A presente tese aborda o debate especializado entre arquitetos no âmbito cultural paulistano, no período de 1945 a 1965. Mais especificamente, se refere aos discursos enfocando o problema social e suas relações com o campo em questão, entrecortados pelo rápido processo de modernização que se verifica no segundo pós-guerra. Partimos da premissa de que este processo liberou um conjunto de energias que se fez representar, principalmente, por um conjunto de instituições e canais de interlocução, tais como órgãos corporativos, instituições de ensino, museus, revistas, eventos especializados, etc. Tais instâncias foram responsáveis por fomentar um amplo debate acerca da condição profissional de arquiteto e suas relações com transformações mais amplas em curso naquele momento notadamente, a modernização econômico-industrial e a crescente urbanização do país , apontando pautas insurgentes e propostas para resolução das mesmas. Este conjunto de problemas sociais levou a disciplina, por vezes, a sair de sua especificidade, e a flertar com áreas afins do conhecimento, como a economia, o direito, a geografia, engenharia e as ciências sociais, dentre outras. Assim, o objetivo da presente tese é investigar este processo naquele contexto específico, analisá-lo e aferir quais são as questões insurgentes do diálogo esboçado. Para tanto, partimos do levantamento, sistematização e análise tanto das interpretações disponíveis na historiografia quanto de materiais documentais (acervos, arquivos públicos e corporativos, periódicos), bibliográficos e primário-empíricos (entrevistas), de forma a cotejálos com as hipóteses iniciais, buscando uma interpretação da questão alinhada com o campo da história social da cultura. / This thesis addresses the specialized debate among architects in the cultural realm of São Paulo, from 1945 to 1965. More specifically, it refers to the discourses focusing the \"social problem\" and its relationship to the referred field, punctuated by the rapid modernization process verified in the second postwar. We start from the premise that this process has released a set of energies represented mainly by a group of institutions and channels of debate, such as corporate entities, educational institutions, museums, magazines, specialized events, etc. Such instances were responsible for fostering a broad debate about the professional condition of the architect and its relationship to broader transformations taking place at that time notably, the economic and industrial modernization and the growing country urbanization pointing insurgent questions and proposals for its resolution. This ensemble of \"social\" issues led, for sometimes, the architectural discipline out of its specificity, flirting with relating areas such as economics, law, geography, engineering and social sciences, among others. Therefore, the thesis aims to investigate this process, analyzing it in that specific context and assessing the resulting questions of that dialogue. To do so, one starts from the survey, systematization and analysis of both the available interpretations in historiography as documental (collections, public and corporate archives, periodicals), bibliographical and primary-empirical materials (interviews), in order to confront them with the beginning hypothesis, and seeking to produce an interpretation aligned with the field of the social history of culture.

