Environment plays an important role in the evolution of galaxies. In particular, denser environments, such as galaxy clusters and large-scale field filaments of the cosmic web have been found to reduce star formation in galaxies. The intersection of these environments provides an interesting regime of study. We investigate how cosmic filaments impact the quenching of galaxies within one virial radius of 324 simulated clusters. We use hydrodynamic runs from The Three Hundred Project along with the cosmic web extractor DisPerSE to track filaments and the structure finder VELOCIraptor to identify halos hosting galaxies. Limited by the resolution of the simulation, we examine star formation indirectly by way of galaxy colour and cold gas fraction. We find that cluster galaxies residing closer to filaments tend to be star-forming, bluer, and contain more cold gas than their counterparts further away from filaments. This is in stark contrast with galaxies residing outside of clusters, where galaxies close to filaments show clear signs of density related pre-processing. Careful examination of flows around and into cluster galaxies strongly suggests that the colder, dynamically coherent hydrodynamic streams along intra-cluster filaments partially shield galaxies close to them from strangulation by the hot, dense intra-cluster medium. These streams, in addition to the reduced density contrast of intra-cluster filaments with the intra-cluster medium, also limit the ram pressure stripping experienced by cluster galaxies. We further examine stripping in the context of gas disturbances in phase space to create a classification for wet and dry galaxies. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Electrical control over propellant combustion has the opportunity to improve the functionality and performance of various propulsion systems. In solid rocket motors, active burn rate modulation has the potential to enable throttling. In spacecraft propulsion systems, electrolysis of propellants may provide a means to reduce energy requirements and eliminate the need for expensive catalysts. The work presented in this thesis is concerned with fundamental science related to propellant electrolysis and the performance of rocket propulsion systems using electrolytic ignition. Specifically, the present research is concerned with the effect of conductive and energetic additives on the ignition, combustion, and extinction characteristics of lithium perchlorate-based propellants. Particular attention is paid to the relative importance of electrochemistry and ohmic heating during ignition and steady-state combustion as well as the relative influence of pressure and voltage during steady combustion. Research into the development of an electrically initiated propellant and its integration into a rocket motor is presented as well. This work focused primarily on surveying propellants based on ammonium perchlorate, lithium perchlorate, and hydroxylammonium nitrate for use in a small rocket motor. The decomposition processes of propellants based on ionic liquids and gel polymer electrolytes are detailed. Finally, data from motor firings is presented and parameters influencing the motor's performance and consistency are identified for future improvement. / Master of Science / The principal disadvantage of solid rocket motors is the lack of an active throttling and restart capability. Put simply, once a motor is ignited, it will burn until all of the propellant is consumed and there currently isn't a good method to speed up or slow down a solid rocket on command after it has been launched. As a result, the situations in which solid rocket motors can be used are limited. For example, solid rockets are not used in satellite propulsion because satellites need periodic adjustments to attitude and altitude, not a single boost. But solid rockets are relatively cheap, simple, and reliable and so various means of throttling solid propellants are being investigated. The method relevant to this work is throttling by using an electrical stimulus. By applying voltage across a propellant, the propellant can be ignited and the burning rate can be changed. The research here investigates what materials can be added to these propellants to make them ignite and burn faster as well as the development of novel propellants for applications in a small rocket motor.

A determinação das curvas de resfriamento como alternativa para análise do meio de resfriamento usado nos tratamentos térmicos de têmpera, mostra-se como um dos métodos mais poderosos e eficientes para avaliar e/ou quantificar a severidade de têmpera do meio refrigerante. Assim as soluções de sal AWS-20 testadas como meio de têmpera, tiveram o seu desempenho avaliado pelos métodos tradicionais como perfil da distribuição de dureza em corpos de prova e análise metalográfica e também através das suas curvas de resfriamento. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a sugestão de uma faixa de trabalho para temperatura e concentração com excelente rendimento e sendo confirmado pelo método de análise das curvas de resfriamento. / The determination of the cooling curves as alternative for analysis of the quenching media used in the heat treatments of hardening, is shown as one of the most powerful and efficient methods to evaluate and/or to quantify the quench severity of the quenchant.. Thus, the solutions of salt AWS-20 tested as quenching media, had its, acting evaluated by the traditional methods as profile of the distribution of hardness in test bodies and analysis metallographic and also through its cooling curves. The obtained results allowed the suggestion of a work strip for temperature and concentration with excellent revenue and being confirmed by the method of analysis of the cooling curves.

