision analysis and the multiple account/objective analysis are considered as potential tools to help "make sense" of the complexity of air quality policy decisions. The intent is to provide useful and readily understandable information to decision makers. The Multiple Account Analysis (as used by The Crown Corporations Secretariat) is applied to an assortment of Emission Reduction Measures to help identify the "best" order for implementation. This method provides results that compare accounts of importance (such as cost effectiveness and emission reduction potential) and presents decision makers with quality information highlighting tradeoffs and preferences. In the scope of this paper, four ERMs are analyzed across accounts and the results presented in a matrix. The AirCare Program appears as the best choice for effective reduction of oxides of nitrogen when compared to alternative fuels, vanpooling and the Burrard thermal generating plant rebuild. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis examines social and political responses to poor air quality in Vancouver, British Columbia from the 1950s through the early 1970s. Businesses dependent on local markets, the City of Vancouver and medical health officers organized the first civic efforts to strengthen air pollution control in the early 1950s. The provincial government only engaged with the air pollution issue publicly in the early 1960s, and delayed developing clear policy until 1969. Social Credit politicians and representatives of exporting industries generally characterized pollution impacts as aesthetic rather than as harmful to health. This characterization helped justify keeping air policy implementation at the municipal level. Excepting Vancouver, this level proved incapable of dealing with the problem. Public protests of poor air quality increased over time even as visible pollutants decreased. The capitalist state’s imperative to support large corporate interests helps explain the Province’s consistently weak stance on air pollution policy. However, the contradictory imperative of democratic legitimation helps explain policy shifts during the Bennett administration, such as occurred during the public wave of environmental concern in the late 1960s. Vancouver’s consistently stronger stand on air pollution was supported by the local market oriented business community, market shifts to liquid fuels and deindustrialization. Vancouver’s policy experience and federal-provincial political rivalries best explain Greater Vancouver’s retention of industrial air pollution management when the Bennett administration finally asserted control over this pollution source for the rest of the province. / Graduate

No description available.

According to the current governmental regulations, all diesel buses will be replaced in the United States and the European market within the next ten years. There are over 60,000 buses in the United States and each year over 3,000 new buses of approximately 40 feet in length are purchased. The bus market has a growth rate of four to five percent per year over the last two years. The improvements in technology offered by United States companies prove unsatisfactory in terms of bus performance and the emissions of new buses. The energy crisis in the United States and concern over the health hazards of the diesel fuel exhaust gases and particulates, alternative fuel vehicles are in great demand in the transit market world wide.