Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-01T09:08:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Georgeo Dias Fernandes - 2016.pdf: 4550829 bytes, checksum: c89172b3acd5d16ace7d0bf283fc8446 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-01T09:10:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Georgeo Dias Fernandes - 2016.pdf: 4550829 bytes, checksum: c89172b3acd5d16ace7d0bf283fc8446 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-01T09:10:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Georgeo Dias Fernandes - 2016.pdf: 4550829 bytes, checksum: c89172b3acd5d16ace7d0bf283fc8446 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-28 / Traditional construction methods are questioned, because of low productivity, waste, rework, low standardization, among other things. Because of these problems and taking into account environmental aspects, new building systems that make use of reusable or recyclable materials from other industries are analyzed to verify its efficiency in technical and economic level. In this context, the aim of the dissertation is to describe the technical development and assess costs and benefits of the constructive system sandwich panels, molded on site, which reuses bottles of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to make up the core of the walls and slabs. Concerning the technical development was described experiments and tests carried out for the conformation of the construction system, with the configuration of its characteristics and peculiarities, discussed the results of the tests performed, including the early to define the structural safety of the walls and slabs together with the presentation of the theoretical model calculation and performance evaluation for the validation. In the economic aspect, there was a comparison between the traditional construction system and the studied system. The cost direct was examined and observed the benefits with the help of value attributes expected to prefabricated options construction, drawn by Cook (2013), namely: direct costs (material and labor), time (schedule), design flexibility, work time management, quality, delivery and conference in work, subcontractors activities in work, work safety, exercise stress testing, health, environmental impact, LEED certification, rubble and dispensing, public relations, marketing, maintenance (life cycle). With the help of estimators engineers, through interviews, the steps we investigated, activities, productivity and resources needed to execute a project in the traditional building system, building system in masonry traditional system and building system analyzed. Was elaborated cost composition of spreadsheets and productivity for hypothetical situations of conventional and innovative construction system of sealing walls with slabs of residential buildings and walls and structural slabs works until two floors. The mapping process was designed, in which to extract the consideration of potential benefits or otherwise of the building system. Technical descriptions highlight the possibility of constructive feasibility of sandwich panels, with core of PET bottles, molded on site. And the evaluation of costs and benefits demonstrates its value, not so much due to the direct cost, but in terms of building system management benefits. / Os métodos construtivos tradicionais são questionados em função da baixa produtividade, desperdícios, retrabalhos e baixa padronização, dentre outros aspectos. Em virtude destes problemas e levando em conta aspectos ambientais, novos sistemas construtivos, que fazem uso de materiais reutilizáveis ou recicláveis de outras indústrias, são analisados visando verificar sua eficiência em nível técnico-econômico. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo da dissertação é descrever o desenvolvimento técnico e avaliar custo e benefício do sistema construtivo em painéis sanduíche, moldados no local, que reutiliza garrafas de politereftalato de etileno (PET) para compor o núcleo das paredes e lajes. Relativo ao desenvolvimento técnico, descrevem-se os experimentos e ensaios realizados para a conformação do sistema construtivo, apresentando a configuração das suas características e peculiaridades. Em seguida, discutem-se os resultados dos ensaios executados, compreendendo os iniciais para definição da segurança estrutural das paredes e lajes conjuntamente com a apresentação do modelo teórico de cálculo, bem como os de avaliação de desempenho para validação. No aspecto econômico, faz-se um comparativo entre o sistema construtivo tradicional e o sistema estudado. A relação custo direto foi examinada e observou-se os benefícios com a ajuda dos atributos de valor esperados para opções pré-fabricadas de construção, quais sejam: custo direto (material e mão de obra), tempo (cronograma), flexibilidade de projeto, tempo de administração de obra, qualidade, entregas e conferência em obra, atividades de subempreiteiros em obra, segurança do trabalho, ergometria, condições de saúde, impacto ambiental, certificação LEED, entulho e descarte, relações públicas, marketing e manutenção (ciclo de vida). Com a ajuda de engenheiros orçamentistas, por meio de entrevistas, investigaram-se as etapas, atividades, produtividade e recursos necessários para executar um projeto no sistema construtivo tradicional, sistema construtivo em alvenaria estrutural e no sistema construtivo analisado. Elaboraram-se planilhas de composição de custo e produtividade para as situações hipotéticas do sistema construtivo inovador e convencional de paredes de vedação com lajes de edifícios habitacionais e para paredes e lajes estruturais de obras até dois pavimentos. O mapeamento dos processos foi delineado, no qual foram extraídas as considerações sobre possíveis benefícios ou não do sistema construtivo. As descrições técnicas evidenciam a possibilidade da viabilidade construtiva de painéis sanduíche, com núcleo de garrafas PET, moldados no local. Já o a avaliação de custo e benefício demonstrou seu valor, nem tanto em função do custo direto, mas, em termos de benefícios de gestão do sistema construtivo.

