In this thesis, it is aimed to design lithium extraction from boron clays using statistical design of experiments and robust design methodologies. There are several factors affecting extraction of lithium from clays. The most important of these factors have been limited to a number of six which have been gypsum to clay ratio, roasting temperature, roasting time, leaching solid to liquid ratio, leaching time and limestone to clay ratio. For every factor, three levels have been chosen and an experiment has been designed. After performing three replications for each of the experimental run, signal to noise ratio transformation, ANOVA, regression analysis and response surface methodology have been applied on the results of the experiments. Optimization and confirmation experiments have been made sequentially to find factor settings that maximize lithium extraction with minimal variation. The mean of the maximum extraction has been observed as 83.81% with a standard deviation of 4.89 and the 95% prediction interval for the mean extraction is (73.729, 94.730). This result is in agreement with the studies that have been made in the literature. However / this study is unique in the sense that lithium is extracted from boron clays by using limestone directly from the nature, and gypsum as a waste product of boric acid production. Since these two materials add about 20% cost to the extraction process, the results of this study become important. Moreover, in this study it has been shown that statistical design of experiments help mining industry to reduce the need for standardization.

The main objective of this study was to optimize processing conditions during halogen lamp-microwave combination baking of cake by using Response Surface Methodology. It was also aimed to compare quality of products baked in microwave-halogen lamp combination oven, halogen lamp oven, microwave oven and conventional oven. In the first part of the study, as independent variables, baking time for conventional oven / microwave power and baking time for microwave oven / halogen lamp power and baking time for halogen lamp oven and microwave power, halogen lamp power and baking time for halogen lamp-microwave combination oven were used. Weight loss, specific volume, firmness and color of the cakes were measured during the study. Cakes baked in conventional oven at 175&deg / C for 24 minutes were determined as the control cakes. Weight loss of cakes increased with increasing independent variables for all oven types. Specific volume and firmness of cakes increased with increasing microwave power, but decreased with upper halogen lamp power. Color formation was achieved in the combination baking but not as much as in the conventional baking. Response Surface Methodology was used to optimize the baking conditions in the second part of the study. Upper and lower halogen lamp powers, microwave power and baking time were used as independent variables. Optimum processing conditions were found as 60% for upper halogen lamp power, 70% for lower halogen lamp power, 30% for microwave power and 5 minutes for baking time. Cakes baked at optimum baking conditions had comparable quality with conventionally baked ones, except color. In short, by the usage of halogen lamp-microwave combination oven it was possible to obtain high quality cakes by reducing of conventional baking time about 79%.

Grape pomace is a by-product of wineries. It is one of the most potent antioxidant sources due to its high phenolic content. In this thesis study, ultrasound assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Merlot grape pomace has been studied. The effects of sonication time, subsequent extraction time in shaking water bath at 45&deg / C and composition of the solvent on extraction efficiency and recovery of phenolics were studied by response surface methodology. Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method was used to analyze effects of process parameters on the total phenolic content of the extracts. The best recovery (47.2 mg gallic acid equivalents of total phenolics per g of dried grape pomace) was obtained using 30 % aqueous ethanol and applying 6 minutes of sonication followed by 12 minutes of shaking in water bath at 45&deg / C.