A pesquisa toma como objeto a revista literária Joaquim, editada em Curitiba entre 1946 e 1948. Procuramos entender as condições de possibilidade desse empreendimento intelectual e as características dos posicionamentos expressos na revista, em suas relações com as trajetórias dos principais colaboradores e com a posição que eles ocupavam no espaço intelectual paranaense e nacional. Primeiramente, caracterizamos o espaço intelectual paranaense, pensando as transformações pelas quais o estado passava em termos políticos, econômicos e sociais. Essas circunstâncias afetaram a posição de Curitiba e de suas elites tradicionais, e, em consequência, sua vida intelectual. Em seguida, mostramos como a revista se formou no seu núcleo principal de colaboradores estabelecidos em Curitiba. Suas colaborações estão relacionadas às suas trajetórias e às posições que ocupavam, o que se reflete em posicionamentos por vezes bastante variados. Por fim, buscamos analisar algumas das estratégias empregadas na revista, como as estratégias de divulgação e de autoidentificação em base geracional. Aqui, deve-se considerar a interlocução com os agentes e paradigmas dominantes, ligados ao modernismo dos centros nacionais e que colocavam os agentes numa relação de ambivalência sobre o seu pertencimento periférico. A análise das trajetórias e das estratégias revela diversos princípios operantes em um espaço intelectual em transformação no período do pós-guerra, com o processo de constituição de campos de produção cultural e a especialização dos produtores culturais, que por vezes concorria com o papel desses mesmos produtores enquanto intelectuais fortemente ligados ao campo do poder. / This research\'s main subject is the literary magazine Joaquim, published in Curitiba between 1946 and 1948. The aim is to understand the conditions of possibility of this intellectual enterprise and its characteristics, in relation to the trajectories of the main collaborators and the position they occupied in the local and in the national intellectual spaces. Firstly, we characterized the state of Paraná, considering the political, economic and social transformations the state was undergoing. These circumstances affected the position of Curitiba (the state\'s capital) and its traditional elites, hence its intellectual life. Then, we show how the magazine was formed in its main core of collaborators, established in Curitiba. Their collaborations and position-taking are related to their trajectories and the positions they occupied, which varies sometimes widely. Finally, we analyse some of the strategies which are present in the magazine, such as strategies for promotion and self-identification on a generational basis. Here, we must consider the exchanges with dominant agents and paradigms connected to the modernism of the national centres, fostering an ambivalence concerning the situation of Curitiba\'s peripheric cultural belonging. The trajectory and strategy analysis reveals some of the operating principles in the changing intellectual space of the postwar period, with the process of constitution of cultural production fields and the specialization of cultural producers, which sometimes competed with the role of these same producers as intellectuals strongly tied to the field of power.

Based largely upon popular periodicals, archival materials, conference addresses, and mass-market books, this thesis combines intellectual and cultural history to explore how the meaning behind the evangelical commonplace, "God has a plan for your life," changed in post-World War II America, ultimately exchanging an ethos of self-denial for self-fulfillment by the early 1980s. The term "Personalized Life Providence" (PLP) is proposed for the integration of three Reformation-rooted ideas-vocation, providence, and discernment-into the discussion of finding God's plan for one's life. Chapter one sketches the Anglo- American development of these concepts from the Puritan era to the early twentieth century, as they intersected with Common Sense philosophy, "Higher Life" teaching, the student-missionary movement, and inter-war fundamentalism. Chapter two begins the analysis of PLP's dissemination throughout Chicago-centered evangelical student-parachurch organizations in the 1940s. InterVarsity Christian Fellowship and Youth for Christ conflated PLP with personal holiness and, after the war, a resurgent American foreign-missionary movement, as displayed particularly in the texts of IVCF's Urbana conferences. Chapter three focuses on Henrietta Mears, Christian Education Director of First Presbyterian Church in Hollywood, California. Mears's Sunday-School publications and college ministry reveal PLP's embrace of irenic neo-evangelicalism in the 1950s, coupled with a revised discernment process. Chapter four identifies the emergence of the "gospel of God's plan" from Mears's protégés, specifically Campus Crusade for Christ founder Bill Bright, Presbyterian minister Richard Halverson, and evangelist Billy Graham. Epitomized by the phrase, "God loves you and has a wonderful plan for your life," the first of Bright's Four Spiritual Laws, this gospel resonated with the religious revival, anti-Communist rhetoric, and psychological emphasis on self-actualization pervading American culture from 1947 to 1965. Chapter five argues that anti-Western sentiments in the1960s eroded PLP's evocation of missionary sacrifice in neo-evangelical circles. YFC encouraged teenagers to pursue culturally influential professions rather than traditional evangelism, while IVCF promulgated inconsistent teaching on discerning a foreign-missionary call in revolutionary times. Chapter six explores PLP's relationship to the widespread cultural shift toward self-fulfillment in the 1970s, as reflected both in evolving teaching on women's roles, career choice, and missionary service, and in PLP books styled after mass-market, self-help literature.