[pt] O acelerado desenvolvimento tecnológico tem provocado uma obsolescência precoce dos produtos. Com o aumento dos produtos com vida útil cada vez menor, cresce o número de resíduos gerados e chega-se ao esgotamento da capacidade dos sistemas tradicionais de disposição de resíduos. Com isso, alternativas são estudadas para a destinação final dos bens, a fim de minimizar o impacto ambiental gerado pelos mesmos. Aliado a esse aspecto, devem ser consideradas as legislações referentes às questões ambientais e a crescente sensibilidade ecológica, com a propagação do conceito do desenvolvimento sustentável e os novos princípios de proteção ambiental (como o EPR - Extended Product Responsability). O processo de reciclagem é também uma importante fonte de renda e de postos de trabalho, especialmente, para os extratos mais pobres da sociedade. É neste contexto que a Logística Reversa vem se desenvolvendo, com processos de retorno dos bens aos seus ciclos produtivos, quando possível, ou à sua destinação final. Este trabalho pretende apresentar, em linhas gerais, a logística reversa relacionada à reciclagem de resíduos plásticos. Para isso, foi diagnosticado o canal reverso de distribuição da reciclagem dos resíduos plásticos de Poliestireno e Polietileno Tereftalato, analisando oito empresas integrantes deste canal no Estado do Rio de Janeiro por meio de entrevistas. Além dessas empresas, foram abordadas no estudo uma recicladora de PET em São Paulo com dados extraídos via internet e uma empresa que está realizando uma nova experiência em coleta automática de recicláveis. / [en] The accelerated technological development produces an early obsolescence of the products. With the increase the number of products with its useful life progressively smaller, the number of generated residues grows bringing to the exhaustion the capacity of the tradicional systems of disposition of residues. Given this scenario, alternatives are studied for the final destination of the goods, in order to minimize the resulting environmental impact. In addition, the legislations concerned with environmental subjects, the growing ecological sensibility with the sustainable development and the new beginnings of environmental protection (like EPR - Extended Product Responsability) are requiring reduced environment impacts. In this context, Reverse Logistics is developing processes to direct the goods back to production, whenever possible, or to final destination. This work intends to present in general lines the reverse logistics related to recycling plastics residues. This work has diagnosed the reverse distribution channel in the recycling of plastic residues of Polystyrene and Polyethylene Terephthalate. Eight companies located in the State of Rio de Janeiro which operate in this channel have been chosen for interviewing. In addition, two other companies have been included in the research, one located in the State of São Paulo, and recycling PET, was evaluated through the Internet, and another operating with a new type of automatic collection was evaluated through published reports.

Elevated reaction temperatures are crucial for the efficient enzymatic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). A disulfide bridge was introduced to the polyester hydrolase TfCut2 to substitute its calcium binding site. The melting point of the resulting variant increased to 94.7°C (wild-type TfCut2: 69.8 °C) and its half-inactivation temperature to 84.6 °C (TfCut2: 67.3 °C). The variant D204C-E253C-D174R obtained by introducing further mutations at vicinal residues showed a temperature optimum between 75 and 80 °C compared to 65 and 70 °C of the wild-type enzyme. The variant caused a weight loss of PET films of 25.0 +/- 0.8% (TfCut2: 0.3 +/-0.1%) at 70 °C after a reaction time of 48 h. The results demonstrate that a highly efficient and calcium-independent thermostable polyester hydrolase can be obtained by replacing its calcium binding site with a disulfide bridge.

The enzymatic degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) occurs at mild reaction conditions and may find applications in environmentally friendly plastic waste recycling processes. The hydrolytic activity of the homologous polyester hydrolases LC cutinase (LCC) from a compost metagenome and TfCut2 from Thermobifida fusca KW3 against PET films was strongly influenced by the reaction medium buffers tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), and sodium phosphate. LCC showed the highest initial hydrolysis rate of PET films in 0.2 M Tris, while the rate of TfCut2 was 2.1-fold lower at this buffer concentration. At a Tris concentration of 1 M, the hydrolysis rate of LCC decreased by more than 90% and of TfCut2 by about 80%. In 0.2 M MOPS or sodium phosphate buffer, no significant differences in the maximum initial hydrolysis rates of PET films by both enzymes were detected. When the concentration of MOPS was increased to 1 M, the hydrolysis rate of LCC decreased by about 90%. The activity of TfCut2 remained low compared to the increasing hydrolysis rates observed at higher concentrations of sodium phosphate buffer. In contrast, the activity of LCC did not change at different concentrations of this buffer. An inhibition study suggested a competitive inhibition of TfCut2 and LCC by Tris and MOPS. Molecular docking showed that Tris and MOPS interfered with the binding of the polymeric substrate in a groove located at the protein surface. A comparison of the Ki values and the average binding energies indicated MOPS as the stronger inhibitor of the both enzymes.

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Esta tese pesquisou a questão da reciclagem no Brasil, destacando quatro dos mais significativos resíduos sólidos recicláveis: as latas de alumínio, o papel, as garrafas polipolietileno-tereftalato (PET) e o vidro. Busca oferecer maiores subsídios sobre um tema que só recentemente tem sido melhor estudado, dada a sua ligação com o meio ambiente e a polêmica sobre o desenvolvimento sustentável. / This thesis researched about recycling in Brazil highlighting four of the most significatives recyclily solid residues, e.g. tin (aluminium) cans, paper, bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and the glass. Due to its liaison with the environment and the controversies about the sustainable development, this thesis offer great subsidies about a theme that only recently has been deeply studied.

Esta tese pesquisou a questão da reciclagem no Brasil, destacando quatro dos mais significativos resíduos sólidos recicláveis: as latas de alumínio, o papel, as garrafas polipolietileno-tereftalato (PET) e o vidro. Busca oferecer maiores subsídios sobre um tema que só recentemente tem sido melhor estudado, dada a sua ligação com o meio ambiente e a polêmica sobre o desenvolvimento sustentável. / This thesis researched about recycling in Brazil highlighting four of the most significatives recyclily solid residues, e.g. tin (aluminium) cans, paper, bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and the glass. Due to its liaison with the environment and the controversies about the sustainable development, this thesis offer great subsidies about a theme that only recently has been deeply studied.

No description available.