The destruction of tropical forests is the most concerning current threat to biodiversity. Although protected areas have long been used as the primary tool for biodiversity conservation, there is an increasing need to find suitable conservation strategies for the growing area of human-modified land. This thesis addresses three themes that have been identified as the most pressing areas for research in human-modified landscapes: biodiversity conservation beyond protected areas, forest restoration, and the human–environment relationship. By studying the interactions between birds, plants, and people with isolated Ficus (Moraceae) trees in Assam, India, this thesis reports several important findings: 1) isolated Ficus trees are extraordinarily important to frugivorous bird communities that inhabit human-modified landscapes; 2) the frugivores visiting these isolated trees still sustained the majority of ecological function found in trees close to the forest edge; 3) isolated Ficus trees are also exceptionally important feeding sites for insectivorous birds in human-modified landscapes, compared to other trees; 4) Ficus trees are better restoration nuclei than other isolated trees; 5) although the sacred status of Ficus trees in Assam has a major influence on their abundance and distribution, faith-based values are insufficient in ensuring their conservation. In conclusion, this thesis finds that isolated Ficus trees are critically important micro-sites for conservation in human-modified landscapes, the loss of which may lead to avifaunal collapse and a reduction in restoration potential. However, by stressing their ecological and cultural properties, it may be possible to build a strong case for the conservation of isolated Ficus trees in Assam and elsewhere.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

The thesis presents results of a qualitative research conducted in The Giant Mountains National Park (Czech Republic). The research objective was to assess effects of various behaviour modification strategies on rule acceptance among Park visitors. Using a particular group of visitors (i.e. skialpinists) as an example, the conflict relationship between Park authorities and the public is described, as well as its sources and consequences for conservation efforts. Moreover, effectivity of six psychological strategies (participation, modelling, feedback providing, information providing, social norms highlighting and prompts) aimed at enhancing rule acceptance is discussed, based on focus group, as well as "real life test" data.

The diploma thesis deals with legal regime of practicing tourism and sports in specially protected areas of the Czech Republic. Specially protected areas are areas with stricter protection regime of nature on specific accurately assessed flat territory. The thesis is composed of five chapters dealing with mutual relationship between sports and environmental protection, general definition of law of specially protected areas of the Czech Republic with a focus on protection tools and sports and tourism activities. Last two chapters are devoted to the pursuit of climbing in the Protected Landscape Area Jizerské hory and the National Park České Švýcarsko. The aim of the thesis is to summarize and to assess the existing legal regulation and to identify of problematic issues. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The designation of protected areas is currently the most widely adopted means of conserving natural ecosystems. Whilst the conservation of nature is the primary concern in protected areas, it is also recognized that meeting the needs and priorities of participants (e. g. local residents, visitors) is vital to the long-term survival of such areas. Studies dealing with attitudes of participants may improve protected area management, and help to identify the problems in the area. The Ph.D. thesis "Sustainable tourism in selected protected areas in the Czech Republic" was carried out in Krkonose National Park (KPNAP), Sumava National Park (NP) and Protected Landscape Area (PLA) in the Czech Republic and in Karkonoski Park Narodowy (KPN) in Poland. Many socioenvironmental research studies have been done focusing on the problems of tourism in these areas. The results of these studies could be affected by the timing and location of the survey. The main objective of the research is to compare characteristics and attitudes of visitors and local people in protected areas in different seasons (winter and summer) and in different types of protected areas (national parks and protected landscape area). The first part of the results finds the differences between perceptions and attitudes of visitors of the...

This thesis deals with the legal regime of the protected areas and zones designed to protect the soil.The thesis is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter is devoted to a general definition of the environment and describes the reasons why to protect them. The second chapter deals with soil protection in general, and mainly focuses on the problems they are currently facing with the land protection. The third chapter is devoted to the sources of legislation on the soil protection. Chapter four and five of the thesis includes a central and legal analysis of soil conservation in protected areas and zones in the laws on nature protection and landscape in the Water Act. Each institute is described, defined, and especially emphasize the special legal regime consisting mainly of the bans and restrictions on certain activities in the area through which the soil is being protected. Fifth and sixth chapter focuses on soil protection contained in the Act on spas and mining.

