Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:11:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Willian Douglas F Mendonca.pdf: 2130607 bytes, checksum: ef5e681d6a8d26e8c6fe5324e3cf0c03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-04 / In this Master's Dissertation is presented the development of a specialized algorithm for planning the expansion of pole networks of distribution systems. The technique used for solution is the Constructive Heuristics that has been used together with mathematical optimization models to solve the problem. However the presented algorithm does not employ a mathematical optimization model, in other words, a model compound of objective function and constraints. So, instead of working with variables, we seek to work with parameters, with the objective of providing greater speed to the research process, simplifying the search process for the final topology always keeping committed to finding a solution of good quality. Despite not having a guarantee that the solution is the global optimum, the solutions obtained by this type of algorithm solutions are almost always of excellent quality and can be used as a starting point for algorithms that use techniques or more complex mathematical models. To assist the Constructive Heuristic Algorithm in the search for the final topology is used a specialized routine for the calculation of AC power flow The methodology used by the subroutine for these calculations is based on the Backward Forward Sweep algorithm. / No presente trabalho é apresentado o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo especializado para o planejamento da expansão de redes aéreas de sistemas de distribuição. A técnica utilizada para solução é a Heurística Construtiva que tem sido utilizada em conjunto com modelos matemáticos de otimização para resolver o problema. No entanto o algoritmo apresentado não emprega um modelo matemático de otimização, em outras palavras, um modelo composto de função objetivo e restrições. Assim, em vez de trabalhar com variáveis, procura-se trabalhar com parâmetros, com o objetivo de proporcionar uma maior velocidade ao processo de pesquisa, simplificando o processo de busca para a topologia final sempre buscando manter o compromisso de encontrar uma solução de boa qualidade. Apesar de não ter a garantia de que a solução seja a ótima global, as soluções obtidas por este tipo de algoritmo são quase sempre soluções de excelente qualidade e podem ser usadas como ponto de partida para os algoritmos que usam técnicas ou modelos matemáticos mais complexos. Para auxiliar o Algoritmo Heurístico Construtivo na busca para a topologia final é usada uma rotina especializada para o cálculo do fluxo de potência CA. A metodologia utilizada pela subrotina para estes cálculos está baseada no algoritmo de varredura Backward Forward Sweep.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar e analisar a história dos projetos hidrelétricos conhecidos por \"botox\" (expressão cunhada aos projetos mais velhos com roupagem de novos), desde sua origem, ainda na primeira reforma do setor elétrico brasileiro em 1998, até seu desfecho, no leilão de energia nova de 2007, já no âmbito da segunda reforma do setor elétrico iniciada em 2004. Para sua total compreensão, é feita a historiografia do setor elétrico desde o Código de Águas, vis-à-vis da política econômica mundial e de seus reflexos na economia nacional. A dissertação prossegue com a descrição das alterações regulatórias, principalmente no que se refere ao critério de licitação de concessões de aproveitamentos hidrelétricos, caracterizando e identificando como se formou essa categoria de empreendimentos \"botox\". Após a conceituação teórica de leilões, são analisadas as participações desse tipo de projeto nos cinco leilões de energia nova, ocorridos entre 2005 e 2007. Além de uma abordagem sob o ponto de vista do produtor independente de energia elétrica, também é feita análise de que forma a alteração da regulamentação para outorga de concessões de geração e para comercialização de energia modificou a perspectiva de evolução do valor da energia elétrica para os autoprodutores. Por fim, é feita breve discussão sobre o processo de licenciamento ambiental desses projetos, com ênfase em seus aspectos regulatórios. / This thesis aims to discuss and analyze the history of a particularly hydroelectric power plants group, nicknamed as \"botox\". This expression comes from the fact that those projects were old ones, which have been previously conceived, that were treated as brand new by the Brazilian regulatory framework. Its history has began from the Brazilian electricity industry reform in the 1990s. This history reaches its final step in the 2007 auction, already under the revised power sector model launched in 2004, which marked the last opportunity of the so-called \"botox\" projects to participate closing deals to sell long term energy in a specially designed auction. To perform this analysis, it is firstly reported the context were the \"botox\" were conceived in the recent history of Brazilin Electricity Sector, and how power plants group was impacted by the shifts of international economic trends. The next section discusses the last two power sector reforms, particularly addressing the shifts hydro-plants investors faced on having access to concession auctions for new projects. After providing the background of the auction mechanism theory, it is examined the newly designed electricity auction adopted in Brazil as well as the results of the auctions that took place between 2004 up to 2007. Finally, it is discussed implications of the rules regarding the latest industry reform and regulatory issues towards environmental licenses, focusing on their impacts on the willingness to invest of self-generators owners of \"botox\" projects.

