Orientador: Roberto Herminio Moretti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:17:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Forlin_FlavioJoao_D.pdf: 1138330 bytes, checksum: 51a6f2384ea1ceebfd10fc6e31f2c879 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A elaboração de extrato por maceração de madeira de carvalho triturada com destilado alcoólico simples de cana-de-açúcar (DASCA) para maturação de aguardente de cana mostra vantagens de processo e econômicas por racionalizar a utilização e otimizar a extração de compostos da madeira, reduzir o tempo de maturação da bebida, prescindindo da utilização de tonéis de carvalho. A utilização de embalagens de PET mostra viabilidade para o acondicionamento e/ou maturação de destilados em substituição aos tonéis de madeira tradicionalmente utilizados, por suas características de integridade estrutural, permeabilidade seletiva e inocuidade com a bebida. Foram obtidos 13 extratos por macerações contínuas em batelada a partir de mesma quantidade de madeira de carvalho triturada, nas formas tostada e não tostada, com DASCA de teor alcoólico de 55% em volume, a 20°C. O extrato de ca da maceração foi estudado quanto ao extrato seco, compostos fenólicos totais, pH, acidez volátil, fixa e total e cor. A unificação dos extratos integrais das 5 primeiras macerações originaram um extrato resultante do qual foram obtidas as dosagens de 20, 40 e 60mL utilizadas na maturação de aguardente de cana em embalagens de PET de 0,250, 2 e 20L e vidro de 4,7L, durante 4, 8 e 12 meses. Aguardente de cana sem extrato foi maturada paralelamente em barris de carvalho de 200L, durante 4, 8, 12, 36 e 48 meses. A maturação da bebida foi acompanhada com o estudo de perda de massa, teor alcoólico real, pH, acidez volátil, fixa e total, compostos fenólicos totais, cor, álcoois superiores (isoamílico, isobutílico e n-propílico), aldeídos e ésteres totais em cada período de maturação correspondente. As aguardentes de cana maturadas em embalagens de PET, vidro e barris de carvalho, em cada período de maturação, incluindo o tempo zero, foram submetidas ao teste de aceitação com 81 consumidores, avaliando-se os atributos cor, aroma, sabor e impressão global, utilizando escala hedônica não estruturada de 9cm. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas e sensorial de aceitabilidade foram tratados com análise de variância e comparação de médias pelos testes de Duncan (p£0,05) e Tukey (p£0,10), respectivamente. O atributo impressão global da análise de aceitação foi complementarmente analisado pelo método Mapa de Preferência Interno (MDPREF). O extrato resultante originado da mistura dos extratos integrais das cinco primeiras macerações (acumulando 41 dias de maceração), no contexto de 13 macerações (acumulando 346 dias de maceração), resultou na extração de 74,5% de extrato seco, 67,5% de compostos fenólicos totais, 83,9% de acidez fixa e 67,7% de acidez total. A maturação da aguardente de cana pela incorporação de 20, 40 e 60mL deste extrato/L de aguardente de cana alterou significativamente (p£0,05) o perfil físico-químico e sensorial da bebida, agregando cor e compostos fenólicos totais, reduzindo o pH, incrementando a acidez total, volátil e fixa e a composição orgânica de aldeídos e ésteres totais e de álcoois superiores isoamílico, isobutílico e n-propílico. O período de maturação de 12 meses em embalagens de PET de 0,250, 2 e 20L alterou o perfil físico-químico da aguardente de cana, diminuindo a acidez volátil e total e de aldeídos totais, incrementando a acidez fixa e o teor de ésteres totais. O aumento de volume das embalagens de PET refletiu em menores perdas de massa e maiores incrementos de ésteres totais. A aguardente de cana maturada 12 meses em embalagens de PET e vidro com a incorporação de extrato de carvalho mostrou similar aceitabilidade pelos consumidores, em relação à bebida maturada em barris de carvalho, entre 12 até 48 meses. A incorporação na aguardente de cana de dosagens de extrato de 20, 40 e 60mL/L determinou incrementos significativos (p£0,10) de aceitabilidade da bebida maturada em embalagens de PET e vidro, independentemente do tempo de maturação. O atributo cor, originado pela incorporação de distintas dosagens de extrato à aguardente de cana, foi o de melhor aceitabilidade pelos consumidores, seguido pelo aroma, impressão global e sabor / Abstract: The elaboration of extract through maceration of brazilian sugar-cane spirit (BSCS) with oak wood grinded for brazilian sugar-cane spirit maturation shows advantages of process as well as economic ones, such as rationalization of the utilization, optimization of wood compounds extraction, reduction of the maturation time of the drink, renouncing