This qualitative field study is conducted on the Andaman Islands in India and focuses on the sustainable destination development and SCUBA diving tourism. The island in focus, Havelock, is an emerging tourist destination and an international airport is scheduled to open in the Andamans in 2021. The topic is approached through observation and interviews with people involved with the SCUBA diving industry, selected informants, and diving tourists. Different scales that operate with the island’s development - global, national, regional and local - are investigated. Global warming poses a threat to the coral reefs that is the main resource for tourism at the location and the longterm residents’ education in the subject is absent. The communication between state and nation is a problem as laws are passed without participation or awareness from the local community which makes it difficult for businessowners to invest. Furthermore, diver motivation and satisfaction are investigated. The main motivation of beginner level diving tourists from India are not educated in how the underwater world looks like, but are motivated to see what they already know through movies like “Finding Nemo”. The study reveals that a degraded coral reef does not affect diver satisfaction where the divers are not educated in how a healthy reef looks like. The local Marine Protected Area - Rani Jhansi Marine National Park - is in 2019 funded by the government and there are currently no entrance fees for diving tourists. However, this has been proved successful in other destinations. The Marine Protected Area is perceived as positive by the local SCUBA industry, but it is not interacting with its regulation and governing.

A crescente complexidade e interdependência dos problemas associados à expansão imobiliária, saneamento e demanda por água promoveram o aumento de conflitos entre os diversos atores sociais. Nas últimas décadas foram criados mecanismos de descentralização político-administrativa, que permitiram a participação social na gestão das políticas públicas como os comitês, colegiados e conselhos. Partindo da apresentação e discussão do conceito de Governança, investiga-se a viabilidade do emprego deste conceito na análise dos processos de gestão desenvolvidos em Unidades de Conservação de Uso Sustentável, através dos respectivos Conselhos Gestores. Para a compreensão do tema é apresentado um levantamento do histórico, arcabouço legal e instrumentos de gestão, previstos na legislação ambiental brasileira para as áreas protegidas, dando ênfase para as Áreas de Proteção Ambiental (APA) categoria com maior extensão territorial no país. Em seguida é apresentado o estágio de desenvolvimento das APAs no Estado de São Paulo, com dados acerca dos Conselhos Gestores e Planos de Manejo. Com base no referencial teórico o texto Governance Principles for Protected Areas in the 21st Century, de Grahan, Amos e Pluptre (2003), aplicou-se uma estrutura metodológica, que emprega pesquisa documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas, aplicadas aos membros do Conselho Gestor da APA Itupararanga, para a avaliação dos processos de governança. Os resultados obtidos pretendem contribuir ao desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de ferramentas para gestão de Unidades de Conservação de Uso Sustentável e servir de subsídio para construção dos Programas de Ações instituídos no Plano de Manejo da APA Itupararanga. / The increasing complexity and interdependence of the problems associated with the real estate expansion, sanitation and waters demand, promoted a growth in the conflicts between different social actors. In the last decades, mechanisms of political and administrative decentralization were created, which allowed social participation in the management of public polices, such as committees, boards and councils. Starting from the presentation and discussion of the concept of Governance, this paper investigates the viability to use this concept in the analysis of management processes developed in the Protected Areas of Sustainable Use, through its respective Managing Councils. In order to comprehend the subject matter, a survey of the history, legal structure and management instruments as provided by the Brazilian environmental legislation for protected areas, with emphasis on Areas of Environmental Protection (APA) category with the largest territorial extension in the country is presented. Next is displayed the development stage of the APAs in the state of São Paulo, with data about Management Councils and Management Plans. With basis in the theoretical reference presented by Graham, Amos e Plumptre (2003), in the text \"Governance Principles for Protected Areas in the 21st Century\", a methodological framework that uses document researches and semi structured interviews applied to the Management Council members of the APA Itupararanga in order to evaluate the processes of Governance. The achieved results aim to contribute to the development and improvement of the management tools for Protected Areas for Sustainable Use and serve as a subsidy for construction of the Action Programs instituted in the APA Itupararangas Management Plan.