[pt] A presente dissertação pretende investigar o processo de construção social das crianças-soldado com o objetivo de analisar criticamente a formação de um discurso dominante que autoriza representações e narrativas centradas, sobretudo, na necessidade de proteção dos meninos e meninas envolvidos nos conflitos armados contemporâneos. A emergência do discurso será compreendida como constitutiva da estrutura normativa da ordem internacional do Pós-Guerra Fria, visando revelar as tensões produzidas e reproduzidas pelas narrativas e consequentes representações sobre tais crianças. / [en] The present dissertation intends to address the process of social construction of child soldiers. This will be a first exploratory step to critically analyze the structuring of a dominant discourse concerning the protection of boys and girls involved in contemporaneous armed conflicts. This discourse will be understood as constitutive of the normative framework of Post-Cold War international order. The dissertation will try to show that this discourse is not exempt from tensions that manifest themselves and are reproduced by the narratives and consequent representations of those children.

Wild Abandon traces a literary and cultural history of late twentieth-century appeals to dissolution, the moment at which a text seems to erase its subject’s sense of selfhood in natural environs. I argue that such appeals arose in response to a prominent yet overlooked interaction between discourses of ecology and authenticity following the rise and fall of the American New Left in the 1960s and 70s. This conjunction inspired certain intellectuals and activists to celebrate the ecological concept of interconnectivity as the most authentic basis of subjectivity in political, philosophical, spiritual, and literary writings. As I argue, dissolution represents a universalist and essentialist impulse to reject self-identity in favor of an identification with the ecosystem writ large, a claim to authenticity that flattens distinctions among individuals and communities. But even as the self appears to disintegrate, an “I” always remains to testify to its disintegration. For this reason, dissolution performs a primarily critical function by foregrounding an unsurpassable representational tension between sense of self and ecosystem. Each chapter explores a different perspective on this tension as it conflicts with matters of gender and race in works by Edward Abbey, Peter Matthiessen, Toni Morrison, Margaret Atwood, and Jon Krakauer. Assuming an anti-essentialist stance, all the texts I study acknowledge ecological interconnectivity as a universal condition but maintain the necessity of culturally mediated and individually constructed identity positions from which to recognize that condition.

Entre septembre 1947 et mars 1952, 1115 orphelins de la Shoah ont pu quitter l’Europe pour le Canada dans le cadre du War Orphans Project, un programme d’immigration mis en place par la principale organisation juive canadienne, le Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC). Cette thèse porte à la fois sur les trajectoires de ces jeunes rescapés et sur l’action des organisations qui les ont accompagnés en Europe et au Canada. En se basant essentiellement sur les dossiers individuels de demande de visa des orphelins, elle reconstitue leurs parcours de guerre et de sortie de guerre. À travers une articulation constante des dimensions, elle souhaite interroger les circulations migratoires des jeunes rescapés au-delà d’une lecture téléologique qui ferait du départ au Canada une évidence. Ce travail tient aussi le dossier comme un lieu d’observation des discours et des pratiques des adultes qui les remplissent. Ces derniers ont formulé un discours sur le retour à la normale des orphelins. Ils ont aussi cherché à clarifier sur le papier des identités que la guerre avait rendu confuses et à présenter les jeunes rescapés comme des migrants désirables pour les autorités canadiennes. L’analyse des dossiers comme mise en récit et présentation de l’autre par un tiers met au jour les pratiques administratives de catégorisation et d’assignation identitaire et donne à voir comment les orphelins ont tenté de s’adapter et de résister. / Between September 1947 and March 1952, 1115 Holocaust orphans were allowed to migrate to Canada as part of a refugee project sponsored by the Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC), at this time the main organization of the Canadian Jewry. This dissertation explores both the orphans’ trajectories and the work of the organizations that took care of them in Europe and Canada. Mostly based on the young survivors’ visa application files, it aims to map their paths during and immediately after the war through a microhistorical and transnational perspective. This dissertation also uses the casefiles as a material to grasp the discourses and practices of the adults that completed them. In every casefile, social and humanitarian workers developed ideas on how best to rehabilitate the orphans and help them to go back to a “normal life”. They also tried to stabilize identities confused by the war and to present the young survivors as desirable migrants in a way that was fitting Canadian authorities’ expectations. The analysis of the casefiles highlights how administrations categorize and impose identities but also how individuals manage to resist and adapt themselves.

