Neste trabalho avaliou-se o comportamento reológico dos 11 molhos comerciais para salada, tratados pelo processo de irradiação por raios gama, nas doses: 3 kGy e 5 kGy. Essa avaliação foi realizada por meio de reogramas traçados por medidas de viscosidade e tensão de cisalhamento por taxa de cisalhamento. Parâmetros matemáticos, obtidos destas medidas, também contribuiram para a conclusão do comportamento apresentado e do melhor modelo matemático aplicável a cada molho. As medidas foram realizadas em um viscosímetro de Brookfield modelo LVDV III. O banho térmico Neslab foi empregado para manter a tempertura ambiente durante toda a análise. Realizou-se o protocolo de estudo em duas fases. Na fase 1, a avaliação ocorreu logo após as amostras terem sido irradiadas, as quais se encontravam próximas a suas datas de fabricação. Na fase 2 as amostras foram reavalidas após um período de armazenamento, próximo a data de expiração de suas validades. Paralelamente realizou-se medida de pH para avaliar sua estabilidade diante dos tratamentos e análises sensoriais, de dois dos onze molhos estudados, a fim de verificar a aceitação desses diante da irradiação. O comportamento pseudoplástico foi confirmado para todos os molhos através do modelo matemático, da lei da potência, que melhor se aplica a este, nas duas fases das análises. A irradiação, nas doses absorvidas estudadas, não influênciou nesse comportamento. Os resultados da análise sensorial indicaram boa aceitação dos molhos irradiados, pelos provadores. / This study evaluated the rheological behavior of 11 salad dressings ready to eat, processed by gamma irradiation, at doses: 3 kGy and 5 kGy. This assessment was made by rheograms traced by measurements of viscosity and shear stress by shear rate. Mathematical parameters obtained from these measures also contributed to the conclusion of the behavior exhibited and for choosing the best mathematical model applicable to them. The measurements were performed on a Brookfield viscometer Model LVDV - III. The Neslab thermal bath was used to maintain ambient temperature during the whole analysis. This study protocol was done in two stages. In step 1, the evaluation was performed soon after the samples have been irradiated when these were close to their dates of manufacture. In phase 2 the samples were reassessed after a period of storage, near the expiration date of their validity. Simultaneously pH measurement was performed to evaluate their stability in the face of treatment and sensory analyzes of two salad dressings were studied, in order to verify the acceptance of these when submitted to irradiation. The shear-thinning behavior was confirmed for all dressings through the mathematical model, the power law, that best model apply to this, in both phases. The irradiation at the absorbed doses studied did not influence this behavior. The results of sensory evaluation indicated good acceptance of irradiated sauces for the tasters.

O comportamento reológico de suspensões concentradas heterogêneas como concretos e argamassas possui influência direta na energia requerida e na produtividade durante o processamento e aplicação destes materiais, além de ser um fator determinante na obtenção de um produto final qualidade. De um modo geral pode-se dizer que a fluidez destas suspensões está diretamente relacionada à facilidade de movimentação das partículas, logo pode-se inferir que a redução dos fenômenos atrito é um fator determinante para o bom desempenho destas suspensões durante o fluxo. Deste modo, este trabalho buscou por meio de modelos ideais de esferas e silicone líquido avaliar a influência do coeficiente de atrito dos agregados e da viscosidade da matriz no comportamento reológico de suspensões concentradas. O coeficiente de atrito de agregados esféricos com diferentes granulometrias foi determinado experimentalmente através do ensaio de cisalhamento direto, também conhecido como shear box, e o comportamento reológico de suspensões compostas por estes agregados e silicones líquidos de diferentes viscosidades foram avaliadas por meio do ensaio de squeeze flow. Os resultados revelam que a distribuição granulométrica possui um influência no coeficiente de atrito dos agregados e que esta propriedades está relacionada a área e ao tipo de contato entre as partículas. Entretanto, para o tipo de fluxo e para as velocidades as suspensões, não houve uma relação direta entre o coeficiente dos agregados e a viscosidade da suspensão. Além disto, apesar de alterar o comportamento reológico das suspensões a viscosidade da matriz não apresentou uma relação direta com viscosidade da suspensão, o que em partes ser explicados pela provável ocorrência de um fluxo não homogêneo das suspensões nas condições aqui estudadas. / The rheological behavior of concentrated suspensions like concrete and mortars plays an important hole during their processing and application, and also has a great influence on the final product quality. The flowability of these suspensions is directly related to the ease of particle motion in the system, therefore reduction of friction phenomena contributes for a good flow behavior. The aim of this work was to determine the influences of aggregates friction coefficient and the liquid viscosity of the fluid matrix on the rheological behavior of concentrated suspensions. The friction coefficient of glass spheres with different particle size distributions were determined by shear box tests, while the rheological behavior of concentrated suspensions composed by these glass spheres and silicone oils was evaluated by squeeze flow tests. Results revealed that the particle size distribution influences the coefficient of friction, and this property is determined by the type and the area of contact between the particles. However, for the kind of flow and the speed used in the experiments, there was no relation between friction coefficient and the suspension viscosity. Additionally, matrix viscosity has an impact on the rheological behavior of the system, but no clear relation was identified, which may be caused by the occurrence of heterogeneous flow under the applied experimental conditions.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se o comportamento reológico dos 11 molhos comerciais para salada, tratados pelo processo de irradiação por raios gama, nas doses: 3 kGy e 5 kGy. Essa avaliação foi realizada por meio de reogramas traçados por medidas de viscosidade e tensão de cisalhamento por taxa de cisalhamento. Parâmetros matemáticos, obtidos destas medidas, também contribuiram para a conclusão do comportamento apresentado e do melhor modelo matemático aplicável a cada molho. As medidas foram realizadas em um viscosímetro de Brookfield modelo LVDV III. O banho térmico Neslab foi empregado para manter a tempertura ambiente durante toda a análise. Realizou-se o protocolo de estudo em duas fases. Na fase 1, a avaliação ocorreu logo após as amostras terem sido irradiadas, as quais se encontravam próximas a suas datas de fabricação. Na fase 2 as amostras foram reavalidas após um período de armazenamento, próximo a data de expiração de suas validades. Paralelamente realizou-se medida de pH para avaliar sua estabilidade diante dos tratamentos e análises sensoriais, de dois dos onze molhos estudados, a fim de verificar a aceitação desses diante da irradiação. O comportamento pseudoplástico foi confirmado para todos os molhos através do modelo matemático, da lei da potência, que melhor se aplica a este, nas duas fases das análises. A irradiação, nas doses absorvidas estudadas, não influênciou nesse comportamento. Os resultados da análise sensorial indicaram boa aceitação dos molhos irradiados, pelos provadores. / This study evaluated the rheological behavior of 11 salad dressings ready to eat, processed by gamma irradiation, at doses: 3 kGy and 5 kGy. This assessment was made by rheograms traced by measurements of viscosity and shear stress by shear rate. Mathematical parameters obtained from these measures also contributed to the conclusion of the behavior exhibited and for choosing the best mathematical model applicable to them. The measurements were performed on a Brookfield viscometer Model LVDV - III. The Neslab thermal bath was used to maintain ambient temperature during the whole analysis. This study protocol was done in two stages. In step 1, the evaluation was performed soon after the samples have been irradiated when these were close to their dates of manufacture. In phase 2 the samples were reassessed after a period of storage, near the expiration date of their validity. Simultaneously pH measurement was performed to evaluate their stability in the face of treatment and sensory analyzes of two salad dressings were studied, in order to verify the acceptance of these when submitted to irradiation. The shear-thinning behavior was confirmed for all dressings through the mathematical model, the power law, that best model apply to this, in both phases. The irradiation at the absorbed doses studied did not influence this behavior. The results of sensory evaluation indicated good acceptance of irradiated sauces for the tasters.

