Packaging Materials account for 31% of the world’s municipal solid waste. Agencies like the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) are pushing for the increased use of recycled thermoplastic materials. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a commonly recycled thermoplastic which is used to package ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables. Most recycled polyethylene terephthalate (RPET) packaging materials contain heavy metal catalysts, the most common being antimony. The recent increased use of recycled plastic materials has been suspected as the source of increased human heavy metal exposure. In this study, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead and antimony were quantified in post-consumer RPET rigid containers and films using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Two hundred samples were tested of which 29 were found to be contaminated with heavy metals in the parts-per-million (ppm) range. Chromium was found in all the contaminated sample replicates at an average level of 8.18 ppm. Cadmium was found in all the contaminated samples as well. Lead was found in 90.4% of the contaminated samples and concentrations ranged from a low of 0.02 ppm to a high of 0.36 ppm. Nickel was found in 96.4% of the contaminated samples while antimony was found in 97.6% of the samples. Due to limited sample material, 22 of the 29 contaminated RPET rigid containers and films were tested for heavy metal migration into a 5% citric acid:water solution (w/v) or deionized water. Samples were subjected to prolonged storage at 7.2 or 22.2°C for 1, 7 or 14 days, or were exposed for 5 minutes to microwaves from a 1700-watt microwave oven set to 70% power before analysis. Leachate values were at ppb levels but were often below the ICP-AES Limits of Detection which were at also the ppb level, whether calculated for deionized water or 5% citric acid in water. No measureable levels of heavy metal were detected for any sample exposed to water, regardless of treatment. For samples exposed to 5% citrate and stored or microwaved, only chromium and nickel leached at measurable levels, and the number of RPET’s releasing measurable chromium and nickel increased with microwaving compared to the same plastics stored at 22.2 or 7.2°C. Since leaching was calculated as µg/L of heavy metal lost from the entire inner surface (1021 cm2) of a retail salad bag, actual exposure to heavy metal would be much less than measured in this study as retail fruit and vegetable packages and microwaveable pouches usually contain very little liquid in order to increase food safety. The results therefore suggest the potential for little migration of heavy metal from recycled PET to whole or fresh-cut fruits and vegetables when held at ambient or refrigerated temperatures, or when microwaved.

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No description available.

Le soufflage des bouteilles en polyéthylène téréphtalate (PET) génère des modifications importantes des propriétés mécaniques du matériau comme le montre l'étude de caractérisation des propriétés hétérogènes et anisotropes réalisée sur le fond pétaloïde, une partie 3D de géométrie complexe de bouteille soufflée présentée en fin de mémoire. L'étude principale présentée dans ce rapport s'inscrit dans le cadre du procédé de soufflage par bi-orientation où le matériau, qui se trouve à des températures légèrement supérieures à la température de transition vitreuse (Tg), est fortement biétiré générant ainsi de grandes modifications de morphologie microstructurale. Pour permettre à terme une simulation numérique du procédé qui prenne en compte ces modifications de propriétés en cours de soufflage, l'objectif de la thèse est de décrire le comportement du PET par un modèle visco hyperélastique original en grandes déformations, d'identifier ce modèle couplé à la thermique à partir des données expérimentales très récentes de tension biaxiale à des conditions de vitesse et de température proches du procédé et enfin d'implanter ce modèle pour la simulation du procédé. En parallèle, les aspects thermiques, qui s'avèrent fondamentaux pour le procédé, sont explorés via une identification des propriétés thermiques réalisée sur la base d'essais de chauffage infrarouge et de mesure de champs par caméra thermique. La proximité de Tg rend les propriétés mécaniques très sensibles aux moindres variations de température aussi est-il particulièrement important de prédire correctement les conditions thermique initiales de la préforme avant soufflage. De plus, la très forte viscosité à ces températures génère une dissipation importante et qui contribue à l'auto échauffement du matériau modifiant les propriétés mécaniques au cours du temps. La formulation de ce problème thermo-mécanique couplé est implémenté et résolu par la méthode des éléments finis pour simuler le gonflage des préformes / The stretch blow moulding process for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles generates important modifications of the mechanical properties of the material as it can be shown in an identification study of the orthotropic and heterogeneous elastic properties in the 