This thesis is devoted to the development of new models for a recently-implemented FACTS (flexible alternating current transmission system) device, the unified power flow controller (UPFC), and the control coordination of power systems with FACTS devices in steady-state operating mode. The key objectives of the research reported in the thesis are, through online control coordination based on the models of power systems having FACTS devices, those of maximising the network operational benefit and restoring system static security following a disturbance or contingency. Based on the novel concept of interpreting the updated voltage solutions at each iteration in the Newton-Raphson (NR) power-flow analysis as dynamic variables, the thesis first develops a procedure for representing the unified power flow controllers (UPFCs) in the steady-state evaluation. Both the shunt converter and series converter control systems of a UPFC are modeled in their dynamical form with the discrete time variable replaced by the NR iterative step in the power-flow analysis. The key advantage of the model developed is that of facilitating the process of UPFC constraint resolution during the NR solution sequence. Any relative priority in control functions pre-set in the UPFC controllers is automatically represented in the power-flow formulation. Although the developed UPFC model based on the dynamic simulation of series and shunt converter controllers is flexible and general, the number of NR iterations required for convergence can be large. Therefore, the model is suitable mainly for power system planning and design studies. For online control coordination, the thesis develops the second UPFC model based on nodal voltages. The model retains all of the flexibility and generality of the dynamic simulation-based approach while the number of iterations required for solution convergence is independent of the UPFC controller dynamic responses. Drawing on the constrained optimisation based on Newton’s method together with the new UPFC model expressed in terms of nodal voltages, a systematic and general method for determining optimal reference inputs to UPFCs in steady-state operation is developed. The method is directly applicable to UPFCs operation with a high-level line optimisation control (LOC) for maximising the network operational benefit. By using a new continuation technique with adaptive parameter, the algorithm for solving the constrained optimisation problem extends substantially the region of convergence achieved with the conventional Newton’s method. Having established the foundation provided by the comprehensive models developed for representing power systems with FACTS devices including the UPFC, the research, in the second part, focuses on real-time control coordination of power system controllers, with the main purpose of restoring power system static security following a disturbance or contingency. At present, as the cost of phasor measurement units (PMUs) and wide-area communication network is on the decrease, the research proposes and develops a new secondary voltage control where voltages at all of the load nodes are directly controlled, using measured voltages.

The utilization of renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy for electric power supply has received considerable attention in recent years due to adverse environmental impacts and fuel cost escalation associated with conventional generation. At the present time, wind and/or solar energy sources are utilized to generate electric power in many applications. Wind and solar energy will become important sources for power generation in the future because of their environmental, social and economic benefits, together with public support and government incentives. <p>The wind and sunlight are, however, unstable and variable energy sources, and behave far differently than conventional sources. Energy storage systems are, therefore, often required to smooth the fluctuating nature of the energy conversion system especially in small isolated applications. The research work presented in this thesis is focused on the development and application of reliability and economic benefits assessment associated with incorporating wind energy, solar energy and energy storage in power generating systems. A probabilistic approach using sequential Monte Carlo simulation was employed in this research and a number of analyses were conducted with regards to the adequacy and economic assessment of generation systems containing wind energy, solar energy and energy storage. The evaluation models and techniques incorporate risk index distributions and different operating strategies associated with diesel generation in small isolated systems. Deterministic and probabilistic techniques are combined in this thesis using a system well-being approach to provide useful adequacy indices for small isolated systems that include renewable energy and energy storage. The concepts presented and examples illustrated in this thesis will help power system planners and utility managers to assess the reliability and economic benefits of utilizing wind energy conversion systems, solar energy conversion systems and energy storage in electric power systems and provide useful input to the managerial decision process.

