This paper analyzes the Swedish labor market during the interwar and early postwar period within the framework of modern labor market theory. The development of unemployment during this period - according to the commonly cited source of labor union reports - represents a conundrum for research. The unemployment rate rose after the initial diverse shock of 1921 and stayed at a permanently higher level for the rest of the interwar period. This development was reversed after World War Two when the unemployment rate decreased and stayed permanently low for the rest of the postwar period until the oil price chock of the 1970s. In a first step the available sources of unemployment statistics is investigated and compared. The general conclusion is that the labor union reports overestimate the level of economy wide unemployment while being a reasonably good indicator of movements in the rate. While no assertion of absolute levels can be made the conclusion might be drawn that the equilibrium level of unemployment decreased from a higher interwar level down to a substantially lower postwar one. The paper then turns to the overarching question of the possible mainsprings of this development. The concept of the warranted wage - defined as total factor productivity growth divided by the labor share - have been used to explained the development of unemployment in the OECD from the 1970s. The theory pertains that movements in the bargained wage above or below the warranted wage will render movements in the equilibrium unemployment rate. This theoretical framework is used to analyze the Swedish inter- and early postwar experience. The warranted wage in the manufacturing sector and the whole economy is respectively estimated using historical national accounts and growth accounting. The development is then compared to the progress of real labor costs. The conclusion is that the 1920s experienced a negative growth in the warranted wage - and while real labor cost decreased during the period - wages were not cut enough in order to keep profits unchanged for firms. The opposite can be concluded for the succeeding 1930s and 1940s which instead saw a positive evolution of the warranted wage with real labor costs not growing at the same rate. The movements of real labor costs in relation to the warranted wage thus makes this factor a plausible candidate for explaining movements in the unemployment rate during the period understudy.

A pesquisa toma como objeto a revista literária Joaquim, editada em Curitiba entre 1946 e 1948. Procuramos entender as condições de possibilidade desse empreendimento intelectual e as características dos posicionamentos expressos na revista, em suas relações com as trajetórias dos principais colaboradores e com a posição que eles ocupavam no espaço intelectual paranaense e nacional. Primeiramente, caracterizamos o espaço intelectual paranaense, pensando as transformações pelas quais o estado passava em termos políticos, econômicos e sociais. Essas circunstâncias afetaram a posição de Curitiba e de suas elites tradicionais, e, em consequência, sua vida intelectual. Em seguida, mostramos como a revista se formou no seu núcleo principal de colaboradores estabelecidos em Curitiba. Suas colaborações estão relacionadas às suas trajetórias e às posições que ocupavam, o que se reflete em posicionamentos por vezes bastante variados. Por fim, buscamos analisar algumas das estratégias empregadas na revista, como as estratégias de divulgação e de autoidentificação em base geracional. Aqui, deve-se considerar a interlocução com os agentes e paradigmas dominantes, ligados ao modernismo dos centros nacionais e que colocavam os agentes numa relação de ambivalência sobre o seu pertencimento periférico. A análise das trajetórias e das estratégias revela diversos princípios operantes em um espaço intelectual em transformação no período do pós-guerra, com o processo de constituição de campos de produção cultural e a especialização dos produtores culturais, que por vezes concorria com o papel desses mesmos produtores enquanto intelectuais fortemente ligados ao campo do poder. / This research\'s main subject is the literary magazine Joaquim, published in Curitiba between 1946 and 1948. The aim is to understand the conditions of possibility of this intellectual enterprise and its characteristics, in relation to the trajectories of the main collaborators and the position they occupied in the local and in the national intellectual spaces. Firstly, we characterized the state of Paraná, considering the political, economic and social transformations the state was undergoing. These circumstances affected the position of Curitiba (the state\'s capital) and its traditional elites, hence its intellectual life. Then, we show how the magazine was formed in its main core of collaborators, established in Curitiba. Their collaborations and position-taking are related to their trajectories and the positions they occupied, which varies sometimes widely. Finally, we analyse some of the strategies which are present in the magazine, such as strategies for promotion and self-identification on a generational basis. Here, we must consider the exchanges with dominant agents and paradigms connected to the modernism of the national centres, fostering an ambivalence concerning the situation of Curitiba\'s peripheric cultural belonging. The trajectory and strategy analysis reveals some of the operating principles in the changing intellectual space of the postwar period, with the process of constitution of cultural production fields and the specialization of cultural producers, which sometimes competed with the role of these same producers as intellectuals strongly tied to the field of power.