3D region of the petaloïd bottom of PET bottles. The main topic of this work deals with the modelling of the complex behaviour of the PET during the process that is managed at a temperature slightly above the glass transition temperature Tg. In this range of temperature and considering the high strain rates involved during the process, large changes in the material morphology can be observed and the goal of this work is to propose a visco hyperelastic model to predict the PET behaviour under these severe conditions: large deformations, high strain rate… An original procedure is proposed to manage the identification of the material properties from the experimental data of recent biaxial elongation tests. On the other hand, effects of temperature are of fundamental importance during the injection stretch blow moulding process of PET bottles. Near Tg small variations of temperature have great influence on physical properties: an accurate prediction of the initial temperature field generated by the infrared heating is proposed. Also, the important viscous dissipation induces self-heating of the material during the process which is necessary to be taken into account during the numerical simulation. The identification of the thermal parameters is achieved by an experimental infrared heating study. The global thermo mechanical model is implemented and numerical simulations are managed using the finite element method to solve the free blowing of PET preforms

Thermomonospora curvata is a thermophilic actinomycete hylogenetically related to Thermobifida fusca that produces extracellular hydrolases capable of degrading synthetic polyesters. Analysis of the genome of T. curvata DSM43183 revealed two genes coding for putative polyester hydrolases Tcur1278 and Tcur0390 sharing 61% sequence identity with the T. fusca enzymes. Mature proteins of Tcur1278 and Tcur0390 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli TOP10. Tcur1278 and Tcur0390 exhibited an optimal reaction temperature against p-nitrophenyl butyrate at 60°C and 55°C, respectively. The optimal pH for both enzymes was determined at pH 8.5. Tcur1278 retained more than 80% and Tcur0390 less than 10% of their initial activity following incubation for 60 min at 55°C. Tcur0390 showed a higher hydrolytic activity against poly(ε-caprolactone) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanoparticles compared to Tcur1278 at reaction temperatures up to 50°C. At 55°C and 60°C, hydrolytic activity against PET nanoparticles was only detected with Tcur1278. In silico modeling of the polyester hydrolases and docking with a model substrate composed of two repeating units of PET revealed the typical fold of α/β serine hydrolases with an exposed catalytic triad. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the superior thermal stability of Tcur1278 considered as the main reason for its higher hydrolytic activity on PET.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-12T20:43:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ BEZERRA DA SILVA – TESE (PPGEP) 2016.pdf: 3353599 bytes, checksum: f4b72aa0752341e7ae682a1f07daef15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-12T20:43:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ BEZERRA DA SILVA – TESE (PPGEP) 2016.pdf: 3353599 bytes, checksum: f4b72aa0752341e7ae682a1f07daef15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-05 / Os blocos de concreto são os componentes mais importantes da alvenaria estrutural, uma vez que eles são os principais responsáveis pela resistência à compressão. Para que estes sejam de qualidade, a sua fabricação deve ser realizada utilizando materiais com propriedades adequadas e procedimentos de dosagem e cura controlada. A utilização de novos materiais na produção de blocos de concreto estrutural vem crescendo em todo o mundo, e , com isso, a possibilidade de utilizarem materiais alternativos, cuja principal preocupação é o equilíbrio entre os aspectos ambientais, tecnológicos e econômicos. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo principal avaliar o desempenho de blocos estruturais de concreto simples com adição de Politereftalato de etileno (PET) micronizado para uso na construção civil. Inicialmente as matérias-primas foram submetidas às caracterizações físicas, químicas e mineralógicas, e em seguida realizou-se o estudo da dosagem do concreto, objetivando-se determinar o proporcionamento dos materiais e os teores de PET a serem utilizados. Sequencialmente foram moldados blocos de concreto nas dimensões de 14cmx19cmx29cm, com teores de 2,5%, 5,0%, 7,5% e 10% de Politereftalato de etileno micronizado em substituição ao agregado miúdo para a determinação das propriedades físicas e mecânicas. Observou-se que o PET provocou o aumento da absorção e a redução do peso específico do concreto, e que o teor de 2,5% resulta em valores de absorção que satisfazem os requisitos normativos para blocos de concreto estrutural em que se utiliza agregado normal ou leve. Para a resistência característica à compressão, observou-se que o PET promoveu a redução da resistência do concreto, e, quanto maior o teor de substituição, menor a resistência à compressão. No entanto, para