I uppsatsen undersöks den period då den svenska ekonomin uppnår den fulla sysselsättning som sedan blev normen för hela efterkrigstiden. I arbetet genomförs en sammanställning av fackföreningarnas arbetslöshetsstatistik som publicerats i Sociala meddelanden varje månad under perioden 1935-1948. Materialet har därefter bearbetats och utifrån förbundsredovisningen har arbetslöshetsserier skapats för sju av industrins delbranscher. Utifrån bearbetningen sammankopplas arbetslöshetsstatistiken för respektive sektor med de uppgifter om förädlingsvärden, sysselsättning och löner som publicerats i den officiella industristatistiken och som ett resultat av arbetet med svenska historiska nationalräkenskaper. Med hjälp av materialet prövas två hypoteser som kan härledas från den  Nykeynesianska teorin för arbetsmarknaden. Den första hypotesen berör sambandet mellan löneutrymme, löner och arbetslöshet. Enligt teorin måste lönerna växa i takt med den Harrod-neutrala teknologiska utvecklingen; vilken operationaliseras som totalfaktorproduktiviteten dividerad med arbetskostnadens andel av produktionsresultatet, för att arbetslöshet ska förbli oförändrad. Den andra hypotesen avser förhållandet mellan resursutnyttjande(arbetslöshet) och nominell löneinflation. Enligt teorin ska det fall då en ökning av resursutnyttjandet inte medför någon ökad löneinflation tolkas som att arbetsmarknadens funktionssätt förbättrats. De två hypoteserna prövas för respektive delbransch och för industrin som helhet. Resultatet från undersökningen är att lönerna i förhållande till löneutrymmet och sambandet mellan resursutnyttjande och löneinflation för hela industrin båda pekar i den riktning som förväntas under en period då arbetslösheten sjunker mycket kraftigt. För de respektive delbranscherna är mönstret emellertid mer varierat. Slutligen framhålls att den tidigare historieskrivningen över den svenska arbetsmarknadens utveckling bör nedtonas till förmån för en ny kronologi där den process som sammanbinder mellan- och efterkrigstiden ges större utrymme. / In the thesis the period when Sweden became a full employment society is examined. Starting off the study the union’s unemployment figures are collected from the monthly publication “Sociala meddelanden” during the period 1935-1948. Thereafter, starting from the division into different trade unions the material is processed and unemployment figures for seven industry groups are created. From the division into industry subsectors the unemployment figures are subsequently linked to the records of value added, employment and wages that has been published in the official industry statistics and as a result of the efforts to construct Swedish historical national accounts. Two hypotheses that can be derived from the New Keynesian theory of the labor market are then tested against the material. The first hypothesis pertains to the relation between the warranted wage, wages and unemployment. According to the theory wages can only grow in tandem with Harrod-neutral technological growth for unemployment to remain unaffected. The second hypotheses relates to the relationship between the level of resource utilization(unemployment) and nominal wage inflation. According to the theory the case when an upturn in the resource utilization is accompanied by unchanged nominal wages should to be interpreted as an improvement in labor market performance. The two hypotheses are tested for the seven subsectors and for the industry as a whole.    The outcome of the study is that the growth of wages in relation to the warranted wage as well as the relationship between resource utilization and nominal wage inflation point in the direction of an improvement in labor market performance for the industry as a whole during the period when full employment was achieved. For the seven subsectors however, the results are more scattered. In closing I argue that the previous historiography should be deemphasized to the benefit of a chronology that instead stretches the interconnectedness between the inter- and postwar development in order for a richer understanding of the path towards full employment in Sweden to be reached.