A pesquisa toma como objeto a revista literária Joaquim, editada em Curitiba entre 1946 e 1948. Procuramos entender as condições de possibilidade desse empreendimento intelectual e as características dos posicionamentos expressos na revista, em suas relações com as trajetórias dos principais colaboradores e com a posição que eles ocupavam no espaço intelectual paranaense e nacional. Primeiramente, caracterizamos o espaço intelectual paranaense, pensando as transformações pelas quais o estado passava em termos políticos, econômicos e sociais. Essas circunstâncias afetaram a posição de Curitiba e de suas elites tradicionais, e, em consequência, sua vida intelectual. Em seguida, mostramos como a revista se formou no seu núcleo principal de colaboradores estabelecidos em Curitiba. Suas colaborações estão relacionadas às suas trajetórias e às posições que ocupavam, o que se reflete em posicionamentos por vezes bastante variados. Por fim, buscamos analisar algumas das estratégias empregadas na revista, como as estratégias de divulgação e de autoidentificação em base geracional. Aqui, deve-se considerar a interlocução com os agentes e paradigmas dominantes, ligados ao modernismo dos centros nacionais e que colocavam os agentes numa relação de ambivalência sobre o seu pertencimento periférico. A análise das trajetórias e das estratégias revela diversos princípios operantes em um espaço intelectual em transformação no período do pós-guerra, com o processo de constituição de campos de produção cultural e a especialização dos produtores culturais, que por vezes concorria com o papel desses mesmos produtores enquanto intelectuais fortemente ligados ao campo do poder. / This research\'s main subject is the literary magazine Joaquim, published in Curitiba between 1946 and 1948. The aim is to understand the conditions of possibility of this intellectual enterprise and its characteristics, in relation to the trajectories of the main collaborators and the position they occupied in the local and in the national intellectual spaces. Firstly, we characterized the state of Paraná, considering the political, economic and social transformations the state was undergoing. These circumstances affected the position of Curitiba (the state\'s capital) and its traditional elites, hence its intellectual life. Then, we show how the magazine was formed in its main core of collaborators, established in Curitiba. Their collaborations and position-taking are related to their trajectories and the positions they occupied, which varies sometimes widely. Finally, we analyse some of the strategies which are present in the magazine, such as strategies for promotion and self-identification on a generational basis. Here, we must consider the exchanges with dominant agents and paradigms connected to the modernism of the national centres, fostering an ambivalence concerning the situation of Curitiba\'s peripheric cultural belonging. The trajectory and strategy analysis reveals some of the operating principles in the changing intellectual space of the postwar period, with the process of constitution of cultural production fields and the specialization of cultural producers, which sometimes competed with the role of these same producers as intellectuals strongly tied to the field of power.