This thesis develops a methodology for designing resilient system-of-systems (SoS) networks. This methodology includes a capability-based resilience assessment framework, used to quantify SoS resilience. A complex networks approach is used to generate potential SoS network designs, focusing on scale-free and random network topologies, degree-based and random rewiring adaptation, and targeted and random node removal threats. Statistical design methods, specifically response surface methodology, are used to evaluate SoS networks and provide an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of potential designs. Linear regression is used to model a continuous representation of the network design space, and determine optimally resilient networks for particular threat types. The methodology is applied to an information exchange (IE) network model (i.e., a message passing network model) and military command and control (C2) model. Results show that optimally resilient IE network topologies are random for networks with adaptation, regardless of the threat type. However, the optimally resilient adaptation method sharply transitions from being fully random to fully degree-based as threat randomness increases. These findings suggest that intermediately defined networks should not be considered when designing for resilience. Cost-benefit analysis of C2 networks suggests that resilient C2 networks are more cost-effective than robust ones, as long as the cost of rewiring network links is less than three-fourths the cost of creating new links. This result identifies a threshold for which a resilient network design approach is more cost-effective than a robust one.This thesis develops a methodology for designing resilient system-of-systems (SoS) networks. This methodology includes a capability-based resilience assessment framework, used to quantify SoS resilience. A complex networks approach is used to generate potential SoS network designs, focusing on scale-free and random network topologies, degree-based and random rewiring adaptation, and targeted and random node removal threats. Statistical design methods, specifically response surface methodology, are used to evaluate SoS networks and provide an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of potential designs. Linear regression is used to model a continuous representation of the network design space, and determine optimally resilient networks for particular threat types. The methodology is applied to an information exchange (IE) network model (i.e., a message passing network model) and military command and control (C2) model. Results show that optimally resilient IE network topologies are random for networks with adaptation, regardless of the threat type. However, the optimally resilient adaptation method sharply transitions from being fully random to fully degree-based as threat randomness increases. These findings suggest that intermediately defined networks should not be considered when designing for resilience. Cost-benefit analysis of C2 networks suggests that resilient C2 networks are more cost-effective than robust ones, as long as the cost of rewiring network links is less than three-fourths the cost of creating new links. This result identifies a threshold for which a resilient network design approach is more cost-effective than a robust one.

Thesis (MScFoodSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cyclopia genistoides (honeybush) has been identified as an excellent resource for the production of a xanthone-enriched extract due to its high mangiferin content and successful cultivation. The predominant xanthone present in C. genistoides is mangiferin, a potent antioxidant proven to exhibit a wide range of bioactivities that contribute greatly to the health-promoting abilities of honeybush extracts. Isomangiferin, the regio-isomer of mangiferin and of comparable antioxidant capacity to mangiferin, is another valuable compound present in substantial quantities in C. genistoides. A xanthone-enriched extract would find possible application in functional food/beverage products that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. In the current study, the effect of ethanol (EtOH) concentration (0-100%, v/v), plant material size (milled vs. teabag fraction), extraction time (0-60 min) and elevated extraction temperatures on the extraction of xanthones from unfermented C. genistoides was investigated. Single factor experiments showed the best extraction efficiency, evaluated in terms of extract yield, xanthone yield and xanthone content of the extract, was achieved by extracting milled plant material with 20-60% EtOH (v/v) for 30 min at elevated temperatures (70°C). Response surface methodology (RSM) to evaluate the individual and interaction effects of process variables, namely EtOH concentration (0-100%, v/v) and temperature (0-70°C) was used to further optimise the extraction process. EtOH concentration was found to have the largest effect on extraction efficiency (p < 0.05), whilst temperature had a negligible effect. Optimal levels of EtOH concentration (40%, v/v) and temperature (70°C) for maximum extract and mangiferin yields were successfully achieved within the experimental domain, using 10 mL/g solvent:solid ratio and 30 min extraction time. Ultrafiltration (UF) was subsequently employed to facilitate further xanthone enrichment of the unfermented C. genistoides extract (40% EtOH, v/v). A series of laboratory