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Growing Cold: Postwar American Women Writers and the Novel of Development, 1945-1960, examines how women writers developed, negotiated, and struggled with representing adolescent girl selfhood in the novel of development – also termed the Bildungsroman – during the early postwar era. By examining four women’s Bildungsromans written between 1946-1960 – Carson McCullers’s The Member of the Wedding (1946), Jean Stafford’s The Mountain Lion (1947), Shirley Jackson’s Hangsaman (1951), and Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird (1960) – I show that postwar women writers were actively shaping the genre in a way that would fundamentally shift how adolescent girlhood would be represented in second wave feminist and contemporary female Bildungsromans. By 1960, adolescent girls in women’s literature were far different from where they began in 1945: they were younger, more sexual, and more psychologically complex than the adolescent girl characters earlier in the 20th century. Yet these novels are also racially and sexually problematic, advancing white heteronormative identity at the expense of queer and racially othered characters. In this way, these writers suggest that postwar adolescent development is a process of "growing cold"; it is a process of loss, emptiness, and violence, leading to emotional and social isolation. This project therefore intervenes in postwar American literary studies and women's studies by raising awareness of the importance that postwar women writing played in the development of the contemporary Bildungsroman. / English

This dissertation contributes to literature on postwar philanthropy and the Franco-American relationship. It examines the private voluntary relief organization, American Aid to France (AAF), which provided emergency supplies, rehabilitative services, and assisted in the reconstruction of France following the Second World War. Unlike other devastated European countries, Charles de Gaulle did not invite the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) to host a program, which limited France’s participation in the transnational relief movement of the immediate postwar period and allowed AAF to become the principal foreign private voluntary aid agency operating in Liberated France. From 1944 to 1956, AAF asserted that its assistance reflected the strength of the Franco-American alliance, and kinship felt between two countries with a shared history of liberal revolution and republicanism. AAF’s statements expressing “goodwill” and “historical friendship” towards France rapidly began to assume a more political tone as Cold War tensions intensified. From 1947 onward, AAF became increasingly outspoken in its support for capitalism, democracy, and international cooperation. These statements were crafted for, and appealed to, U.S. authorities who believed France was the key to containing communism in Europe. In reality, AAF’s main concern was redressing the destruction of Normandy caused by Allied bombing campaigns, and the organization showed no hesitation to work with mayors from across the political spectrum in devastated French communities to achieve this goal. AAF’s private voluntary status shielded the organization from French criticisms of Americanization chiefly aimed at the Marshall Plan. This dissertation demonstrates that AAF was part of an independent, robust private voluntary relief sphere that contributed to Europe’s recovery, and helped citizens in the United States and France come to terms with the transition from war to peace. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This dissertation contributes to literature on postwar philanthropy and Franco-American relations. It examines American Aid to France (AAF), one of hundreds of U.S. private voluntary relief organizations founded during the Second World War to help devastated civilians. Operating from 1944 to 1956, AAF’s efforts to provide emergency supplies, rehabilitative services, and assist in the reconstruction of Liberated France was a significant private affirmation of the Franco-American alliance during a period of increasingly tense international relations. Private voluntary relief organizations have been overlooked in scholarship in favour of larger agencies such as the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), which has resulted in a considerable emphasis on transnationalism in the literature on postwar relief. Examining Franco-American relations through the prism of AAF’s relief reveals that a dynamic alternative network of private assistance, which operated firmly outside of the transnational relief movement, contributed in meaningful ways to France’s recovery.

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Although Marilyn Monroe was one of the most famous American film stars, and a monumental cultural figure, her film work has been studied far less than her biography. Applying C.S. Peirce’s semiotic categories of icon, index, and symbol, this research explains how Monroe acquired meaning as an actress: Monroe was a powerful, but simplified, public image (an icon); an indicator of a particular historical and social context (an index); and an embodiment of significant cultural debates (a symbol). Analyzing Monroe as an icon reveals how her personal life, which contradicted her official publicity story, generated public sympathy and led to a perceived intimacy between the star and her fans. Monroe’s persona developed through her roles in films about marriage. We’re Not Married (1952) and Niagara (1953) expose the pitfalls of marriage. In response to fan criticism of Monroe’s aggressive persona in these films, however, Darryl F. Zanuck, in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire (1953), consciously distanced Monroe both from her aggressive persona and her implicit criticism of marriage. Monroe’s films, in particular, The Seven Year Itch (1955), Bus Stop (1956), and Some Like it Hot (1959), also revealed the tensions inherent in postwar understandings of female sexuality. Monroe’s role in her final completed film, The Misfits (1960), both acknowledges and resists her status as a symbol. This film unites Monroe’s screen persona and off-screen life in resistance to conventional values: her character embraces divorce, lives with a man who is not her husband, and openly criticizes men who betray trust. This film most extensively interweaves Monroe as an icon, an index, and a symbol. In so doing, it reveals how Monroe embodied the contradictions inherent in both postwar culture and Hollywood stardom.

