In this research, the researcher is analysing the models of development in Ethiopia on ADLI policy after the Ethio-Eritrean War of 1998-2000. As a post- conflict country it is always important to know how a country reconstructs its economy after the war. The researcher will give a brief background of Ethiopia with her different regime changes. Ethiopia is a landlocked country and is found in the Horn of Africa. Her boarders are Eritrea on the north and north east, and Djibouti and Somalia on the East, Kenya on the south, on the west and south west by Sudan. (BCC) Ethiopia has been under three remarkably different political regimes; the feudal imperial era under Emperor Haile Selassie; the socialist military dictatorship of Colonel Mangistu’s Derg; and the marketoriented Western aligned democracy of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi.(Devereux et al,2005:121 ) Each regime had applied different policies on agriculture which employs 80 percent of the population. Feudal policies where the land was in the hands of the landlords failed during Selassie’s regime and this was proved by the famine of 1974. He was overthrown by Derg in a coup in 1974. Derg introduced a “radical agrarian transformation based on land redistribution. His policies on agriculture were based on the Marxist egalitarian ideology and by conviction that feudal relations in agriculture had exposed millions of highland Ethiopians to intolerable levels of poverty and vulnerability.” (Devereux et al, 2005:121-122). According to Derg’s agricultural policy land was confiscated from the landlords and was redistributed to the rural farmers and it was trying to break inequalities over land control and it aimed at achieving agricultural productivity and rural incomes. Derg’s regime was overthrown by Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) in 1991. EPRDF further continued with land redistribution in the wake of 1990s and it gave farmlands to demobilised soldiers and tried to correct the inequalities that emerged with time as farming families were growing. (Devereux et al, 2005:122) In all these regimes, land was owned by the state. Ethiopian economy is based on agriculture which contributes 47 percent to GNP and more than 80 percent of exports, and employs 85 percent of the population. Ethiopia’s agriculture is plagued by periodic droughts, soil degradation emanating from poor agricultural practices and overgrazing, deforestation, high population density, underdeveloped water resources and poor transport infrastructure which makes extremely difficult and expensive to get goods to the market. (BCC, 07) The EPRDF came up with the new agricultural policy in the beginning of 1991 and it was known as Agriculture Development Led Industrialisation (ADLI). ADLI is the policy that emphasised on modernising smallholder agriculture and intensifying yield productivity through the supply of appropriate technology, certified seeds, fertilizers, rural credit facilities and technical assistance. (Getachew, 2003:9) This policy introduced some reforms in agriculture as it introduced a nationwide agricultural extension program, the propagation of laws that liberalised the purchasing and distribution of inputs and to increase and to make credit facilities available to rural farmers. In 1995 Minister of Agriculture (MoA) introduced a vehicle to drive the policy, which was called the Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PADETES). The PADETES started with 32047 farmers on board. The aim was to educate farmers in new farming methods which will increase productivity and make farmers self sufficient. Agriculture Sample Survey 2009/10 states that ‘country’s experience showed that farmers’ attitude and tendency to adapt and accept new innovations, modern agricultural techniques and technologies, such as use of fertilizers, irrigation, improved seeds and pesticides that help to improve their living standards through attaining enhanced productivity, do have positive impact on the development on the agricultural sector as a whole.’(Central Statistical Agency, 2010: i) Teshome (2006:1) shows complexity of Ethiopian agriculture when he says that it largest contributor to the GDP, exports and foreign earnings and it employs almost 85 percent of the population. On the contrary, despite its socio-economic importance its performance continues to be low due to many natural and manmade factors which will be discussed in this research.

The thesis is focused on the central controlled economy in Czechoslovakia in the period from 1945 until 1957. The main role of economy at that time was the fastest possible rehabilitation of the economy destroyed by World War II.. The political situation was undoubtedly setting the trend in the economical development. Postwar decision in the matter of the future optimal economic mechanism was a political choice and the political influence was a significant feature of the central directive economy during its existence. The thesis is focused on the main aspects and conditions of the economical transformation, on the general attributes of the central controlled economy, organizational structure of the national economy, scheduling of production and consumption, formation of prices and wages, on the changes in the banking system and the public finances in Czechoslovakia during the mentioned period.

My paper will focus upon the theme of loss in postwar Central European literature in works of Nabokov, Bachmann, Bernhard, Handke, Esterhazy, and Chwin, which are narrated as a modern subject's testimony of loss. My goal is to make a collection of loss figures (inspired by Roland Barthes's Fragments of a Lover's Discourse) to examine the nature of testimony in relation to the acts of writing. Any analytical inquiry that focuses itself on the literary testimony as a work of art will have to deal with these textual mechanisms: transparency, suppression, deleting, distancing, turning over, heaviness and reduction.