the utilization of oak wood barrels. The utilization of PET packages shows its viability for storage and/or maturation of distilled beverages in substitution to the traditionally used wood structures for its structural integrity characteristics, selective permeability and innocuousness with the content. It was obtained 13 oak extracts by sequential units macerations using fixed quantity of toasted and not toasted grinded wood with BSCS 50°GL/20°C. Each extract was studied with the dry extract, total phenolic compounds, fixed, volatile and total acidity and colour. The unification of the integral units extracts from the five initial macerations produced the resultant extract for which were obtained the 20, 40, 60mL dosages for BSCS maturation in 0.250, 2, and 20L PET packages and in 4,7L glass packages during 4, 8 and 12 months. This study went along with the maturation of BSCS in 200L oak barrels during 4, 8, 12, 36 and 48 months. The maturation process of BSCS was physical-chemically accompanied by the study of mass losses, real alcoholic level, fixed, volatile and total acidity, total phenolic compounds, colour, superior alcohols (isoamilic, isobutilic, and n-propilic), total esters and aldehydes, in each specific times, included at zero time. An acceptance test also took place involving 81 BSCS consumers through their manifestation concerning the attributes colour, aroma, flavour and global impression using a nonstructured 9cm hedonic scale. The physical-chemical and acceptance tests results were statistically treated with variance analysis and Duncan (p=0.05) and Tukey (p=0.10) tests for average comparisons, respectively. The global impression attribute of the acceptance test was supplementary treated by Multidimensional Preference Analysis (MDPREF) method. The resultant extract obtained of the mixture of the five initial units macerations (totalizing 41 days of maceration) in context of thirteen units macerations (totalizing 346 days of maceration) resulted in 74.5% dry extract, 67.5% total phenolic compounds, 83.9% fixed acidity and 67.7% total acidity extraction. The incorporation of 20, 40, and 60mL of this extract per liter for BSCS maturation were significant effect (p£0.05) on physical-chemical profile of the beverage, associating to it colour and total phenolic compounds, reducing pH, adding volatile and fixed total acidity, the organic composition of superior alcohols, total esters and aldehydes. At 12 months BSCS maturation time in 0.250, 2 and 20L PET packages altered the physical-chemical profile of the beverage, decreasing the total and volatile acidity and total aldehydes and increasing the fixed acidity and total esters. The volume increase in PET packages reflected smaller indexes of mass losses and larger increments of total esters. The BSCS matured in PET and glass packages with the incorporation of oak extract during 12 months showed similar acceptability by consumers, in relation to the BSCS matured in oak barrels, during 12 to 48 months. The incorporation of the 20, 40, and 60mL oak extract dosage per liter for BSCS maturation determined significant increments (p=0.10) of acceptance of the BSCS matured in PET and glass packages independently of maturation time. The colour attribute originated by the distinct dosages of extract was the better acceptance by the consumers, followed by aroma, global impression and flavour / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

In Canadian remote northern communities most electricity is generated by burning diesel fuel. However, because it is expensive to import fuel into remote communities the cost of electricity is very high. Waste management is also difficult in remote northern communities. The goal of this thesis was to investigate the co-gasification of refuse waste materials and biomass as a means of reducing solid waste volumes while also using locally available materials for power generation. As part of this research, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) was investigated as a potential means of characterizing refuse derived fuels (RDF). Laboratory sample preparation of RDF for TGA had not been thoroughly considered. Laboratory sample preparation is important since RDF is very heterogeneous compared to other solid fuels and since TGA typically requires a very small sample size. A TGA method was applied to a variety of materials prepared from a commercially available RDF using a variety of procedures. The repeatability of the experimental results was related to the sample preparation methods. Cryogenic ball milling was found to be an appropriate means of preparing RDF samples for TGA. Applicability of the TGA method to the determination of the renewable content of RDF was