Cette thèse a pour objectif l’étude de la réception de l’œuvre du sociologue brésilien Gilberto Freyre, en France, au sortir de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale. Etant donné l’enthousiasme suscité par Freyre auprès de chercheurs comme Lucien Febvre, Fernand Braudel, Roger Bastide entre autres, nous avons cherché à mieux comprendre les raisons qui ont persuadé ces hommes de science de souligner l’importance de l’ouvrage Maîtres et Esclaves au regard de leurs propres débats.L’hypothèse que nous défendons dans cette étude est que, contrairement à ce que l’on pourrait penser, la réception de Freyre en France, n’a pas été liée, en premier lieu, au regard exotique sur le Brésil – bien que l’ouvrage y ait part – ni même à la contribution historiographique de Freyre en tant que précurseur supposé des innovations épistémologiques mises en œuvre par les historiens des Annales. Nous avons choisi de montrer qu’il n’est vraiment possible de comprendre l’acceptation de Gilberto Freyre en France que si nous prenons en considération les contingences historiques de la période concernée, grosse de facteurs d’ordre politico-idéologique, épistémologique et culturel, outre ceux à caractère institutionnel et personnel, comme, par exemple, le réseau de sociabilité construit par l’auteur auprès d’intellectuels de renom, ou sa présence à des forums internationaux, tels que l’UNESCO. En nous appuyant sur une documentation épistolaire, textuelle et iconographique, nous avons cherché à discerner, dans ses grandes lignes, la manière dont les idées de Freyre s’emboîtaient et interagissaient avec les différents horizons d’attente français des années 1950. / The objective of this thesis was to study the reception of the Brazilian sociologist Gilberto Freyre’s works in France after the Second World War. Going from the starting point of the enthusiasm of Freyre’s reception by experts like Lucien Febvre, Fernand Braudel and Roger Bastide, among others, we sought to attain better comprehension of the reasons that convinced these intellectuals to highlight the importance of the work Maîtres et Esclaves as a function of their own debates. What we advocate as a hypothesis in this thesis is that, contrary to what might be thought about Freyre’s reception in France, it was not primarily related to viewing Brazil as exotic (although the work made a contribution in this respect) or even to Freyre’s historiographic contribution as a supposed precursor of the epistemological innovations made by the historians of Annales. We have instead shown that it is only possible to comprehend Freyre’s acceptance in France by taking into consideration the historical contingencies of the period, full of factors of a political-ideological, epistemological, cultural and scientific nature, and those of institutional and personal nature, such as the study of the sociability network that Freyre constructed with prominent intellectuals within the French scene or his presence in international forums like UNESCO. Based on epistolary, textual and iconographic documentation, we have sought to identify, along general lines, the ways in which Freyre’s ideas fitted in with and interacted with different levels of expectations in France in the 1950s.

A presente pesquisa trabalha principalmente Freyre e o iberismo. Foi possível concluir que o sociólogo saiu em defesa dos valores luso-hispânicos como responsáveis por alçar o país à categoria de modelo de civilização. Com base em documentos produzidos à época, identificamos que o sociólogo pernambucano, de modo muito particular, desenvolve a ideia que sinaliza para o Brasil, principal representante do catolicismo ibérico, como terceira força cultural ou terceira solução, capaz de ombrear culturalmente com as principais potências que marcaram as disputas ideológicas na Guerra Fria. / This research aims at analyzing, primarily, Freyre and Iberianism. It is right to say that Luso-Hispanic values were asserted by the sociologist as responsible to raise Brazil as a way of civilization. Based on historical documents, I have identified that Gilberto Freyre, in a very particular way, formulates an idea for Brazil, main Iberian Catholicism representative, as the third cultural force or the third solution, capable of equalizing itself, from a cultural viewpoint, in relation with the world powers, which marked the ideological disputes throughout the Cold War period.