scale membrane devices (centrifugal membrane units, stirred cell and tangential flow ultrafiltration (TFU) system) were used in an up-scale approach to determine the effect of membrane material (regenerated cellulose (RC) vs. polyethersulphone (PES)), molecular weight cut off (MWCO; 3 kDa, 10 kDa, 30 kDa), feed concentration (1% vs. 3% soluble solids (SS)) and operating parameters (transmembrane pressure (TMP) and feed flow rate) on membrane performance and permeate quality. The best performing membrane in terms of productivity and xanthone enrichment was the 10 kDa RC membrane when using an extract concentration close to that of industrially prepared extracts (3% SS). RSM was used to further optimise UF of unfermented C. genistoides through a 10 kDa RC membrane in the TFU system. The individual and interaction effects of TMP (0.82-2.04 bar) and feed flow rate (200-444 mL/min) on permeate flux, xanthone enrichment and the fouling index were investigated. The individual effects of TMP and feed flow rate had a significant effect on all measured responses, while their interaction only affected average permeate flux and fouling index significantly. Optimal TMP and feed flow rate values of 2.04 bar and 444 mL/min, respectively, were selected within the experimental domain, restricted by equipment constraints. Validation of the combined protocol including ethanol-water extraction and UF using plant material from ten different unfermented C. genistoides batches resulted in enriched extracts containing 10.6-17.8% xanthone content. During UF, average mangiferin and isomangiferin enrichments of 20% and 22%, respectively, were obtained. Whilst no correlation was found between the feed concentration of the extracts, xanthone enrichment and fouling index, a strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.98) was found between feed concentration and permeate yield. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Cyclopia genistoides (heuningbos) is geidentifiseer as ‘n uitstekende bron vir die produksie van ‘n xantoon-verrykte ekstrak weens sy hoë mangiferien-inhoud sowel as suksesvolle verbouing daarvan. Die oorheersende xantoon teenwoordig in C. genistoides is mangiferien, ‘n kragtige antioksidant met ‘n bewese wye reeks bioaktiwiteite wat grootliks bydra tot die gesondheidsvoordele van heuningbosekstrakte. Isomangiferien, die regio-isomeer van mangiferien met vergelykbare antioksidant-aktiwiteit as mangiferien, is nog ‘n waardevolle verbinding teenwoordig in aansienlike hoeveelhede in C. genistoides. ‘n Xantoon-verrykte ekstrak kan moontlik toegepas word in funksionele voedsel- of drankie-produkte, wat gesondheidsvoordele bo en behalwe die basiese voedsaamheid inhou. Die effek van etanol (EtOH)-konsentrasie (0-100%, v/v), plantmateriaal grootte (gemaal teenoor teesakkie-fraksie), ekstraksietyd (0-60 min) en ekstraksietemperatuur op die ekstraksie van xantone uit ongefermenteerde C. genistoides is ondersoek. Enkelfaktor eksperimente het getoon dat die beste ekstraksie-effektiwiteit, in terme van ekstrakopbrengs, xantoonopbrengs en xantooninhoud van die ekstrak, bereik is deur gemaalde plantmateriaal met 20-60% EtOH (v/v) vir 30 min by verhoogde temperature (70°C) te ekstraheer. Respons-oppervlak Metodologie (ROM) is aangewend om die individuele en interaktiewe effekte van die veranderlikes, naamlik EtOH-konsentrasie (0-100%, v/v) en temperatuur (0-70°C) te ondersoek asook om die ekstraksieproses verder te optimiseer. EtOH-konsentrasie het die grootste effek op die ekstraksie-effektiwiteit gehad (p < 0.05), terwyl die effek van temperatuur onbeduidend was. Optimale vlakke van EtOH-konsentrasie (40% v/v) en temperatuur (70°C) vir maksimum ekstrak- en mangiferienopbrengs is binne die eksperimentele domein is gevind, met die gebruik van 10 mL/g oplosmiddel:vastestof verhouding en ‘n ekstraksietyd van 30 min. Ultrafiltrasie (UF) is daarna gebruik om verdere xantoon-verryking van die ongefermenteerde C. genistoides ekstrak (40% EtOH, v/v) te fasiliteer. ‘n Reeks labratoriumskaal membraantoestelle (sentrifugale membraaneenhede, ‘n geroerde selsisteem en ‘n kruisvloei-ultrafiltrasie (KVU) sisteem) is gebruik in ‘n opskaleringsbenadering om die effek van die membraanmateriaal (geregenereerde sellulose (RS) vs. polyetersulfoon (PES)), molekulêre gewig afsnit (MWCO; 3 kDa, 10 kDa, 30 kDa), voerkonsentrasie (1% vs. 3% oplosbare vastestowwe (OV)) en operasionele parameters (transmembraandruk (TMD) en voervloeispoed) op membraanprestasie en permeaatkwaliteit te bepaal. Die membraan met die beste prestasie in terme van produktiwiteit en xantoon-verryking was die 10 kDa RS membraan wanneer gebruik met ‘n ekstrakkonsentrasie na aan dié van die industrieel vervaardigde ekstrakte (3% OV). ROM is gebruik om die KVU van ongefermenteerde C. genistoides deur ‘n 10 kDa RS membraan verder te optimiseer. Die indiwiduele en interaktiewe effekte van TMD (0.82-2.04 bar) en voervloeispoed (200-444 mL/min) op permeaatvloei, xantoon-verryking en die blokkeringindeks is ondersoek. Die individuele effekte van TMD en voervloeispoed het ‘n betekenisvolle effek op alle gemete response gehad, terwyl hul interaksie net gemiddelde permeaatvloei en besoedelingsindeks beduidend beïnvloed het. Optimale TMD en voervloeispoed waardes van 2.04 bar en 444 mL/min, onderskeidelik, is geselekteer binne die eksperimentele domein, wat bepaal is deur die beperkings van die toerusting. Die geldigheid van die gesamentlike protocol, insluitende etanol-water ekstraksie en UF, is getoets deur plantmateriaal van tien verskillende ongefermenteerde C. genistoides monsters te gebruik. Dit het gelei tot verrykte ekstrakte wat 10.6-17.8% xantone bevat het. UF het onderskeidelik gemiddelde mangiferien- en isomangiferien-verryking van 20% en 22% gelewer. Geen korrelasie is gevind tussen die voerkonsentrasie van die ekstrakte en die besoedelingsindeks nie, maar ‘n goeie liniêre korrelasie (R2 = 0.98) is tussen voerkonsentrasie en permeaatopbrengs gevind.