I uppsatsen undersöks den period då den svenska ekonomin uppnår den fulla sysselsättning som sedan blev normen för hela efterkrigstiden. I arbetet genomförs en sammanställning av fackföreningarnas arbetslöshetsstatistik som publicerats i Sociala meddelanden varje månad under perioden 1935-1948. Materialet har därefter bearbetats och utifrån förbundsredovisningen har arbetslöshetsserier skapats för sju av industrins delbranscher. Utifrån bearbetningen sammankopplas arbetslöshetsstatistiken för respektive sektor med de uppgifter om förädlingsvärden, sysselsättning och löner som publicerats i den officiella industristatistiken och som ett resultat av arbetet med svenska historiska nationalräkenskaper. Med hjälp av materialet prövas två hypoteser som kan härledas från den  Nykeynesianska teorin för arbetsmarknaden. Den första hypotesen berör sambandet mellan löneutrymme, löner och arbetslöshet. Enligt teorin måste lönerna växa i takt med den Harrod-neutrala teknologiska utvecklingen; vilken operationaliseras som totalfaktorproduktiviteten dividerad med arbetskostnadens andel av produktionsresultatet, för att arbetslöshet ska förbli oförändrad. Den andra hypotesen avser förhållandet mellan resursutnyttjande(arbetslöshet) och nominell löneinflation. Enligt teorin ska det fall då en ökning av resursutnyttjandet inte medför någon ökad löneinflation tolkas som att arbetsmarknadens funktionssätt förbättrats. De två hypoteserna prövas för respektive delbransch och för industrin som helhet. Resultatet från undersökningen är att lönerna i förhållande till löneutrymmet och sambandet mellan resursutnyttjande och löneinflation för hela industrin båda pekar i den riktning som förväntas under en period då arbetslösheten sjunker mycket kraftigt. För de respektive delbranscherna är mönstret emellertid mer varierat. Slutligen framhålls att den tidigare historieskrivningen över den svenska arbetsmarknadens utveckling bör nedtonas till förmån för en ny kronologi där den process som sammanbinder mellan- och efterkrigstiden ges större utrymme. / In the thesis the period when Sweden became a full employment society is examined. Starting off the study the union’s unemployment figures are collected from the monthly publication “Sociala meddelanden” during the period 1935-1948. Thereafter, starting from the division into different trade unions the material is processed and unemployment figures for seven industry groups are created. From the division into industry subsectors the unemployment figures are subsequently linked to the records of value added, employment and wages that has been published in the official industry statistics and as a result of the efforts to construct Swedish historical national accounts. Two hypotheses that can be derived from the New Keynesian theory of the labor market are then tested against the material. The first hypothesis pertains to the relation between the warranted wage, wages and unemployment. According to the theory wages can only grow in tandem with Harrod-neutral technological growth for unemployment to remain unaffected. The second hypotheses relates to the relationship between the level of resource utilization(unemployment) and nominal wage inflation. According to the theory the case when an upturn in the resource utilization is accompanied by unchanged nominal wages should to be interpreted as an improvement in labor market performance. The two hypotheses are tested for the seven subsectors and for the industry as a whole.    The outcome of the study is that the growth of wages in relation to the warranted wage as well as the relationship between resource utilization and nominal wage inflation point in the direction of an improvement in labor market performance for the industry as a whole during the period when full employment was achieved. For the seven subsectors however, the results are more scattered. In closing I argue that the previous historiography should be deemphasized to the benefit of a chronology that instead stretches the interconnectedness between the inter- and postwar development in order for a richer understanding of the path towards full employment in Sweden to be reached.

In this paper, I investigate changes in the job market composition during Sweden’s “Golden Age” between the end of WWII and the 1974 oil crisis to examine to which degree this reflects an earlier job polarization than previously thought and validates that era’s anxieties about automation. Drawing from individual income and occupational data from a representative sample of the Swedish population from the year 1940, 1950, 1960 and 1970 and using the Historical International Standard of Classification of Occupations (HISCO) to make the data sets comparable, I demonstrate a general decrease in the share of blue-collar professionals and a general increase in the share of white-collar professionals, as well as a transition from unskilled to semi-skilled and skilled jobs. This indicates skill-biased technological change as the underlying force in the Swedish economy at the time, refuting Gustavsson’s (2017) previous findings regarding an early Swedish job polarization as well as general claims about deskilling. Lastly, using Acemoglu’s (2017) framework for enabling and replacing technologies, I argue the degree to which the pervasiveness of enabling technologies helped shape the Swedish Golden Age has been underappreciated, carrying lessons for our current era of generation-defining technologies and contemporary discussions surrounding automation.