The utilization of renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy for electric power supply has received considerable attention in recent years due to adverse environmental impacts and fuel cost escalation associated with conventional generation. At the present time, wind and/or solar energy sources are utilized to generate electric power in many applications. Wind and solar energy will become important sources for power generation in the future because of their environmental, social and economic benefits, together with public support and government incentives. <p>The wind and sunlight are, however, unstable and variable energy sources, and behave far differently than conventional sources. Energy storage systems are, therefore, often required to smooth the fluctuating nature of the energy conversion system especially in small isolated applications. The research work presented in this thesis is focused on the development and application of reliability and economic benefits assessment associated with incorporating wind energy, solar energy and energy storage in power generating systems. A probabilistic approach using sequential Monte Carlo simulation was employed in this research and a number of analyses were conducted with regards to the adequacy and economic assessment of generation systems containing wind energy, solar energy and energy storage. The evaluation models and techniques incorporate risk index distributions and different operating strategies associated with diesel generation in small isolated systems. Deterministic and probabilistic techniques are combined in this thesis using a system well-being approach to provide useful adequacy indices for small isolated systems that include renewable energy and energy storage. The concepts presented and examples illustrated in this thesis will help power system planners and utility managers to assess the reliability and economic benefits of utilizing wind energy conversion systems, solar energy conversion systems and energy storage in electric power systems and provide useful input to the managerial decision process.

The Turkish TSO (TEIAS) has been leading a project that aims the synchronous interconnected operation of the Turkish Power System and the ENTSO-E CESA (former UCTE) System. For this purpose, this study concentrates on the specific problems related to the electromechanical systems of large size hydroelectric power plants regarding low frequency inter area oscillations, which are prone to occur once the interconnected operation is established. The expected frequency of inter area oscillations after interconnected operation is close to 0.15 Hz, which is in the frequency range of the speed governing structures of turbines, as explained in the first two sections of the thesis. In the third section, the nonlinear turbine governor model used throughout the study is explained. In the following part, the governor parameter tuning study with regard to the defined performance objectives is explained. Afterwards, the effect of the retuned governor settings of the sample hydroelectric power plants on a simple multi machine power system is shown. Following that, the system wide effect of removing the sources of negative damping, which are strongly dependent on the governor settings of the major hydroelectric power plants of the Turkish Power System, is shown. In the final part, conclusions are made on the operation of the hydroelectric power plants regarding the frequency stability of the system after synchronous interconnected operation of the Turkish Power System and the ENTSO-E CESA System.

Advances in electronics, computer and information technology are fueling major changes in the area of power systems instrumentations. More and more microprocessor based digital instruments are replacing older type of meters. Extensive deployment of digital instruments are generating vast quantities of data which is creating information pressure in Utilities. The legacy SCADA based data management systems do not support management of such huge data. As a result utilities either have to delete or store the metered information in some compact discs, tape drives which are unreliable. Also, at the same time the traditional integrated power industry is going through a deregulation process. The market principle is forcing competition between power utilities, which in turn demands a higher focus on profit and competitive edge. To optimize system operation and planning utilities need better decision making processes which depend on the availability of reliable system information. For utilities it is becoming clear that information is a vital asset. So, the utilities are now keen to store and use as much information as they can. Existing SCADA based systems do not allow to store data of more than a few months. So, in this dissertation effectiveness of compression algorithms in compressing real time operational data has been assessed. Both, lossy and lossless compression schemes are considered. In lossless method two schemes are proposed among which Scheme 1 is based on arithmetic coding and Scheme 2 is based on run length coding. Both the scheme have 2 stages. First stage is common for both the schemes. In this stage the consecutive data elements are decorrelated by using linear predictors. The output from linear predictor, named as residual sequence, is coded by arithmetic coding in Scheme 1 and by run length coding in Scheme 2. Three different types of arithmetic codings are considered in this study : static, decrement and adaptive arithmetic coding. Among them static and decrement codings are two pass methods where the first pass is used to collect symbol statistics while the second is used to code the symbols. The adaptive coding method uses only one pass. In the arithmetic coding based schemes the average compression ratio achieved for voltage data is around 30, for frequency data is around 9, for VAr generation data is around 14, for MW generation data is around 11 and for line flow data is around 14. In scheme 2 Golomb-Rice coding is used for compressing run lengths. In Scheme 2 the average compression ratio achieved for voltage data is around 25, for frequency data is around 7, for VAr generation data is around 10, for MW generation data is around 8 and for line flow data is around 9. The arithmetic coding based method mainly looks at achieving high compression ratio. On the other hand, Golomb-Rice coding based method does not achieve good compression ratio as arithmetic coding but it is computationally very simple in comparison with the arithmetic coding. In lossy method principal component analysis (PCA) based compression method is used. From the data set, a few uncorrelated variables are derived and stored. The range of compression ratio in PCA based compression scheme is around 105-115 for voltage data, around 55-58 for VAr generation data, around 21-23 for MW generation data and around 27-29 for line flow data. This shows that the voltage parameter is amenable for better compression than other parameters. Data of five system parameters - voltage, line flow, frequency, MW generation and MVAr generation - of Souther regional grid of India have been considered for study. One of the aims of this thesis is to argue that collected power system data can be put to other uses as well. In particular we show that, even mining the small amount of practical data (collected from SRLDC) reveals some interesting system behavior patterns. A noteworthy feature of the thesis is that all the studies have been carried out considering data of practical systems. It is believed that the thesis opens up new questions for further investigations.