The dissertation deals with rivalling discourses on dynamics of consumption in early postwar Japan, led by the theses of Bourdieu on social distinction, Lefebvre\\\'s analysis of spaces, the politics of noise and a discourse analysis after Laclau/Mouffe. While consumerism began to develop into a great energetic ideology of a middle class in Japan in the 1960s, the early postwar renegotiation of social spaces produced a form of social noise and highly moving social environment and spaces: alternative discourses and debates on what poverty, luxury or even consumerism itself were, emerged from within these spaces of noise. Between luxury and poverty, the black market was one of the central places of consumption, but also developed into the central social space which defined both poverty and luxury from within and beyond the blurred social boundaries. In the end, social discourses of distinction against poverty and black market consumers also encouraged social mobility and shaped an exotic ideal of \\\"European\\\" luxury.

In this dissertation I analyze how the postwar German writers Wolfdietrich Schnurre, Günter Eich, and Ilse Aichinger negotiate anthropocentric and speciesist discourses via animal figures by drawing on such posthumanist thinkers as Derrida, Agamben, and Deleuze & Guattari. The literary texts question a world view and discourse organized around the establishment of power that utilizes animal metaphors to turn living beings into objects (and could thus be called “carno-phallogocentric”). They thus react to the strict hierarchy of (gendered) man over animal and respond - in the aftermath of the Second World War – by highlighting instead the similarities between man and animal, such as creaturely existence and shared trauma. The analysis is guided by questions such as: How do the literary texts reflect and subvert the power discourses which surround man and animal? What is the role of language in this context? How does the animal, which is usually assumed to be mute, relate to the categories that are established in language? Does its place outside of language grant it capabilities the human cannot realize? Can the literary encounter between man and animal establish a space of the “Open” in which language can be re-evaluated and, after World War II, be saved? Is there a unique “animal poetology” which correlates to post-anthropocentric conceptions of the human? Because these writers disorient the reader’s perception of reality via figures of the animal, i.e., animals as both metaphors and as subjects, I develop what I would like to call an “animal poetology” that is unique to them. This animal poetology, which redefines Agamben’s concept of the open by giving it a postwar, language-critical dimension, includes a thorough critique of human language with regard to power structures and a speciesist language which, during the early 20th century, was a vehicle for ideology and discrimination. The encounter with the animal leads the human being to reflect on the limits of language and thus enables the establishment of a mode of being in which the encounter with the other – beyond a space of judgement and hierarchies –is once again possible.

“American Impotence” investigates a continuity between literary representations of masculinity and considerations of national identity in the works of five postwar novelists. In particular, I illustrate the manner in which Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, John Updike’s Couples, Robert Coover’s The Public Burning, Joan Didion’s Democracy and The Last Thing He Wanted, and Bret Easton Ellis’s American Psycho challenge the patterns of daily life through which a single figure is imagined to be the essential agent of American polity: namely, the self-made individualist, characterized by manly virtues like dominance, aggression, ambition, mastery, vitality, and virility. More specifically, this project examines the manner in which the iconicity of men helps sustain a narrative of “imperilled masculinity” that at once privileges an impossible identity, situated in the representative nucleus of postwar democracy, and forecloses other modalities of political life. Observing the full meaning of the word “potency,” I elucidate the interrelationships between narrative forms, masculine norms, and democratic practice. Ellison’s work ties the maturation of African American boys to the impossibility of full participation in civic life, for instance, while in Updike’s Couples the contradictions of virile manhood manifest in the form of a fatalism that threatens to undo the carefully cultivated social boundaries of early sixties bohemianism; in a variety of ways, The Public Burning and American Psycho represent the iconic nature of masculinity as a psychic threat to those men closest to it, while Didion’s female protagonists find themselves flirting with the promises of a secret agency linked to imperial adventures in Southeast Asia and Central America. In the cultural context of the Cold War, these novelists demonstrate how intensified participation in national fantasies of potency and virility is inevitably disempowering; as an alternative, this dissertation seeks to consider impotence as dissensus detached from the mandates of hegemonic masculinity.