considered. Air-blown auto-thermal gasification experiments using materials representative of waste and biomass were performed at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C, using a 0.15 m internal diameter bubbling fluidized bed gasifier located at NRCan CametENERGY in Ottawa, Ontario. Commercially prepared RDF and PET scrap were used to represent waste materials. Commercially produced hardwood pellets were used to represent biomass. The co-gasification of hardwood pellets and commercially produced RDF indicated that each fuel make a contribution to the results which is proportional to its fraction in the feed mixture. Inclusion of the RDF in the fuel mixture led to bed agglomeration at the 875°C temperature condition. Higher temperatures were found to provide better conversion of the fuel to gas, and the limitation which inclusion of RDF places on the operating temperature of the gasifier negatively affects conversion of biomass. Results obtained with RDF suggested that utilization of mixed waste for a thermal conversion process located in a Canadian remote northern community is probably not a viable option. It was then decided to target plastic waste in particular. Plastic could be source-separated, collected, and gasified alongside biomass. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is often used for food and beverage containers, was chosen to represent plastic. Initially, attempts were made to co-gasify mixtures of PET pellets and hardwood pellets. These attempts failed due to the formation of coke above the bed. To alleviate these problems hardwood-PET composite pellets were manufactured and these were gasified at 725°C, 800°C, and 875°C. Inclusion of PET in the pellets dramatically increased the amount of tar produced during gasification.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_alicia_jara.pdf: 8514825 bytes, checksum: e7811d2022af27360b50bd77f223f4ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In recent years, the consumption of the poly ethylene terephtalate plastic - PET is used in the manufacture of bottles, comes increasing in Brazil. PET is a polar thermoplastic, with raised dimensional stability and temperature of fusion, high impermeability the acid gases and chemical resistance to solvents. The biodegradation has been described as a possible methodology to reduce the accumulation of plastics. In this work it was carried through the evaluation by Bacillus subtilis and Phanerochaete chrysosporium performance on the biodegradation of the polyethylene terephtalate. In this direction, particles of polymer were submitted to the treatments: exposition to ultra violet light (6 and 36 hours) and temperatures (35ºC and 50ºC), followed incubation with the microorganisms during 30 and 60 days. The polymer degradation process was accompanied by determination of pH, biofilm formation and the cells viability, enzymes detection (amylase, protease, esterase, and polyphenoloxidase), as well as the scanning electron microscopy of biofilm and toxicity tests. The results obtained observed the biofilm formation by Bacillus subtilis on polyethylene terephtalate surface particles. The treatment using the temperature of 50ºC demonstrated a higher alteration in the surface of the polymer, supported the colonization of the microorganisms followed of the hydrolytic enzymes production. It was observed that Bacillus subtilis does not produced polyphenoloxidase. The results indicated the temperature (50º.C), induces the esterase production and it is related to degradation process. The P. chrysosporium produced esterases and polyphenoloxidase, whose enzymes had demonstrated to be involved with the polyethylene terephtalate degradation process, and were formed products with higher toxicities to Artemia salina / O Tereftalato de Polietileno PET é um termoplástico polar,com elevada estabilidade dimensional e temperatura de fusão, alta impermeabilidade a gases e resistência química a ácidos e solventes, empregado na fabricação de garrafas no Brasil. A biodegradação tem sido descrita como uma possível metodologia para reduzir o acúmulo de plásticos. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho das linhagens de Bacillus subtilis e Phanerochaete chrysosporium isoladamente na biodegradação do tereftalato de polietileno. Neste sentido, foram preparadas partículas do polímero sendo submetidas aos tratamentos com luz ultra violeta (6 e 36 horas) e temperaturas (35ºC e 50ºC) em seguida, foram colocadas nos meios caldo nutriente (B.subtilis) e Sabouraud (P. chrysosporium), incubados por 30 e 60 dias, incubados a 35ºC e 28ºC, respectivamente. Com a degradação das partículas observou-se que o pH passou de 5 para >8, com formação de biofilmes e indução da produção de enzimas (amilase, protease, esterase e polifenoloxidases). A formação do biofilme foi evidenciada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os produtos metabólicos formados no meio de cultura foram avaliados pelo teste de toxicidade utilizando Artemia salina. A microscopia eletrônica demonstrou que B. subtilis colonizou completamente a superfície das partículas do PET, tanto nas condições controle (sem tratamento), como tratados. Os melhores resultados foram observados com o tratamento à temperatura de 50ºC, onde ocorreu alteração na superfície do polímero, perda da massa polimérica, permitindo maior colonização de ambos os microrganismos. As enzimas hidrolíticas foram produzidas pelos microrganismos em todos os tratamentos, em especial, à temperatura de 50ºC. Contudo, observou-se que B. subtilis não produziu polifenoloxidases. Os subprodutos da degradação do PET nas condições estudadas apresentaram alta toxicidade para Artemia salina no caso do P. chrysosporium e baixa toxicidade para B. subtilis. Os resultados obtidos sugerem o tratamento o prévio com a temperatura de 50ºC como importante para o processo de biorremediação

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[pt] A geração e consumo crescente de embalagens PET representa um grande problema ambiental, pois o resíduo destes produtos acaba sendo descartado inadequadamente na natureza ou sendo simplesmente disposto nos aterros. Com o objetivo de atenuar este problema pesquisas foram desenvolvidas nos últimos anos buscando oferecer um destino mais nobre para o resíduo de PET, especialmente para as garrafas PET. Neste contexto, a presente pesquisa propõe o uso do resíduo de garrafas PET, sob a forma de pó, triturado e fibras, como material alternativo para camadas de base em pavimentos. Misturas de Solo-PET, utilizando um solo argiloso com inserção de pó de PET nas porcentagens de 10, 20 e 30 por cento, inserção de PET triturado nas porcentagens de 3, 5 e 7 por cento, e inserção de fibras de PET nas porcentagens de 0,25 e 0,50 por cento, foram avaliadas geotecnicamente por meio de ensaios de caracterização física, ensaios de compactação e ensaios de módulo de resiliência. Os ensaios mecânicos foram realizados nas amostras recém-compactadas e em corpos de prova aquecidos, avaliando ainda a influência do aquecimento no módulo de resiliência. Também foi utilizado o programa computacional SisPav para simular o dimensionamento de um pavimento típico composto pelos materiais estudados. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a inserção de PET nas misturas tem influência sobre o comportamento mecânico do solo, sendo constatado que menores teores possibilitam maiores valores de módulo resiliência. Ainda, a mistura com 10 por cento de pó de PET foi considerada mais eficiente. Conclui-se que a utilização de um solo argiloso adicionado com PET como material alternativo em base de pavimentos é tecnicamente viável e representa uma boa solução para a destinação deste resíduo bem como para a mitigação de seu potencial agressivo ao meio ambiente. / [en] The growing production and consumption of PET packaging represents a major environmental problem because they end up being improperly discarded in nature or simply disposed in landfills. With the aim to attenuate the environmental problem researchers were developed in the last years, in order to offer a nobler destination for this waste, especially for PET bottles. In this context, this research proposes the use of PET bottles waste, in form of powder, crushed and fibers as an alternative material for pavements base. Soil-PET mixtures, using a clayey soil with the addition of PET powder in percentages of 10, 20 and 30 percent, addition of crushed PET in percentages of 3, 5 and 7 percent and addition of PET fiber in percentages of 0,25 and 0,5 percent, were geotechnically evaluated by physical characterization tests, compaction tests and Resilient Modulus tests. The mechanical tests were performed on freshly compacted samples and also on heated specimens, evaluating the influence of heating in the resilient modulus. The computer program SisPav was also used to simulate the mechanistic empirical design for a typical pavement structure composed of the researched material. The results indicate that the insertion of PET influences the mechanical behavior of the soil, and it was verified that lower contents of PET allows higher values of resilient modulus. It can be concluded that the use of a clayey soil added with PET, as an alternative material in pavements base, is technically feasible and represents a good solution for the destination of this waste as well as for the mitigation of its aggressive potential to the environment.