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:50:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 botaro_ja_me_arafcf.pdf: 1079828 bytes, checksum: e3d6aa320e7262e913df25c024a8740c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Recentemente, a indústria de alimentos está preocupada em desenvolver novos produtos, usando ingredientes inovadores, que promovam benefícios à saúde. O uso de proteínas de leguminosas como uma alternativa para a proteína animal tem sido estudada. O tremoço branco (Lupinus albus L.) apresenta elevada concentração de proteína e óleo, principalmente ácidos graxos insaturados e poliinsaturados, fibra alimentar, açúcares e vitaminas B1 e B2. Por outro lado, o tremoço não pode ser consumido diretamente porque possui alcaloides, que além de serem tóxicos, atribuem gosto amargo ao grão. Como a maioria dos alcaloides é solúvel em água, a quantidade de alcaloide do grão pode ser diminuída através de água corrente, fervente ou salmoura. Sucos de frutas são bastante consumidos no Brasil, especialmente no verão, não somente pelo sabor, mas como fonte de hidratação e por serem ricos em nutrientes. Os sucos de frutas tropicais conquistam cada vez mais o mercado consumidor, sendo o Brasil, um dos principais produtores. A pitanga, fruto da pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.) é uma planta frutífera nativa do Brasil (das regiões Sul e Sudeste e que tem se adaptado favoravelmente às condições climáticas e edáficas da região Nordeste), da Argentina e do Uruguai. A pitanga é uma fruta cuja polpa apresenta excelentes condições para industrialização, devido ao seu alto rendimento, aroma agradável e sabor exótico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de verificar, através da metodologia de superfície de resposta, as melhores condições para a utilização simultânea de extrato aquoso de tremoço branco e de suco tropical de pitanga, no desenvolvimento de uma bebida. Para tanto, as variáveis independentes foram representadas pelo volume de extrato aquoso de tremoço (mL) e pelo volume de suco de pitanga... / Recently, the food industry is concerned about developing new products, using innovative ingredients that promote health benefits. The use of vegetable protein as an alternative to animal protein is being studied. The white lupine (Lupinus albus L.) has high concentrations of protein and oil, especially non saturated fatty acids and polynonsaturated fats, dietary fiber, sugars and vitamins B1 and B2. On the other hand, the lupine bean can’t be consumed straight because it has alkaloids which besides being toxic, add a bitter taste to the bean. As most alkaloids are water soluble, the amount of alkaloid in the beans can be reduced by running water, boiling or brine. Fruit juices are widely consumed in Brazil, especially in the summer, not only for their flavor, but as a source of hydration and because they are rich in nutrients. The tropical fruit juices are conquering the market more and more, with Brazil being one of the main producers in the world. The Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) is the fruit of the Pitangueira, a native plant of southern Brazil (which has adapted positively to weather and soil conditions in the country’s Northeast), Argentina and Uruguay. Pitanga is a fruit which pulp presents excellent conditions for industrialization, due to its high yield, pleasant aroma and exotic flavor. The aim of the present study was to verify, through the response surface methodology, the optimum conditions for the combined use of aqueous extract of white lupine and tropical pitanga juice in the development of a drink. Therefore, the independent variables were represented by the volume of aqueous extract of lupine (mL) and by the volume of pitanga juice (mL). The dependent variables (responses) were obtained through sensory test of acceptance (appearance, aroma, taste and overall acceptability). The combined... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:32:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1306121 bytes, checksum: a37665a647e350c65a7c8f5fa7dc4f7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24 / In the analysis of problems in which the response variable of interest is influenced by many factors and whose goal is to optimize, it's it intended to use designs for the response surface. One of the highlights is the central composite design (CCD), which is a randomized second-order and may have characteristics of rotational and / or orthogonality. These designs are simple, economical, promising and very flexible. These are consisted of factorial points, axial and central. This way, using simulation data, the objective was to investigate, by means of simulation data, the effects of axial points and the number of central points on the quality of fitting of the area response surfaces obtained through this design for two factors studied, when the great is well centered or not in the intervals studied, trying