A proteção da natureza tem sido cada vez mais reconhecida como necessária para a manutenção dos recursos naturais e para a sobrevivência da humanidade. Nesse sentido, a legislação brasileira estabelece a manutenção de áreas protegidas na forma de áreas de preservação permanente (APP) e de reserva legal (RL) nos estabelecimentos rurais. Entretanto, nos últimos anos essas áreas vêm sendo questionadas em relação ao possível impacto na produção de alimentos e na vulnerabilidade socioeconômica de alguns produtores rurais, especialmente aqueles com menos terra e com menor poder socioeconômico, como alguns agricultores familiares. Visando equilibrar as necessidades sociais, econômicas e ambientais, é necessário compreender a relação entre as áreas protegidas e as características socioeconômicas desses produtores. Desse modo, o estudo objetivou analisar os impactos econômicos gerados pelas áreas protegidas nos agricultores familiares do estado de São Paulo. Buscou-se compreender os elementos que dificultam a produção agropecuária nesses estabelecimentos, observando também as variações regionais e as relações de características como: as rendas familiares, as áreas protegidas e outras características relacionadas: à produção (uso da terra, uso de tração animal, mecânica, adubos, corretivos etc.); à assistência técnica; à obtenção de financiamentos e investimento; à associação a cooperativas e a características do produtor (idade, escolaridade, experiência). Para isso, utilizaram-se métodos quantitativos de análise exploratória univariada, bivariada e multivariada (análise de fatores). Foram utilizados dados secundários do Censo Agropecuário de 2006 (realizado pelo IBGE) com tabulação especial, que separou os estabelecimentos familiares em dois grupos por município: os que possuíam, no ano de 2006, áreas de APP e/ou RL e os demais produtores familiares. As análises corroboram com a literatura e apontam que há diversas dificuldades de produção para os estabelecimentos familiares, que variam desde fatores básicos relativos à capacitação e à escolaridade do produtor até fatores estruturais como dificuldade de comercialização, de transporte da produção, falta de assistência técnica especializada à realidade do agricultor familiar entre outros. Nas diversas análises realizadas, as áreas protegidas não foram identificadas como barreira para a produção desses produtores e as rendas de ambos os grupos foram semelhantes para o ano analisado, pois predominaram rendas médias anuais por propriedade variando entre quatro mil reais e 18 mil reais. Desse modo, pode-se concluir que as áreas protegidas nos estabelecimentos familiares não devem ser apontadas como fator determinante para a diminuição da renda familiar, como tem sido argumentado. Para obter o equilíbrio socioeconômico e ambiental nesses estabelecimentos, indicam-se o manejo de sistemas agroecológicos e agroflorestais complexos na área de reserva legal bem como a imprescindível eliminação das barreiras produtivas nesses empreendimentos. / Nature protection has been strongly considered necessary so that natural resources and humanity survival can be maintained. The Brazilian legislation has established the maintenance of protected areas as permanent preservation areas (PPA) and legal reserve areas (LR) on rural farms. However, in recent years these areas have been questioned regarding their possible impact on food production and the socioeconomic vulnerability of farms, especially the ones of small areas and low socioeconomic power, as familiar smallholders. The relation between protected areas and socioeconomic characteristics of the families must be comprehended for the equilibration of their socio, economic and environmental necessities. This doctoral thesis reports on an analysis of the economic impacts of protected areas on familiar smallholders of São Paulo State. The focus is on the comprehension of the elements that hamper the agricultural production on these farms, as well as the observations of regional variations and the relations between characteristics, such as familiar incomes, protected areas and others related to the production ( land uses, use of animal and mechanical, fertilizers and liming), access of technical assistance, obtaining of loans and investment, cooperative association and some characteristics of the producer (age, education and experience). Quantitative methods of exploratory univariate, bivariate and multivariate (factor analysis) analyses were applied. Secondary data from the Agricultural Census of 2006 (conducted by IBGE) were used with special tabulation, which enabled the separation of the familiar smallholders into two groups by municipalities: one that had protected areas (PPA and/or LR) in 2006 and another that had no such areas. In agreement with a literature review, the analysis revealed that familiar smallholders have diverse production difficulties, which range from basic