os teores de 2,5%, 5,0% e 7,5% de PET os valores obtidos para a resistência característica permitiram classificá-los como blocos estruturais classe B, com função estrutural, para uso em elementos de alvenaria acima do nível do solo. Portanto, é viável, nos percentuais e nas condições estabelecidas nesta pesquisa, sob o ponto de vista técnico, a utilização do Politereftalato de etileno triturado em concreto para produção de blocos de alvenaria estrutural, por possibilitar a obtenção de propriedades físicas e mecânicas que satisfazem os parâmetros normativos. / The concrete blocks are the most important components of structural masonry, since they are mainly responsible for the compressive strength. For these to be quality, their manufacture must be carried out using materials with appropriate properties and strength and controlled curing procedures. The use of new materials in the production of structural concrete blocks has been growing throughout the world, and with it, the possibility of using alternative materials, whose main concern is the balance between the environmental, technological and economic. This work aims to evaluate the performance of simple concrete building blocks with the addition of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) micronized for use in construction. Initially, the raw materials were subjected to physical characterization, chemical and mineralogical, and then held the actual dosage of the study, aiming to determine the proportioning of the materials and PET content to be used. Sequentially were molded concrete blocks in the dimensions of 14cmx19cmx29cm, at levels of 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10% of micronized polyethylene terephthalate replacing the fine aggregate for determining the physical and mechanical properties. It was observed that the PET caused the increased uptake and reduction of the specific weight of the concrete, and that the content of 2,5% results in absorption values which satisfy the regulatory requirements for structural concrete blocks which uses regular aggregate or light. For the characteristic compressive strength, it was observed that the PET caused a reduction of strength of concrete, and the higher the replacement content, the lower the compressive strength. However, for contents of 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% PET values obtained for the resistance trait enabled to classify them as class B structural units, structural function, for use in masonry units above ground level. Therefore, it is feasible, in percentages and conditions set out in this study, from a technical point of view, the use of polyethylene terephthalate triturated in particular for the production of masonry blocks, by enabling obtaining physical and mechanical properties which meet the normative parameters.

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la simulation de l’évolution de la microstructure d’un polymère. Plus précisément, nous avons étudié le changement de la morphologie du polyéthylène téréphthalate (PET) sous l’effet de différents mécanismes. Ces simulations sont réalisées par la méthode des champs de phase. Il s’agit d’une méthode basée sur l’équation de Cahn-Hilliard ou l’équation de Ginzburg-Landau. Elle utilise un paramètre d’ordre pour décrire l’état du matériau, des variables thermodynamiques et cinématiques. Ainsi on peut décrire l’évolution d’une microstructure sans suivre l’interface et ainsi reproduire l’évolution de la structure cristalline sphérolitique qui apparait lors d’une cristallisation induite par la température. Dans le cadre d’un changement de morphologie induit par la température, le calcul par champ de phase a été simulé par la méthode de différences finies et la méthode d’éléments finis. Le coefficient cinétique a été identifié à partir de données expérimentales de la littérature. En introduisant un modèle du champ de phases multiples (the MPF model) on a aussi simulé l’évolution de plusieurs sphérolites et gérer la jonction lorsque deux sphérolites se rencontrent. La croissance et la jonction des sphérolite a été modélisée par la méthode d’éléments finis : elle reproduit parfaitement l’évolution expérimentale de cristallisation isotherme d’un polymère. En comparant ces résultats avec le modèle macroscopique d’Avrami, une évaluation de la constante d'Avrami, K(T), a été discutée en fonction des fluctuations des conditions initiales (positions et taille des germes).Dans le cadre de la cristallisation induite par la déformation mécanique, nous avons couplé le champ de phase aux équations de la mécanique pour un comportement viscoélastique différent pour chaque phase. L’influence, sur la cristallisation et l’orientation, de la déformation, de la vitesse de sollicitation, du contraste entre les phases sont étudiées et comparées qualitativement aux observations expérimentales. Il s’agit d’une étude préliminaire qui devra être poursuivie et affinée afin de prédire une morphologie plus réaliste / In this thesis work, we are interested in simulating the evolution of the microstructure of a polymer. In particular, we have studied in the morphology change of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) under