to indicate more appropriated analysis strategies in different cases. For this purpose, the full factorial was used as a witness. For the two factors study, we established a complete 9x9 factorial design with nine replicates per treatment, according to a completely randomized design, it also has been established two responses areas one with a critical point near the midpoint and the other with a critical point away from central. Defined the values of the axial points (&#945;) equal to 1; 1,4142; 2 and 3 and the number of repetitions at the central point equal to 1, 3, 6 and 9. The 16 CCDs observations were obtained from the first repetition of the respective treatments (factorial points, axial and central) contained in the full factorial. For different simulations, it was determined the coefficients of variation equal to 5, 10, 20 and 30%. Five simulations were done by variation coefficient and response surface, totaling 640 data files. To evaluate the of approximation degree of the response surface adjusted, compared to the real one, was used as a measure, the absolute difference between the values of true and estimated coefficients (&#916;&#946;i) and the absolute difference related to critical points (ac and bc) from the responses surfaces (&#916;ac and &#916;bc) in relation to the factors A and B, and to measure the fit degree of each response surface, we used the mean absolute percentage error (EPMA) and the linear correlation coefficient between the fitted values and true Y (r&#375;yv). However, different values of &#945; provided better estimates of the measures evaluated and, as &#945; = 1,4142 is closer to them all, it was concluded that this value is probably among the best for treatment planning. The value of &#945; = 1,4142, which has the property rotatability and the increase in number of repetitions at the central point provided the best fit response surface, however, the residual variance increase is not good for this estimates. Therefore, the conclusion is that the rotational CCD must be recommended for experiments under more controlled conditions, and compared with the full factorial had low efficient. In addition, the CCD presented similar results for the two surfaces of simulated responses. / Na análise de problemas nos quais a variável resposta de interesse é influenciada por diversos fatores e cujo objetivo é otimizá-la, propõe-se utilizar delineamentos para superfície de resposta. Dentre eles, destaca-se o Delineamento Composto Central (DCC), que é um delineamento de segunda ordem, podendo apresentar características de rotacionalidade e/ou ortogonalidade. Tais delineamentos são simples, econômicos, promissores e bastante flexíveis. Estes são constituídos de pontos fatoriais, axiais e central. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi de investigar, por meio da simulação de dados, os efeitos dos pontos axiais e do número de pontos centrais sobre a qualidade dos ajustes das superfícies de reposta obtidas, por meio desse delineamento para dois fatores estudados, quando a região ótima está ou não bem centralizada nos intervalos estudados, buscando assim, indicar estratégias de análises mais adequadas em diferentes casos. Para tanto, utilizou-se como testemunha, o fatorial completo. Para o estudo de dois fatores, foi estabelecido um fatorial completo 9x9 com nove repetições por tratamento, segundo o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, estabeleceu-se também duas superfícies de respostas, uma com ponto crítico próximo ao ponto central e a outra com ponto crítico afastado do ponto central. Definiu-se os valores dos pontos axiais (&#945;) iguais a 1; 1,4142; 2 e 3 e do número de repetições no ponto central iguais a 1, 3, 6 e 9. As observações dos 16 DCCs, foram obtidas a partir da primeira repetição dos respectivos tratamentos (pontos fatoriais, axiais e central) contidos no fatorial completo. Para as diferentes simulações, foi especificado os coeficientes de variação iguais a 5, 10, 20 e 30%. Realizou-se cinco simulações por coeficiente de variação e por superfície de resposta, totalizando 640 arquivos de dados. Para avaliação do grau de aproximação da superfície de resposta ajustada, em relação à verdadeira, utilizou-se como medida a diferença absoluta entre os valores dos coeficientes verdadeiros e estimados (&#916;&#946;i) e a diferença absoluta relacionada aos pontos críticos (ac e bc) das superfícies de respostas (&#916;ac e &#916;bc) em relação aos fatores A e B, e para medir o grau de ajuste de cada superfície de resposta utilizou-se o erro percentual médio absoluto (EPMA) e o coeficiente de correlação linear entre os valores ajustados e verdadeiros de Y ( r&#375;yv ). Contudo, diferentes valores de &#945; proporcionaram melhores estimativas das medidas avaliadas e, como &#945; = 1,4142 está mais próxima de todas elas, concluiu-se que esse valor está, provavelmente entre os melhores para o planejamento dos tratamentos. O valor de &#945; = 1,4142, que possui a propriedade de rotacionalidade, e o aumento do número de repetições no ponto central proporcionou melhor ajuste da superfície de resposta, porém, o aumento da variância residual prejudicou tais estimativas. Portanto, conclui-se que o DCC rotacional deve ser recomendado para experimentos sob condições mais controladas, e quando comparado com o fatorial completo apresentou-se menos eficiente. Além disso, o DCC apresentou resultados similares para as duas superfícies de respostas simuladas.

