Au cours des dernières décennies, le phénomène de quench a été une des problématiques les plus importantes abordées dans les conceptions d’aimants supraconducteurs. En effet, la transition de quench d’un aimant de son état supraconducteur à son état normal induit une grande quantité de l’énergie par effet Joule. Cet apport de chaleur va ensuite augmenter rapidement la température du conducteur ainsi que la pression du liquide de refroidissement à l’hélium. Le dépassement d’un certain seuil sur ces deux paramètres peut engendrer une détérioration irréversible à l’aimant et au système de refroidissement cryogénique. Afin de mettre en évidence les comportements de quench des bobines supraconductrices à champ toroïdal (TF) du Tokamak JT-60SA, nous avons réalisé des études expérimentales et numériques sur les phénomènes thermohydrauliques résultant du quench d’un aimant supraconducteur fabriqué en câble-en-conduit conducteur (CICC) et refroidi par l’écoulement forcé à l’hélium supercritique. Dans ce cadre, toutes les 18 TF bobines de JT-60SA ont été testées dans une configuration à une seule bobine dans leurs conditions de fonctionnement nominales de courant et de température (25,7 kA et 5 K). Une augmentation progressive de la température a été appliquée à l'entrée de l'hélium jusqu'à la température de quench, suivie d'une décharge rapide du courant dès que le quench est détecté pour protéger l'aimant. Les analyses expérimentales de ces tests ont d'abord permis d'identifier plusieurs phases dynamiques très différentes pendant toute la propagation de quench. Ensuite, les phénomènes physiques parcourant chacune de ces phases ont été étudiés et les plus prédominants ont été mis en évidence tels que les charges thermiques externes, les performances magnétiques des brins, les transferts thermiques conducto-convectifs entre conducteurs et hélium ou encore l'expulsion d'hélium et le reverse flow. Sur la base de ces analyses expérimentales, un modèle numérique d’une seule galette a été développé dans le code THEA afin d'analyser un phénomène physique à la fois sans construire un modèle global trop complexe de l'ensemble de l'aimant. Ce modèle d’une seule galette a été validé sur les données d'expériences de quench et a été appliqué avec succès pour faire d'autres analyses plus détaillées des phénomènes physiques ainsi que des phases dynamiques identifiées pendant la propagation de quench des TF bobines. Ce modèle numérique a même permis d'identifier certains phénomènes prépondérants qui n'ont pas pu être étudiés dans l'analyse expérimentale, tels que l'impact des instabilités des conditions de test sur la dynamique de quench. Les très bons résultats de ce modèle et sa cohérence avec les analyses physiques expérimentales en font une étape très intéressante vers la modélisation complète de toute la TF bobine de JT-60SA et l'étude de son comportement de quench dans une vraie machine Tokamak et non en conditions d'essais. / During the last decades, the quench phenomenon has been one of the most important issues addressed in the superconducting magnets designs. Indeed, the quench transition of a magnet from its superconducting state to its normal state induces a large deposition of the Joule effect energy leading to an abrupt temperature increase in the conductor as well as a large pressure rise in the helium coolant. Any excess of these two parameters can cause an irreversible damage either to the magnet or to the cryogenic system. In order to achieve a better understanding of the quench behavior of the TF coils in the superconducting Tokamak JT-60SA, we carried out both experimental and numerical studies of the thermohydraulic phenomena taking place during the quench of a superconducting magnet manufactured with Cable-In-Conduit Conductor and cooled in forced flow with supercritical helium. In this framework, all the 18 JT-60SA TF coils were tested in a single coil configuration at their nominal operating conditions of current and temperature (25.7kA and 5K). A progressive temperature increase has been applied to the helium inlet up to the quench temperature, followed by a current fast discharge as soon as the quench is detected to protect the magnet. The experimental analyses of these tests allowed first to identify several very different dynamic phases in the overall quench propagation time. Then, the physical phenomena driving each one of these phases have been studied and the most predominant ones have been highlighted such as the external heat loads, the strands magnetic performances, the conductive and convective heat transfers between conductors and helium or even the helium expulsion and reverse flow. Based on these experimental analyses, a single pancake numerical model has been developed in the THEA code in order to analyze one physical phenomenon at a time without building a too complex global model of the entire magnet. This single pancake model has been validated on the quench experiments data and has been successfully applied to make further more detailed analyses of the physical phenomena as well as the dynamic phases identified during the TF coils quench propagation. This numerical model even allowed identifying some driving physical phenomena that could not be studied in the experimental analysis, such as the impact of the testing conditions instabilities on the quench dynamics. The very good results of this model and its coherence with physical experimental analyses makes it a very interesting step towards the full modelling of the entire JT-60SA TF coil and the study of its quench behavior in real Tokamak and not test facility conditions.