different mechanisms. These simulations carried out by the phase field simulation. This method based on the Cahn-Hilliard equation or the Ginzburg-Landau equation. It uses an order parameter to describe the state of material, thermodynamic and kinetic variables. Thus we can describe the microstructure evolution without tracking the interface (which would require complex remeshing) and reproduce the evolution of the crystalline structure within the polymers, for example the growth of spherulites which appear during crystallization induced by temperature. Within the scope the morphology changing by the temperature, the evolution of phase field simulation is performed by the finite difference method and the finite element method. The kinetic coefficient is adjusted in order to fit the experiment data in of the literature. We introduce the multiphase field model (the MPF model) in order to simulate the evolution of several spherulites and to describe the junction of spherulites. The growth and junction of spherulites have been modeled by the finite element method and nicely reproduced in comparing the experimental evolution of isothermal crystallization of a polymer. Comparing these results with the Avrami macroscopic model, an evaluation of the Avrami constant, K (T), was discussed according to the fluctuations of the initial conditions (positions and size of the germs).In the following part, we study the crystallization induced by mechanical deformation. We are interested in the viscoelastic model to simulate the induced crystallization of PET in plane stress. The phase field model coupled to mechanics will be presented. Different viscoelastic behaviors have been considered for each phase. The influence on crystallization and orientation of the deformation, the stress velocity and the contrast between the phases are studied and compared qualitatively with the experimental observations. This is a preliminary study that will have to be continued in order to predict a more realistic morphology

[pt] O desenvolvimento de tecnologias que utilizem energias limpas e a gestão integrada dos resíduos domiciliares e industriais visando uma reengenharia nos conceitos sócio-empresariais é uma necessidade urgente. A sociedade, principalmente nos países desenvolvidos, prioriza produtos de empresas que possuam atividades socialmente corretas. A indústria da construção civil, como uma das maiores geradoras de resíduos, podendo chegar a 3000 kg/hab.ano, não pode se eximir desta atitude. Uma vez que consome grandes quantidades de recursos naturais, um grande número de estudos para substituição de bens naturais não renováveis está sendo realizado nesse setor, aliando materiais convencionais com resíduos industriais e urbanos. Um dos materiais que vem sendo utilizado nestas pesquisas são as embalagens pós- consumo de PET ( polietileno tereftalato ), resíduos que estão atingindo percentuais cada vez maiores na composição do lixo urbano, com presença crescente no meio ambiente. Esse trabalho visa apontar uma nova perspectiva de utilização desse material, propondo a substituição parcial da areia natural, por material granulado oriundo de garrafas de PET, objetivando a produção de argamassas para uso na construção civil. No presente estudo, foram realizadas substituições nas proporções de 10, 30 e 50% , tendo sido observado a melhor possibilidade de utilização do percentual de 30%, devido a não ter apresentado perdas significativas na plasticidade e nas resistências a compressão e a tração. Foi possível concluir que o compósito obtido tem potencial para ser utilizado na confecção de artefatos de concreto, sem grande responsabilidade estrutural e em mobiliários urbanos, além de seu uso permitir uma economia significativa de volumes de areia lavada, um recurso natural cuja extração tem causado grandes danos ao ecossistema dos rios e suas margens. / [en] The development of technology that uses clean energy and the integrated management of domestic and industrial residues aiming at a new engineering in the social and company relationship, is a urgent necessity. The society, mainly in developed countries, are already giving priority to the products of companies that possess identity with socially correct activities. The industry of construction, as one of the larger generator of residues, that produces around 3000kg/hab.year, and can not exempt of this purpose. Since the civil construction consumes great amount of natural sector resources, a large number of studies aiming at the substitution of natural sand, considered a non renewable material, is being carried out, particularly by, mixing conventional material with industrial and urban residues. The material used in these this study, was granulated PET (polyethylene tereftalate), obtained from beverage bottles, residues that are reaching a high percentage in the composition of the urban wastes. The objective of this research aimed at create a new perspective for construction materials, by crushing bottles of PET and using the produced material as a substitute of the natural sands for production of mortar. In this study was used the PET/sand ratios of 10, 30 and 50%, being 30%, the best ratio observed, due to a still good workability, an acceptable compressive and tensile strengths. The innovation, proposed in this study for instance, in the production of pieces of concrete, without great structural value, and in urban furnitureleading to a significant economy of volumes of sands, a resource whose extraction has been caused great damages to the present ecosystem of the rivers and in its edges.