Orientador: Otto Mack Junqueira / Resumo: Um dos maiores desafios encontrados na nutrição de aves de corte atualmente, é determinar com precisão quais os níveis de energia ideais para compor a dieta das distintas fases de crescimento. Sabe-se que do custo total de uma ração a energia representa cerca de 50%, e que devemos considerar seus níveis na dieta para inclusão de todos os nutrientes. Neste trabalho serão apresentadas ferramentas computacionais e métodos aplicados com objetivo de otimizar as respostas para teores energéticos de dietas para frangos de corte. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos com total de 1120 frangos de corte (experimento I, 560 machos e experimento II, 560 fêmeas) da mesma linhagem comercial (Cobb 500), no período de 1 a 56 dias de idade, os quais receberam 4 dietas com diferentes densidades nutricionais. O objetivo dos experimentos foi gerar dados para definir as equações de superfície de resposta que servem como base de modelagem, a ser aplicado para programação não linear. As rações formuladas pelo programa prático de formulação de ração (PPFR), atende as exigências nutricionais dos frangos de corte e os requisitos de cada fase de crescimento mantendo a relação entre energia e nutrientes e visando o lucro máximo, uma vez que considera a cotação do preço pago pelo kg do frango e o custo de cada ingrediente da ração, baseando-se nos exemplos de exigências das tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos. / Abstract: One of the biggest challenges in broiler nutrition today is to accurately determine the optimal energy levels to compose the diet of the distinct growth stages. It is known that from the total cost of a feed, energy represents about 50%, and that its contents in the diet must be considered when including all the nutrients. In this work will be presented computational tools and methods applied with the objective of optimizing responses to energy contents of diets for broilers. For this, two experiments were carried out with a total of 1120 broilers (experiment I, 560 males and experiment II, 560 females) of the same commercial strain (Cobb 500), in the period from 1 to 56 days of age, which received 4 diets with different nutritional densities. The objective of the experiments was to generate data to define the equations of the response surfaces as a modeling base, to be applied for nonlinear programming. The rations formulated by the practical program for feed formulation (PPFR), meet the nutritional requirements of broiler chickens and the requirements of each growth phase, maintaining the relation between energy and nutrients, aiming for maximum profit, since it considers the price paid per kg of live chicken and the cost of each feed ingredient, based on the sample requirements of the Brazilian tables for poultry and swines. / Mestre

Le verrou de l'intégration de la simulation multi-physique dans la conception des systèmes mécatroniques est lié, entre autres, aux problèmes d'interopérabilité entre les outils de simulation. Ces problèmes engendrent des difficultés pour assurer des optimisations multidisciplinaires. Dans cette thèse, nous avons développé une approche de conception intégrée permettant de franchir cet obstacle. Cette approche s'appuie sur l'utilisation d'une plateforme d'intégration permettant de coupler divers outils de modélisation et de simulation. La modélisation du comportement multi-physique des composants au niveau détaillé est assurée par les méta-modèles, également utilisés pour l'optimisation multidisciplinaire des composants du système mécatronique. Ces méta-modèles permettent aussi d'intégrer le comportement multi-physique des composants et des modules mécatroniques pour la simulation au niveau système. Cette approche a été validée avec une modélisation d'un véhicule électrique. Ainsi, le niveau conceptuel de modélisation a été effectué avec le langage de modélisation des systèmes SysML et la véri_cation d'un test de performance d'accélération a été réalisée avec le langage de modélisation Modelica. Le module de conversion de puissance électrique du véhicule avec les fils de bonding a été modélisé avec la CAO 3D et son comportement multi-physique a été vérifié avec la méthode des éléments finis. Des méta-modèles sont ainsi élaborés en utilisant les techniques de surfaces de réponse et les réseaux de neurones de fonctions à base radiale. Ces méta-modèles ont permis ensuite d'effectuer des optimisations géométriques bi-niveaux du convertisseur de puissance et des fils de bonding. Le comportement électro-thermique du convertisseur de puissance et celui thermo-mécanique des fils de bonding ont été alors intégrés au niveau système à travers les méta-modèles. Les