This thesis is focused on a detailed investigation of the optically induced quench switching effect in different films of antiferromagnetic CuMnAs. The quench switching effect was recently discovered to be highly reproducible resistance switch- ing, which can be excited by electrical and optical laser pulses. This thesis com- pares the amplitude response to laser-induced quench switching for samples on the different substrate material, samples with different stoichiometries, and sam- ples with different thicknesses of CuMnAs film. The effects of different ratios between the laser spot and the size of the measured device are investigated, and position-dependent measurements are also presented. It is shown that resistivity change with optical excitation using a single 120 femtosecond laser pulse can, in ideal conditions, reach up to 15% at room temperature, which is comparable with the maximum signal obtained with electrical pulses. All of the measure- ments combined with current knowledge of quench switching illustrate the robust behavior of this mechanism across a wide range of conditions. 1

No description available.

The physical properties of polymer quench bath directly affect the cooling rate of a quenched part. These properties include the type of quenchant, its temperature, concentration, and agitation level. These parameters must be controlled to optimize the quenching process in terms of alloy microstructure, properties and performance. Statistically designed experiments have been performed to investigate the effects of the process parameters (i.e. polymer concentration and agitation) on the heat transfer behavior of cast aluminum alloy A356 in aqueous solution of Aqua-Quench 260 using the CHTE quenching-agitation system. The experiments were designed using Taguchi technique and the experimental results were analyzed with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) based on the average cooling rate. It is found that average cooling rate dramatically decreases with the increase in polymer concentration. Agitation only enhances the average cooling rate at low and medium concentration levels. From ANOVA analysis, the process parameter that affects the variation of average cooling rate most is the polymer concentration, its percentage contribution is 97%. The effects from agitation and the interaction between polymer concentration and tank agitation are insignificant. The mechanical properties of age-hardenable Al-Si-Mg alloys depend on the rate at which the alloy is cooled after the solutionizing heat treatment. A model based on the transformation kinetics is needed for the design engineer to quantify the effects of quenching rates on the as-aged properties. Quench Factor analysis was developed by Staley to describe the relationship between the cooling rate and the mechanical properties of an age-hardenable alloy. This method has been previously used to successfully predict yield strength, hardness of wrought aluminum alloys. However, the Quench Factor data for aluminum castings are still rare in the literature. In this study, the Jominy End Quench method was used to experimentally collect the time-temperature and hardness data as the inputs for Quench Factor modeling. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed on the experimental data to estimate the kinetic parameters during quenching. Time-Temperature-Property curves of cast aluminum alloy A356 were generated using the estimated kinetic parameters. Experimental verification was performed on a L5 lost foam cast engine head. The predicted hardness agreed well with that experimentally measured.