An experimental investigation has been conducted on CHTE quench probes and IVF quench probes to determine the influence of flow rate, spray distance and concentration of AQ251 polymer quenchant on the cooling rate and heat transfer coefficient during spray quenching. Time-temperature data has been collected for each spraying condition using the CHTE spray quenching system. Heat transfer coefficients as a function of temperature have been estimated and compared by using lumped thermal capacity model and an inverse heat conduction model. The results revealed that the maximum cooling rate increases with increasing in the flow rate in varying concentration of polymer quenchant in both probes. It was also found that the cooling rate decreases with the increase of the concentration of polymer quenchant.

"The performance of a series of mineral oil based quenchants has been investigated using the CHTE Quench Probe System and probe tips of 4140 steel to determine the cooling rate, heat transfer coefficient, Hardening Power (HP) and Tamura’s V indices in terms of the physical properties of quenchants; e.g. viscosity and oil start temperature. The Quench Factor, Q, was also calculated in terms of the hardness of the quenched parts. The lumped parameter approximation was used to calculate the heat transfer coefficient as a function of temperature during quenching. The results revealed that the maximum cooling rate increases with decrease in quenchant viscosity. As viscosity increases, Tamura’s V is nearly constant, while the HP decreases. For the selected oils, cooling ability of quenching oil increases with the increase in oil operating temperature, reaches a maximum and then decreases. The heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase in hardening power and maximum cooling rate. As the viscosity increases, the quench factor increases, which indicates the cooling ability of the oil decreases since the higher quench factor means the lower cooling ability of the oil. The hardness decreases with the increase in quench factor. Also the effect of surface oxides during quenching in commercial oils is studied. It was found that for 4140 steel probes the formation of oxide in air increases the cooling rate and heat transfer coefficient, the cooling rate curve of 4140 steel probe heated in argon shows clear Leidenfrost temperature, the oxide layer may require a significant thickness to cause the decrease in heat transfer coefficient. For 304 stainless steel probes the cooling rate and heat transfer coefficient are quite similar in air and in argon."

The effects of quenchant flow around a 4140 steel cylinder have been experimentally investigated. An apparatus was developed to repeatably immerse a two inch diameter by eight inch long probe into an agitated quench tank. The probes were normalized prior to quench to relieve any residual stresses. Distortion, residual stress and hardness were experimentally measured. The results verified that there was a variation of cooling rate in respect to quenchant flow around the cylinder. The data showed that there was a higher cooling rate nearest to the quenchant flow versus a much lower cooling rate away from the flow. Computational fluid dynamics are also presented to give insight into the behavior of the quenchant flow in the tank and around the cylinder.

Le lagon de la Nouvelle Calédonie (Pacifique Sud-Ouest), est drainé par les entrées fluviales et océaniques sous la pression de l’érosion des sols ultramafiques (enrichies en Nickel et Cobalt). Le but de cette thèse était de mieux comprendre les sources et la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la matière organique dissoute colorée (MODC) et fluorescente (MODF) le long de continuum rivière-côte-lagon-large en zone lagonaire tropicale du Pacifique dans un contexte de changement climatique et d’anthropisation locale (activité minière). Les côtes Est et Ouest calédoniennes ont été échantillonnées pendant 1 an et demi et pendant la campagne CALIOPE 3 (côte Est) lors d’un épisode El Niño fort (2015-2016), ponctués de forts épisodes pluvieux. L’analyse parallèle factorielle (PARAFAC) des matrices d’excitation-émission de fluorescence (MEEFs) a abouti à l’indentifications de 5 fluorophores : humique-like marin, 2 tyrosine-like, et tryptophane-like d’origine autochtone issus des compartiments phytoplanctoniques et bactériens, et un fluorophore humique-like d’origine allochtone provenant des rivières drainant les côtes. La MODC à 350 et 442 nm suivait une dynamique fortement dépendante des apports fluviaux pouvant être découplée de la dynamique de la MODF. La MODF sur la côte Est suivait un cycle saisonnier (saison sèche/humide) contrairement à la côte Ouest dépendante de d'évènements pluvieux sporadiques. Des fluorophores (humique, tyrosine et tryptophane-like) ont montré des affinités avec certains métaux traces (Nickel, Manganèse, Cobalt) ce qui a permis de développer une expérience de quenching de fluorescence pour déterminer le pouvoir complexant de la MODF naturelle. / New Caledonia (South-West Pacific) is a tropical area under strong environmental pressure (climate change and local anthropogenic forcing). The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the colored (CDOM) and fluorescent (FDOM) dissolved organic matter dynamic in the New Caledonia Lagoon where strong ultramafic erosion pressure is associated with trace metals (i.e., nickel, manganese and cobalt). 3D spectrofluorimetry was used to characterize the CDOM/FDOM. The West and East coasts were sampled during one year and a half in a context of El Niño (2015-2016), interrupted by strong rainy events (storms) and during CALIOPE 3 cruise (East coast). A parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of EEMF led to the identification of 5 fluorophores: marine humic-like, 2 tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like peaks (T2 peak) from the biological balance between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton and a terrestrial humic-like from rivers draining caledonian coast. The CDOM signal at 350 and 442 nm had a strong dependency on river inputs accentuated during storms and revealed photodegraded CDOM. The FDOM signal in the East showed a seasonal cycle (wet/dry season) contrary to the West coast depending on sporadic rainy events. Data acquired during the CALIOPE 3 were coupled with trace metal concentrations, biogeochemical parameters, and plankton communities. Some fluorophores displayed a preferential association with nickel and cobalt. The complexation capacities of these fluorophores toward trace metals were revealed by a quenching experiment that allowed to derive complexation constants.