The Swedish model is perceived as a successful framework for combining rapid labor market adjustment with low inequality. Formulated by Gösta Rehn and Rudolf Meidner and implemented from the 1950s, it has been associated with the peak in economic restructuring and interregional migration during the 1960s. However, there is little empirical evidence for this. This thesis consists of an introduction and four essays. It explores three aspects of the model from a long-run perspective: interregional migration, wage dispersion and labor market policy. Essay I uses new data to track interregional migration rates in the postwar period (1945-1985). The results show that the responsiveness of interregional migration to local labor market conditions remained stable over time; it was neither higher during the 1960s nor lower when migration declined after 1970. Essay II employs a regression-decomposition framework to analyze the evolution of wage dispersion. The results suggest that wage dispersion was stable from centralized bargaining’s introduction in 1956 to the late 1960s. Afterwards, there was a rapid decline, likely because of solidaristic bargaining. Essay III contrasts the implementation of the active labor market policy to regional policy. Following a decisive shift around 1970, the focus on north to south mobility was replaced with policies to stimulate northern employment. Declining rural support for the Social Democrats and electoral competition from the Center Party caused this shift. Finally, Essay IV is a case study about mobility subsidy usage in Västernorrland County using sources on relocation allowances from 1965, 1970 and 1975. The results indicate that in the 1960s there was strong selection into the program by young persons with good labor market prospects. However, the program’s use did not change after the regional policy shift in the early 1970s. The collective results suggest that the policies associated with the Swedish model were minor for economic restructuring patterns. The migrations of the 1960s and the decline in regional disruptions after 1970 should instead be explained by studying the consequences of structural changes, how regions were progressively affected differently and the possible role that government policies played in directing demand for labor across space.

The main topic of this thesis is the fate of people being held in the Pankrác prison in the period of approximately one year after the end of World War II. The base of the thesis are collected testimonies, information about the circumstances of the events at that time from both the present and available contemporary literature and periodicals, their analysis and comparisons as well as adding other relating data from archives and other sources. The introduction and the methodological part is followed by a historical discourse observing the events of the end of World War II in the European context, history of the Pankrác prison since the time of its establishment in 1889, and the Czech-German conflict in the period before the Munich Agreement had been signed and the period of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, until the transfer of the control over the prison by the Czech administration in May 1945. The individual topics introducing the conditions that prevailed in the Pankrác prison at that time are elaborated in the part devoted to the postwar period. The chapters devoted to the characteristics of prisoners and introduction of the collected testimonies introduce another part describing the circumstances of the detention of persons, their arrival to the Pankrác prison, conditions and...

The work deals with the postwar period of Monastery Teplá in the years 1945 - 1950. It records the renewal of the monastery after the war and transfer of German religious and priests. Special attention is focused on the problems with the establishment of communism in the year 1948 and impact of the communist upheaval upon the life in this monastery. It is based on the archival sources and on the witnesses testimonies. The first part introduces Premonstratensian friary in the world, the first friary information in the Czech Republic, the history and the importance of the friary. The second part deals with the Monastery Teplá itself, its founders, it represents the history and the importance of the monastery. The last part is the most comprehensive and key part of the whole work. It describes the life in the monastery at the end of the Second World War and the life of the prior H. J. Tyl.