factors related to the improvement in the education of the familiar producers to structural factors, as difficulties in marketing, transportation, specialized technical assistance among others. The protected areas were not identified as a barrier for the production of the families, and both groups revealed similar incomes in the year analyzed, as the average annual income per family ranged between four thousand reais and eighteen thousand reais. It can be concluded that protected areas in familiar smallholders should not be considered the main factor that determines a lower familiar income, as it has been argumented. For a socioeconomic and environmental equilibrium in familiar smallholders, the complex agroecologic and agroforestry systems must be managed in the legal reserve and the production barriers for such farms must be eliminated.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de contribuir para a discussão acerca de diferentes estratégias de conservação da natureza, confrontando o modelo hegemônico baseado na criação de áreas protegidas com modelos alternativos, surgidos com o intuito de superar os problemas e conflitos ocasionados por este modelo, especialmente quando transposto para a realidade de países tropicais como o Brasil. O que se pretende é demonstrar que, diante de situações complexas de interação entre a sociedade e o meio ambiente, faz-se necessário o emprego de mecanismos voltados para a conservação da paisagem como um todo, a partir do seu uso efetivo e da definição conjunta de critérios pelos diversos atores envolvidos no processo, o que implica em mudanças com relação às instituições e instrumentos a serem utilizados. Para tanto, é feita uma análise comparativa de diferentes iniciativas de conservação em andamento na região do Vale do Rio Negro, no Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul, representativas de diferentes abordagens da questão da conservação. Além de ser uma das regiões mais preservadas do Pantanal, o Vale do Rio Negro apresenta um histórico de mobilização social em torno da conservação, o que explica o interesse pela área. A proximidade entre os domínios da cultura e da natureza na região do Pantanal, a ponto de tornar inviável sua compreensão senão a partir de uma referência comum, é também um fator importante para este estudo. A análise específica do caso do Vale do Rio Negro é precedida por uma discussão a respeito da evolução da idéia de conservação da natureza, e da concepção de mundo natural que serviu de base para o seu surgimento. São analisadas ainda tendências atuais em estratégias de conservação. Afim de permitir a compreensão do contexto em que se inserem as diferentes iniciativas de conservação analisadas, é feita também uma análise da paisagem do Pantanal e do Vale do Rio Negro em particular, em seus aspectos físicos, bióticos, históricos e humanos, com ênfase na co-evolução dos seus processos naturais e culturais. / The objective of this paper is to contribute to the discussion about different strategies for nature conservation, confronting the predominant model based in protected areas with other alternatives, developed to overcome the problems and conflicts generated by this model, especially with its implementation in tropical countries such as Brazil. The discussion is expected to demonstrate that, in dealing with situations of complex interaction between society and the environment, there is a need for mechanisms that enable the conservation of the region as a whole, through the effective use of its resources, and the definition of common criteria by the different actors involved in the process, which requires changes in the institutions and instruments to be employed. In order to achieve this objective, a comparative study is made among different initiatives for the conservation of the Rio Negro Valley region, in the Pantanal, each representative of different approaches to the issue of conservation. In addition to being one of the most pristine regions of the Pantanal, the Rio Negro Valley has a background of social mobilization around conservation, which explains the interest for the area. The proximity between cultural and natural processes in the Pantanal, to the point that they cannot be understood separately, is also an important factor to be taken into account by this study. The study of the specific issues on the Rio Negro Valley is preceded by a discussion about the evolution of the idea of nature conservation, and the concept of the natural world that enabled its appearance. Current trends in conservation strategies are also analyzed. In order to provide an understanding of the context in which the different conservation initiatives are inserted, the landscape of the Pantanal region – and the Rio Negro Valley in particular – is also analyzed in its physical, biological, historic and human aspects, emphasizing the co-evolution of its natural and cultural processes.