Dentre os tratamentos térmicos, a têmpera, que consiste no resfriamento rápido do aço, após a austenitização, é um dos mais utilizados. Neste tratamento o que se busca é uma estrutura martensítica, que confere aos aços maior dureza e resistência. A água, as soluções de polímeros e os óleos são os meios refrigerantes mais comumente usados para temperar aços. Os óleos mais utilizados como meio de resfriamento, são os de origem mineral. Para melhorar o desempenho deste tipo de óleo costuma-se utilizar aditivos, como aceleradores e molhantes. Tais aditivos atuam principalmente no primeiro e no segundo estágios do resfriamento (estágios do filme de vapor e formação de bolhas respectivamente). Utilizando aditivos a base de sais de cálcio e um óleo mineral parafínico da empresa Microquímica, foi formulado um óleo para têmpera, visando obter um óleo acelerado e, desta forma verificamos o aumento na taxa de resfriamento, bem como seu desempenho com a variação na temperatura de trabalho (60°C e 80°C). / Among heat treating the quenching, that is speed cooling the steel after austenitizing, is the more utilised. In this treatment the seek is martensite structure, that confer of steel full hardness and strenght. The water, polymer solutions and oils are the quenchant very usually for quencher steels. The oils very used how quenchant are mineral oils. For improve the performance this type of oil to get used to utilize additive, how accelerators and wetts. This additives actuate principally in the first and second cooling stages (vapour phase and boiling respectivally). Utilizing additives based in calcium salt and a mineral oil by Microquímica Company, can be formulated a quenching oil, direct obtain a speed oil, so that check increased in the cooling rate, and also the performance with changed worlk temperature (60°C and 80°C).

Dentre os tratamentos térmicos, a têmpera, que consiste no resfriamento rápido do aço, após a austenitização, é um dos mais utilizados. Neste tratamento o que se busca é uma estrutura martensítica, que confere aos aços maior dureza e resistência. A água, as soluções de polímeros e os óleos são os meios refrigerantes mais comumente usados para temperar aços. Os óleos mais utilizados como meio de resfriamento, são os de origem mineral. Para melhorar o desempenho deste tipo de óleo costuma-se utilizar aditivos, como aceleradores e molhantes. Tais aditivos atuam principalmente no primeiro e no segundo estágios do resfriamento (estágios do filme de vapor e formação de bolhas respectivamente). Utilizando aditivos a base de sais de cálcio e um óleo mineral parafínico da empresa Microquímica, foi formulado um óleo para têmpera, visando obter um óleo acelerado e, desta forma verificamos o aumento na taxa de resfriamento, bem como seu desempenho com a variação na temperatura de trabalho (60°C e 80°C). / Among heat treating the quenching, that is speed cooling the steel after austenitizing, is the more utilised. In this treatment the seek is martensite structure, that confer of steel full hardness and strenght. The water, polymer solutions and oils are the quenchant very usually for quencher steels. The oils very used how quenchant are mineral oils. For improve the performance this type of oil to get used to utilize additive, how accelerators and wetts. This additives actuate principally in the first and second cooling stages (vapour phase and boiling respectivally). Utilizing additives based in calcium salt and a mineral oil by Microquímica Company, can be formulated a quenching oil, direct obtain a speed oil, so that check increased in the cooling rate, and also the performance with changed worlk temperature (60°C and 80°C).

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