Yes / Antioxidant active packaging was prepared by coating a citrus extract on the surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) trays which had been either treated with an atmospheric pressure plasma jet or left untreated. The surface characteristics of the packaging were examined, as were its stability and antioxidant efficacy following storage for up to 24 weeks under the following three storage conditions: room temperature, 0 % relative humidity (RH) or 50 °C. Plasma pretreatment increased coating density, thickness and roughness, and oxygenated functional groups at the polymer surface, whereas water contact angle decreased. Trays stored at room temperature did not lose their antioxidant efficacy over 24 weeks and plasma pretreatment enhanced the efficacy from week 8 onwards. Gravimetric analysis of the coating revealed a loss of antioxidant compounds only after 16 weeks. Trays stored at 0 % RH lost coating from week 1 onwards, with lower loss in plasma pretreated trays, while loss of coating was highest at 50 °C, with lower loss in plasma pretreated trays only after 24 weeks. Overall, the surface characteristics of the antioxidant active packaging were modified by plasma pretreatment of the PET surface, with some improvement in antioxidant efficacy, and the efficacy of the packaging in delaying oxidative deterioration in cooked meats was retained during storage at ambient temperature.

In recent decades the quality and safety of bottled water has come into question, while bottled water sales and demand have steadily grown. It is important that consumers as well as manufacturers are made aware of the microbial environment of bottled water. Many studies have been implemented to evaluate the microbiological content of bottled water. Although some laboratory studies have shown that microbial counts of bottled water can reach as high as 16^3 CFU/mL, few studies, if any, have studied the impact of storage location on bottled water microbial activity. This document reports on an investigation that evaluated the microbiological quality of bottled water relative to storage conditions and storage duration. Unlike previous studies that evaluated bottled water having been stored under the laboratory conditions, the work conducted in this study evaluated storage scenarios that included a car trunk, covered porch, indoor cabinet and refrigerator. These storage conditions allow for comparison of prior studies conducted in the laboratory to more realistic storage coniditions used by consumers. Analyses of bottled water under these alternative storage conditions indicated that microbial growth did occur in stored water and varied between lcoation and holding time. It was determined that heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) were greater in warmer storage environments as was exhibited by the refrigerated and indoor locations. Additionally, mathematical models were developed in this work that predicted the microbial growth rate in bottled water as a function of holding time, using commonly available statistical software that evaluated data predicted using an exponential model (R2 correlation of up to 0.84) for two different storage conditions. Although increased levels of HPC bacteria are generally safe for those in good health, they are used as an indicator test for microbial quality. Furthermore, higher levels of HPC have also been shown to pose some additional health risks to immunocomprimised individuals. Therefore, results from the study would indicate that it may be beneficial for consumers to store their bottled water indoors or in a refrigerator.

Elevated reaction temperatures are crucial for the efficient enzymatic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). A disulfide bridge was introduced to the polyester hydrolase TfCut2 to substitute its calcium binding site. The melting point of the resulting variant increased to 94.7°C (wild-type TfCut2: 69.8 °C) and its half-inactivation temperature to 84.6 °C (TfCut2: 67.3 °C). The variant D204C-E253C-D174R obtained by introducing further mutations at vicinal residues showed a temperature optimum between 75 and 80 °C compared to 65 and 70 °C of the wild-type enzyme. The variant caused a weight loss of PET films of 25.0 +/- 0.8% (TfCut2: 0.3 +/-0.1%) at 70 °C after a reaction time of 48 h. The results demonstrate that a highly efficient and calcium-independent thermostable polyester hydrolase can be obtained by replacing its calcium binding site with a disulfide bridge.