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Sandra A. Cruz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2018. / O poli (tereftalato de etileno) é um material amplamente utilizado principalmente em garrafas e embalagens de rápido descarte, gerando, consequentemente, um elevado volume de resíduos pós-consumo. A reciclagem deste polímero destaca-se como uma alternativa para a sua (re)utilização e, um dos meios para minimizar a sua degradação é pelo emprego de aditivos. Assim, nesta tese de doutorado foram estudados os efeitos de três diferentes classes de aditivos: antioxidantes, desativadores de metais e anti-hidrólise, considerando suas capacidades de minimizar os efeitos degradativos na reciclagem de PET pós-consumo. Em uma primeira etapa, os efeitos sinérgicos e antagônicos do emprego de tais aditivos foram estudados por meio de planejamento de experimentos. Nesta etapa foram avaliadas de maneira individual e combinada cinco variáveis que influenciam na estabilidade do PET (umidade, antioxidante primário, desativador de metais, policarbodiimida e blenda de antioxidantes primários e secundários). Os resultados das medidas de viscosidade intrínseca mostraram que os antioxidantes tiveram pouca contribuição na estabilização do PET reciclado e o desativador de metais não apresentou coeficiente significativo no intervalo de confiança de 95%. Já o aditivo anti-hidrólise, representado pelo composto policarbodiimida, foi a variável que apresentou maior efeito na estabilização do PET reciclado, enquanto a umidade mostrou um efeito negativo. Assim, pôde-se concluir que as reações de hidrólise se sobrepõem às reações de degradação termo-oxidativa. Posteriormente, em uma segunda etapa, a influência da policarbodiimida na estabilização do PET foi analisada por meio da avaliação de suas propriedades térmicas e reológicas. Foi observado então que com a adição de 10% deste aditivo a viscosidade intrínseca aumentou aproximadamente 94% quando comparado ao PET flakes sem processamento, indicando a sua funcionalidade como um extensor de cadeias. Desta forma, foi possível a obter materiais com diferentes faixas de massa molar de acordo com a concentração empregada de aditivo. Os ensaios térmicos provaram que a policarbodiimida pode atuar como um estabilizante termo-oxidativo permitindo assim ampliar a faixa de trabalho do PET para temperaturas mais elevadas (350°C), além de proporcionar uma redução na temperatura de cristalização de até 37 °C com o aumento da concentração do aditivo. / Polyethylene terephthalate is a widely used material for bottles and rapid discard packaging, thus generating a high volume of post-consumer waste. The recycling of this polymer stands out as an alternative to its reuse and one of the means to minimize its degradation is by the use of additives. Thus, in this doctoral thesis the effects of three different classes of additives were studied: antioxidants, metal deactivators and anti-hydrolysis, considering their abilities to minimize the degradation effects on post-consumer PET recycling. In a first step, the synergistic and antagonistic effects of the use of such additives were studied through design of experiments. In this step, five variables that influence in the PET stability (humidity, primary antioxidant, metal deactivator, polycarbodiimide and blends of primary and secondary antioxidants) were evaluated individually and in combination. The results of the intrinsic viscosity measurements showed that the antioxidants had little contribution in the stabilization of the recycled PET and the metal deactivator showed no significant coefficient in the 95% confidence interval. The anti-hydrolysis additive, represented by the polycarbodiimide compound, was the variable that presented the greatest effect on the stabilization of recycled PET, while humidity showed a negative effect. Thus, it could be concluded that the hydrolysis reactions overlap the thermo-oxidative degradation reactions. Later, in a second stage, the influence of polycarbodiimide on the stabilization of PET was analyzed by means of the evaluation of its thermal and rheological properties. It was then observed that with the addition of 10% of this additive the intrinsic viscosity increased approximately 94% when compared to unprocessed PET flakes, indicating their functionality as a chain extender. In this way, it was possible to obtain materials with different ranges of molar mass according to the concentration of additive used. Thermal tests have proven that polycarbodiimide can act as a thermo-oxidative stabilizer thus allowing the working range of PET to be extended to higher temperatures (350 °C), as well as to provide a reduction in crystallization temperature of up to 37 °C with concentration of the additive.