The research topics presented in this dissertation focus on validation of customer-level voltage synchrophasor data for transmission system analysis, detection and categorization of power system events as measured by phasor measurement units (PMUs), and identification of the influence of power system conditions (wind power, daily and seasonal load variation) on low-frequency oscillations. Synchrophasor data can provide information across entire power systems but obtaining the data, handling the large dataset and developing tools to extract useful information from it is a challenge. To overcome the challenge of obtaining data, an independent synchrophasor network was created by taking synchrophasor measurements at customer-level voltage. The first objective is to determine if synchrophasor data taken at customer-level voltage is an accurate representation of power system behavior. The validation process was started by installing a transmission level (69 kV) PMU. The customer-level voltage measurements were validated by comparison of long term trends and low-frequency oscillations estimates. The techniques best suited for synchrophasor data analysis were identified after a detailed study and comparison. The same techniques were also applied to detect power system events resulting in the creation of novel categories for numerous events based on shared characteristics. The numerical characteristics for each category and the ranges of each numerical characteristic for each event category are identified. The final objective is to identify trends in power system behavior related to wind power and daily and seasonal variations by utilizing signal processing and statistical techniques. / text

Due to growth of wind power, system operators are being challenged by the integration of large wind farms into their electrical power systems. Large scale wind farm integration has adverse effects on the power system due to its variable characteristic. These effects include two main aspects: voltage stability and active line flow. In this thesis, a novel techniques to forecast active line flow and select pilot bus are introduced with wind power integration. First, this thesis introduces a methodology to forecast congestion in the transmission line with high wind penetration. Since most wind resources tend to be located far away form the load center, the active line flow is one of the most significant aspects when wind farm is connected to electrical grid. By providing the information about the line flow which can contribute to transmission line congestion, the system operators would be able to respond such as by requesting wind power or load reduction. The second objective of this thesis is to select the weakest bus, called pilot bus, among all load buses. System reliability, especially voltage stability, can be adversely affected by wind variability. In order to ensure reliable operation of power systems with wind power integration, the index to select the pilot bus is developed, and further prediction of voltage profile at the pilot bus is fulfilled. The objective function to select the pilot bus takes account of the N-1 contingency analysis, loading margin, and reactive power sensitivity. Through on the objective function, the pilot bus is representative of all load buses as well as controllable by reactive power regulation. Predicting the voltage profile at the pilot bus is also useful for system operators to determine wind power output. / text

The object of this research is to optimize the overall power system performance using FACTS devices. Particularly, it is intended to improve the reliability, and the performance of the power system considering steady state operating condition as well as the system subjected to small and large disturbances. The methodology proposed to achieve this goal corresponds to an enhanced particle swarm optimizer (Enhanced-PSO) that is proven in this work to have several advantages, in terms of accuracy and computational effort, as compared with other existing methods. Once the performance of the Enhanced PSO is verified, a multi-stage PSO-based optimization framework is proposed for optimizing the power system reliability (N-1 contingency criterion). The algorithm finds optimal settings for present infrastructure (generator outputs, transformers tap ratios and capacitor banks settings) as well as optimal control references for distributed static series compensators (DSSC) and optimal locations, sizes and control settings for static compensator (STATCOM) units. Finally, a two-stage optimization algorithm is proposed to improve the power system performance in steady state conditions and when small and large perturbations are applied to the system. In this case, the algorithm provides optimal control references for DSSC modules, optimal location and sizes for capacitor banks, and optimal location, sizes and control parameters for STATCOM units (internal and external controllers), so that the loadability and the damping of the system are maximized at minimum cost. Simulation results throughout this research show a significant improvement of the power system reliability and performance after the system is optimized.