[EN] This doctoral thesis, that seeks to recover the figure and work of the Spanish composer José María Ruiz de Azagra Sanz (1900-1971), connects with the current lines of research about composers that developed their creative works mainly during the Spanish postwar period. Despite being one of the most prolific and popular composers of his time, in the lyric theatre (paso dobles, couplets, revue¿) genre as well as in the Spanish cinema from the 40s and 50s, Ruiz de Azagra has been ostracised and the references to his work or to his person are rarely existing, although some academic studies and specialized publications stand out, as those by Casares Rodicio, Llisterri or Roldán Garrote, that speak about some aspects of his life and work in the lyrical theatre and film music. The main aims of this work are the presentation and the setting-up of a thorough and updated biography of the composer, as well as his work cataloguing. After a broaden field work that involved the consultation of a wide range of sources, foundations and documentation centres, a biography and a catalogue of the author are presented along with a general analysis of the musical soundtrack for the film La torre de los siete jorobados as well as scores of some compositions for lyric theatre from the 50s, in order to stablish the author's own compositional features in both genres. Finally, it is also included the recovered piano and voice score of the song Manola lá through the playback of the audiovisual recording from the aforementioned film. / [ES] La presente tesis doctoral, que pretende recuperar la figura y obra del compositor español José María Ruiz de Azagra Sanz (1900-1971), entronca con la línea de investigación actual sobre compositores que desarrollaron su trabajo creativo principalmente durante la postguerra española. A pesar de tratarse de uno de los compositores más prolíficos y populares en su época tanto en el género del teatro lírico (pasodobles, cuplés, revista¿) como en el cine español de los 40 y 50, Ruiz de Azagra ha sido relegado al ostracismo y apenas existen referencias a su obra y su persona, si bien destacan algunos estudios académicos y publicaciones especializadas realizados por Casares Rodicio, Llisterri, o Roldán Garrote que hablan de algún aspecto de su vida y obra dentro del teatro lírico y la música cinematográfica. Los principales objetivos de este trabajo son la presentación y establecimiento de una biografía exhaustiva y actualizada del compositor así como la catalogación su obra. Tras un minucioso trabajo de campo que supuso la consulta en un amplio espectro de fuentes, fundaciones y centros documentales, se presenta junto con la biografía y el catálogo del autor, un análisis general de la banda sonora musical para la película La torre de los siete jorobados así como de algunas composiciones para teatro lírico de los años 50 con el fin de establecer unas características propias de composición del autor en ambos géneros. Por último, también se aporta la partitura recuperada para piano y voz de la canción Manola lá mediante la escucha del registro audiovisual perteneciente a la película anteriormente citada. / [CA] La present tesi doctoral, que pretén recuperar la figura i l'obra del compositor espanyol José María Ruiz de Azagra Sanz (1900-1971), entronca amb la línia d'investigació actual sobre compositors que desenvoluparen el seu treball creatiu principalment durant la postguerra espanyola. Malgrat tractar-se d'un dels compositors més prolífics i populars en la seua època, tant en el gènere del teatre líric (pasdobles, cuplets, revista¿) com en el cinema espanyol dels anys 40 i 50, Ruiz de Azagra ha sigut relegat a l'ostracisme i quasi no existeixen referències a la seua obra i persona, si bé destaquen alguns estudis acadèmics i publicacions especialitzades realitzades per Casares Rodicio, Llisteri o Roldán Garrote que assenyalen algun aspecte de la seua vida i obra dins del teatre líric i de la música cinematogràfica. Els principals objectius d'aquest treball són la presentació i establiment d'una biografia exhaustiva i actualitzada del compositor així com la catalogació de la seua obra. Rere un minuciós treball de camp que va suposar la consulta en un ampli espectre de fonts, fundacions i centres documentals, es presenta junt amb la biografia i el catàleg de l'autor, una anàlisi general de la banda sonora musical per a la pel·lícula La torre de los siete jorobados, així com de algunes composicions per a teatre líric dels anys 50 amb la fi d'establir unes característiques pròpies de composició de l'autor en ambdós gèneres. Per últim, també s'aporta la partitura recuperada per a piano i veu de la cançó Manola lá mitjançant l'audició del registre audiovisual pertanyent a la pel·lícula anteriorment citada. / Traver Navarro, P. (2015). EL COMPOSITOR ESPAÑOL JOSÉ MARÍA RUIZ DE AZAGRA SANZ (1900-1971): BIOGRAFÍA Y OBRA [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/57709