The transition from war to peace is seldom smooth, and violence persists in many postwar societies. Existing research found that peacekeepers have a good record in addressing postwar violence along the fault lines of the preceding conflict. Yet, most postwar violence stems from actors that were not formally part of the conflict. The shift of actors is a challenge for peacekeepers focused on keeping the peace between the belligerents. Nonetheless, recent studies show that only UN police positively impact postwar violence, likely due to their broader effect on public security. Further scrutinising this finding, the research question is How do peacekeeping mandates impact the level of postwar violence in the aftermath of intra-state conflicts? I argue that variation in peacekeepers’ activities sheds light on how peacekeeping missions address postwar violence: Missions with public security-oriented mandates can reduce postwar violence better than other missions because they fill the public security gap. I test this hypothesis utilising a quantitative research strategy of 310 post-conflict episodes – years of60 conflicts between 1991 and 2016. The results imply that public security-oriented missions might not prevent collective strategic postwar violence but positively impact spontaneous unorganised postwar violence.

Indiana University, Purdue University- Indianapolis / Current models of public intellectualism rely upon arbitrary and oftentimes elitist criteria. The work of Corey Robin, when combined with that of Antonio Gramsci, provides a reproducable, and scalable, series of tests for consideration of indivduals as public intellectuals. This work takes author Ray Bradbury as an example of public intellectuals who are often missed using current schemas . Bradbury serves as a test case of public intellectualism in the early Cold War period in the United States based upon this new formulation. It examines Bradbury’s work in light of the historical situation in which Bradbury operated, his work’s comparitive arguments in relation to contemporary intellectuals, and reviews some of the influence Bradbury exerted on future generations.

Why did architecture become an urgent concern for so many writers in postwar Britain? Following the destruction of World War Two, reconstruction became a total cultural project, animating writers, artists, and critics, as well as planners, politicians, and citizens. From the preservation of culturally significant buildings to the razing of old foundations, from the creation of new towns to the management of suburban sprawl, the project of rebuilding Britain sparked an extraordinary creative response that transcended disciplinary fields and brought together some of the most innovative minds of the day. However, the significance of writers’ roles in this reconstruction—and the critical role that writing plays in architecture more broadly—has not, thus far, been adequately addressed in either literary or architectural studies. “Structures of Feeling: Architecture and Literature in Postwar Britain and Ireland” builds on recent scholarship in literary geographies and the spatial humanities to propose a new intervention in literary studies: an extension of what Ellen Eve Frank has called literary architecture. Bringing together architectural and literary modernisms, my dissertation shows how novelists, architects, poets, and critics together participated imaginatively in the reconstruction of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland after World War Two by situating the key social, psychological, and political issues of the day in the built environment.Analyzing a rich archive of poetry, fiction, and criticism along with architectural writing, maps, plans, and developments, “Structures of Feeling” tracks the transition from the end of the war to the rise and fall of the welfare state; it locates forms of cultural production in the second half of the twentieth century that united urban planning, poetics, and environmental perception. In so doing, it shows how writing powerfully mediated some of the most important developments in urban planning and civic reconstruction, from motorways to new towns, from tower blocks and social housing to military architecture along contested borders. These writers, from poets like Philip Larkin to novelists like J. G. Ballard to architects like Alison and Peter Smithson, made human the effects of modern architecture’s ideologies and designs, critiqued and often proposed its boldest solutions and failures, and made architecture a public issue. Ultimately, this dissertation investigates how the complex social and political forces of the era—a dynamic cultural formation Raymond Williams has called “structures of feeling”—became animated both through postwar architecture’s physical structures and the diverse forms of writing these buildings stimulated into being.

In this thesis, using Ōshiro Tatsuhiro’s “Meiro” (Maze, 1991) and Nakandakari Hatsu’s “Hahatachi onnatachi” (Mothers/Women, 1984) as primary sources, I have pursued two main questions about postwar Okinawan literature: the question of how memory is transmitted, along gender lines, about a traumatic past through the generations and the question of yuta operating as transmitters, mediators, and anchors of cultural identity under the threat of foreign influence. Both “Maze” and “Mothers/Women” address the issue of postwar Okinawan identity in the face of an influx of new ideas and practices by portraying Okinawan women’s struggle to find their identity. These two stories reveal the link between women’s spirituality and the construction of Okinawan postwar identity. In doing so, they demonstrate how the Okinawan religious view of women as spiritual and religious figures have inspired Okinawan authors to construct narratives of postwar Okinawan society and Okinawan people’s lives therein.

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