A pesquisa toma como objeto a revista literária Joaquim, editada em Curitiba entre 1946 e 1948. Procuramos entender as condições de possibilidade desse empreendimento intelectual e as características dos posicionamentos expressos na revista, em suas relações com as trajetórias dos principais colaboradores e com a posição que eles ocupavam no espaço intelectual paranaense e nacional. Primeiramente, caracterizamos o espaço intelectual paranaense, pensando as transformações pelas quais o estado passava em termos políticos, econômicos e sociais. Essas circunstâncias afetaram a posição de Curitiba e de suas elites tradicionais, e, em consequência, sua vida intelectual. Em seguida, mostramos como a revista se formou no seu núcleo principal de colaboradores estabelecidos em Curitiba. Suas colaborações estão relacionadas às suas trajetórias e às posições que ocupavam, o que se reflete em posicionamentos por vezes bastante variados. Por fim, buscamos analisar algumas das estratégias empregadas na revista, como as estratégias de divulgação e de autoidentificação em base geracional. Aqui, deve-se considerar a interlocução com os agentes e paradigmas dominantes, ligados ao modernismo dos centros nacionais e que colocavam os agentes numa relação de ambivalência sobre o seu pertencimento periférico. A análise das trajetórias e das estratégias revela diversos princípios operantes em um espaço intelectual em transformação no período do pós-guerra, com o processo de constituição de campos de produção cultural e a especialização dos produtores culturais, que por vezes concorria com o papel desses mesmos produtores enquanto intelectuais fortemente ligados ao campo do poder. / This research\'s main subject is the literary magazine Joaquim, published in Curitiba between 1946 and 1948. The aim is to understand the conditions of possibility of this intellectual enterprise and its characteristics, in relation to the trajectories of the main collaborators and the position they occupied in the local and in the national intellectual spaces. Firstly, we characterized the state of Paraná, considering the political, economic and social transformations the state was undergoing. These circumstances affected the position of Curitiba (the state\'s capital) and its traditional elites, hence its intellectual life. Then, we show how the magazine was formed in its main core of collaborators, established in Curitiba. Their collaborations and position-taking are related to their trajectories and the positions they occupied, which varies sometimes widely. Finally, we analyse some of the strategies which are present in the magazine, such as strategies for promotion and self-identification on a generational basis. Here, we must consider the exchanges with dominant agents and paradigms connected to the modernism of the national centres, fostering an ambivalence concerning the situation of Curitiba\'s peripheric cultural belonging. The trajectory and strategy analysis reveals some of the operating principles in the changing intellectual space of the postwar period, with the process of constitution of cultural production fields and the specialization of cultural producers, which sometimes competed with the role of these same producers as intellectuals strongly tied to the field of power.

A presente tese aborda o debate especializado entre arquitetos no âmbito cultural paulistano, no período de 1945 a 1965. Mais especificamente, se refere aos discursos enfocando o problema social e suas relações com o campo em questão, entrecortados pelo rápido processo de modernização que se verifica no segundo pós-guerra. Partimos da premissa de que este processo liberou um conjunto de energias que se fez representar, principalmente, por um conjunto de instituições e canais de interlocução, tais como órgãos corporativos, instituições de ensino, museus, revistas, eventos especializados, etc. Tais instâncias foram responsáveis por fomentar um amplo debate acerca da condição profissional de arquiteto e suas relações com transformações mais amplas em curso naquele momento notadamente, a modernização econômico-industrial e a crescente urbanização do país , apontando pautas insurgentes e propostas para resolução das mesmas. Este conjunto de problemas sociais levou a disciplina, por vezes, a sair de sua especificidade, e a flertar com áreas afins do conhecimento, como a economia, o direito, a geografia, engenharia e as ciências sociais, dentre outras. Assim, o objetivo da presente tese é investigar este processo naquele contexto específico, analisá-lo e aferir quais são as questões insurgentes do diálogo esboçado. Para tanto, partimos do levantamento, sistematização e análise tanto das interpretações disponíveis na historiografia quanto de materiais documentais (acervos, arquivos públicos e corporativos, periódicos), bibliográficos e primário-empíricos (entrevistas), de forma a cotejálos com as hipóteses iniciais, buscando uma interpretação da questão alinhada com o campo da história social da cultura. / This thesis addresses the specialized debate among architects in the cultural realm of São Paulo, from 1945 to 1965. More specifically, it refers to the discourses focusing the \"social problem\" and its relationship to the referred field, punctuated by the rapid modernization process verified in the second postwar. We start from the premise that this process has released a set of energies represented mainly by a group of institutions and channels of debate, such as corporate entities, educational institutions, museums, magazines, specialized events, etc. Such instances were responsible for fostering a broad debate about the professional condition of the architect and its relationship to broader transformations taking place at that time notably, the economic and industrial modernization and the growing country urbanization pointing insurgent questions and proposals for its resolution. This ensemble of \"social\" issues led, for sometimes, the architectural discipline out of its specificity, flirting with relating areas such as economics, law, geography, engineering and social sciences, among others. Therefore, the thesis aims to investigate this process, analyzing it in that specific context and assessing the resulting questions of that dialogue. To do so, one starts from the survey, systematization and analysis of both the available interpretations in historiography as documental (collections, public and corporate archives, periodicals), bibliographical and primary-empirical materials (interviews), in order to confront them with the beginning hypothesis, and seeking to produce an interpretation aligned with the field of the social history of culture.