O aço SAE/AISI 52100 é utilizado para a fabricação de rolamentos como também na fabricação de outras peças e dispositivos como cames de eixo comando de válvulas. Um dos problemas desta liga é a necessidade de revenimentos em temperaturas muito baixas para obtenção de alta dureza e para evitar o fenômeno da fragilização da martensita revenida (FMR), em detrimento da tenacidade. Foi projetada uma nova liga Fe-C-Mn-Si-Cr (AISI/SAE 52100 modificado com 1,74% de Si e 0,96% de Mn) baseada na mesma ideia do aço 300M em relação ao SAE/AISI 4340. O efeito do Si na cinética de precipitação da cementita retarda a fragilização da martensita revenida (FMR), além de aumentar a dureza e mantê-la com valores relativamente altos mesmo quando do revenimento em temperaturas mais altas. A proposta do presente trabalho foi comprovar a resistência desta nova liga frente à FMR e demonstrar a resistência ao amolecimento perante o revenimento (curvas de revenimento). Com o intuito de estudar o efeito do Si na dureza do novo aço, foram elaboradas curvas de revenimento medindo-se essa propriedade em amostras do novo aço e do aço comercial após têmpera em temperaturas de austenitização na faixa de 825ºC e 960ºC, seguida por tratamento criogênico em nitrogênio líquido (-196ºC) durante doze horas e revenidas em temperaturas na faixa de 250ºC a 500ºC. Foram obtidas durezas acima de 60HRC, sendo que o aço modificado chegou a tingir 68HRC, no estado temperado. Foi estudada também a resistência ao amolecimento da nova liga e do aço comercial submetendo amostras em temperaturas constantes na faixa de 350ºC a 450ºC, variando-se o tempo na faixa de uma a dez horas. O aço modificado, após 10 horas em 450ºC, apresentou ainda, dureza de 58HRC. Para determinação das propriedades mecânicas desta nova liga foram realizados ensaios de tração em amostras temperadas e revenidas, comparativamente ao aço SAE/AISI 52100 comercial. Para a realização do estudo da FMR, foram comparados resultados dos ensaios de impacto para o aço SAE/AISI 52100 comercial (0,25%Si) e modificado (1,74%Si). O aço modificado não apresentou o fenômeno da FMR. Foram analisados aspectos microestruturais por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e difração de raios-x. / The SAE/AISI 52100 steel is used for bearing manufacturing and automotive parts like camshafts lobes. A problem with this alloy is the need for low tempering temperature in order to obtain high hardness and to avoid the tempered martensite embrittlement phenomena, compromising the toughness. Based on the same idea as 300M steel regarding SAE/AISI 4340 steel, a new Fe-C-Mn-Si-Cr bearing alloy (AISI 52100 steel, modified with 1.74% Si and 0.96%Mn) was developed. The effect of Si on the kinetics of cementite precipitation leads to a higher temperature of tempered martensite embrittlement (TME) occurrence and keep high hardness values even when the steel is submitted to a higher temperatures tempering or for long time. The purpose of this work was to confirm the new alloy tempered martensite embrittlement (TME) resistance and to verify its softening resistance (tempering curves). Intending to investigate the Si effect on new steel hardness, hardness measurements were performed on modified and commercial steels samples after 825ºC 960ºC austenitization, twelve hours -196ºC cryogenic treatment and 250ºC 500ºC tempering. It was obtained hardness values over 60HRC and the modified steel presented 68HRC as quenched. The new alloy and commercial alloy softening resistance was studied by hardness measurement on samples submitted to 350ºC 450ºC constant temperature tempering in periods of time from one to ten hours. The Si alloyed steel presented 58HRC after 10 hours at 450ºC. For the mechanical characterization of the new alloy, tensile tests were performed in quenched and tempered samples. In the tempered martensite embrittlement study, impact tests results for commercial SAE/AISI 52100 (0.25%Si) and modified (1.74%Si) were compared. The modified steel presented no tempered martensite embrittlement. Microstructural aspects were studied by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis.

The objective of this research was to develop and verify a mathematical model and the necessary material database that allow predicting the physical and material property changes that occur in aluminum casting alloys in response to precipitation-hardening heat treatment. The model accounts for all three steps of the typical precipitation hardening heat treatment; i.e., the solutionizing, quenching, and aging steps; and it allows predicting the local hardness and tensile strength, and the local residual stresses, distortion and dimensional changes that develop in the cast component during each step of the heat treatment process. The model uses commercially available finite element software and an extensive database that was developed specifically for the aluminum alloy under consideration - namely A356.2 casting alloy. The database includes the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of the alloy all as functions of temperature. The model predictions were compared to measurements made on commercial cast components that were heat treated according to standard heat treatment protocols and the model predictions were found to be in good agreement with the measurements.

The finite difference method was used to calculate the variable heat transfer coefficient required to maximize mechanical properties of heat treated wrought 7075 aluminum alloy without causing residual stress. Quench simulation enabled determination of maximum surface heat flux bordering on inducing plastic flow in the work piece. Quench Factor Analysis was used to correlate cylinder diameter to yield strength in the T73 condition. It was found that the maximum bar diameter capable of being quenched without residual stress while meeting military mechanical design minimums is 2". It was also found that the cooling rate must increase exponentially and that the maximum cooling rate needed to achieve minimum mechanical properties is well within the capability of metals heat treatment industry.

No description available.

The photoabsorption cross sections of NO have been measured in the wavelength range 150~200nm, and the cross sections deviation from Beer-Lambert law due to the insufficient resolution of light source is discussed qualitatively. From the steady state approximation of quenching reactions, the pressure dependence of foreign gas on the ratio of absorption intensity to the fluorescence intensity is derived. Furthermore, the non-Stern-Volmer behaviors of the C2£S(n=0) state of NO were discussed by assuming the non-predissociated (J<9/2) and the predissociated (J>9/2) rotational levels following different quenching mechanisms.

Superconductivity Centennial Conference 2011- EUCAS–ISEC–ICMC (18-23 Sep 2011, The Hague, The Netherlands)