résultats montrent la flexibilité de l'approche du point de vue échange des méta-modèles et optimisation multidisciplinaire. Cette approche permet ainsi un gain très important du temps de conception, tout en respectant la précision souhaitée. / Difficulty of integrating multi-physics simulation in mechatronic system design is related, among others, to issues of interoperability between design tools, which lead to difficulties to ensure multidisciplinary optimizations. In this thesis, we have developed an integrated design approach to overcome this obstacle. This approach relies on the use of integrating platforms for coupling various design tools. Capture of multi-physics behaviour of components at detailed level is provided by meta-models which are also used for multidisciplinary optimization. These meta-models are therefore used to integrate multi-physics behaviour of mechatronic components and modules in system-level simulations. This approach has been validated with a design case of an electric vehicle. Conceptual design level has been performed with the Systems Modeling Language SysML and a verification of an acceleration performance test has been achieved with modeling language Modelica. Electric power converter with wire bondings has been modeled using 3D CAD and the multi-physics behaviour has been verified with finite elements method. Meta-models have then been developed for the power converter and wire bondings using techniques of response surfaces and neuronal networks of radial basis functions. These meta-models have been used to perform geometric bi-level optimizations of the components. Electro-thermal behavior of the power converter and thermo-mechanical behavior of the wire bondings have been integrated at system level through meta-models. Results show flexibility of the approach used in terms of exchange of meta-models and multidisciplinary optimization. Thus, this approach allows an important gain of design time while maintaining the desired accuracy.

Master of Science / Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering / Donghai Wang / Camelina sativa (L). Crantz that belongs to Brassicaceae family has been grown as a dicotyledonous oilseed crop in the cold places like America and Canada. Camelina seeds are widely used for the extraction of oil and protein. Recently, research found that camelina gum is an excellent candidate for food and industrial uses as thickener or stabilizer. The objectives of this research were 1) to increase camelina gum isolation efficiency using spray drying technology, and 2) to develop an innovative method to remove gum from seed bran to increase protein and oil extraction efficiency and quality. The camelina gums isolated using ethanol precipitation and spray drying method from the whole camelina seeds were compared. Effects of spray drying temperature on yield, gum morphology, and gum rheological and thermal properties were studied. The representative sample dried at 165°C was chosen to study the effects of concentration, temperature, pH and additives (NaCl, CaCl₂, sucrose, and ethanol) on viscosity and viscoelastic properties of the isolated gum. The gum showed a shear thinning behavior when shear rate increased gradually, higher concentrations of additives only slightly affect the rheological properties. Results showed that spray drying is an effective method in terms of saving time and energy, and provided positive rheology benefits on camelina gum isolation. Pre-removal of gum from camelina seeds can increase protein and oil yield and their quality. Decortication can separate 10-17% of the total camelina seed as bran. A wind tunnel was used to separate lighter bran particles from heavier endosperm and unbroken seeds. Camelina gum isolation from the separated seed bran using the traditional ethanol precipitation method was optimized using response surface methodology where the simultaneous effect of the three independent variables (seed bran to water ratio, isolation temperature, and isolation time) were investigated for gum yield, purity, and optimum rheological properties. Three independent quadratic modules were developed and the original data fitted the models fitted (R² = 0.995, 0.877, and 0.804). The optimal isolation conditions were seed bran to water ratio of 1:39, isolation temperature of 35 ºC, and isolation time of 1.5 h and 0.839 desirability was obtained by the rigorous statistics analysis. The protein yield and quality extracted from decorticated endosperm were improved significantly compared with that extracted from whole seeds meal without decortication. In addition, the degumming step can be eliminated before protein and oil extraction that increase protein and oil extraction efficiency.