Orientadores: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel, Glaucia Maria Ferreira Pinto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T20:46:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stefanelli_TalitaKatiuskaTakizawaDias_M.pdf: 1571611 bytes, checksum: 5c787cef4fc94a299d2b85a0e62656e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O consumo de polímeros sintéticos no Brasil e no mundo vem aumentando há décadas, numa clara demonstração do enorme sucesso conseguido por esses materiais nas mais variadas aplicações. As características típicas dos polímeros sintéticos, como seu custo praticamente irrisório, baixo peso, boa resistência mecânica, impermeabilidade, transparência e capacidade de coloração mais impressão lhe conferiram trunfos irresistíveis para seu uso massivo na forma de embalagens, uma aplicação extremamente importante numa sociedade voltada para o consumo. O grande problema dos polímeros sintéticos reside na sua curta vida útil, o que conduz a um rápido aumento da corrente de resíduos, como é o caso das embalagens. Dentro desse âmbito, a reciclagem passa ser uma alternativa promissora. Por definição, a reciclagem é um processo de transformação dos materiais previamente separados para posterior utilização; é a recuperação de resíduos mediante uma série de operações que permitem que materiais processados sejam aproveitados como matéria-prima no processo gerador ou em outros. A primeira etapa deste trabalho foi a tentativa de fazer a despolimerização de PET utilizando o processo de destilação molecular. Os resultados mostraram que não é possível utilizar o destilador molecular na despolimerização do PET. Na segunda etapa deste trabalho o pet pósconsumo foi submetido à recristalização para remoção do corante, utilizando ácido trifluoracético como solvente, na tentativa de uma nova alternativa de reciclagem para este material. O material modificado e o PET pós-consumo foram caracterizados por termogravimetria (TG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) / Abstract: The use of synthetic polymers in the world and particularly in Brazil has been increasing for decades representing the huge success achieved by these materials in various applications. The main characteristics of synthetic polymers are their low cost and weight, good mechanical strength, impermeability, transparency and the possibility of coloring, which results in their massive use in the form of packaging an application extremely important in a society focused on consumption. Despite all its advantages, the polymers are generally used in the manufacture of objects whose useful life it is extremely short, like bottled water and soft drinks , produced with polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or as previously mentioned, in packs of all species, resulting in a rapid increase in the waste stream. In this scenario, recycling becomes a promising alternative. By definition, recycling is a process of transformation materials previously separated for later use or is the recovery of waste by means of a series of operations that allow processed materials to be utilized as raw material in generating process or in other process. The first stage of this work was to attempt to make the depolymerization of PET using molecular distillation process, but results showed that it is not possible to use the molecular distiller for the depolymerization of this type of polymer. In the second stage of the work, post-consumer PET was subjected to recrystallization to remove the dye, using trifluoroacetic acid as solvent in in a new attempt to recycle this material. The modified material and post-consumer PET were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestra em Engenharia Química