O comportamento reológico de suspensões concentradas heterogêneas como concretos e argamassas possui influência direta na energia requerida e na produtividade durante o processamento e aplicação destes materiais, além de ser um fator determinante na obtenção de um produto final qualidade. De um modo geral pode-se dizer que a fluidez destas suspensões está diretamente relacionada à facilidade de movimentação das partículas, logo pode-se inferir que a redução dos fenômenos atrito é um fator determinante para o bom desempenho destas suspensões durante o fluxo. Deste modo, este trabalho buscou por meio de modelos ideais de esferas e silicone líquido avaliar a influência do coeficiente de atrito dos agregados e da viscosidade da matriz no comportamento reológico de suspensões concentradas. O coeficiente de atrito de agregados esféricos com diferentes granulometrias foi determinado experimentalmente através do ensaio de cisalhamento direto, também conhecido como shear box, e o comportamento reológico de suspensões compostas por estes agregados e silicones líquidos de diferentes viscosidades foram avaliadas por meio do ensaio de squeeze flow. Os resultados revelam que a distribuição granulométrica possui um influência no coeficiente de atrito dos agregados e que esta propriedades está relacionada a área e ao tipo de contato entre as partículas. Entretanto, para o tipo de fluxo e para as velocidades as suspensões, não houve uma relação direta entre o coeficiente dos agregados e a viscosidade da suspensão. Além disto, apesar de alterar o comportamento reológico das suspensões a viscosidade da matriz não apresentou uma relação direta com viscosidade da suspensão, o que em partes ser explicados pela provável ocorrência de um fluxo não homogêneo das suspensões nas condições aqui estudadas. / The rheological behavior of concentrated suspensions like concrete and mortars plays an important hole during their processing and application, and also has a great influence on the final product quality. The flowability of these suspensions is directly related to the ease of particle motion in the system, therefore reduction of friction phenomena contributes for a good flow behavior. The aim of this work was to determine the influences of aggregates friction coefficient and the liquid viscosity of the fluid matrix on the rheological behavior of concentrated suspensions. The friction coefficient of glass spheres with different particle size distributions were determined by shear box tests, while the rheological behavior of concentrated suspensions composed by these glass spheres and silicone oils was evaluated by squeeze flow tests. Results revealed that the particle size distribution influences the coefficient of friction, and this property is determined by the type and the area of contact between the particles. However, for the kind of flow and the speed used in the experiments, there was no relation between friction coefficient and the suspension viscosity. Additionally, matrix viscosity has an impact on the rheological behavior of the system, but no clear relation was identified, which may be caused by the occurrence of heterogeneous flow under the applied experimental conditions.

As argamassas de revestimento são amplamente utilizadas na construção civil e, suas propriedades no estado endurecido são fortemente influenciadas pelas propriedades no estado fresco, as quais dependem de fatores como: materiais empregados; forma de aplicação; e interação entre substrato e argamassa. Os ensaios utilizados para caracterização reológica das argamassas não contemplam as alterações que ocorrem devido o contato com o substrato, gerando discordâncias nas teorias sobre os fenômenos pelo qual ocorre a resistência de aderência. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visa identificar as alterações do comportamento reológico de suspensões cimentícias aplicadas em substratos porosos por meio do ajuste do método do squeeze-flow. Para tanto, foram utilizadas duas configurações do squeeze-flow, com e sem confinamento do fluxo radial; três tipos de base, sendo uma metálica e duas porosas; e, pastas com diferentes materiais, a saber: cimento; cal e filler calcário. A escolha da pasta ao invés da argamassa foi basicamente por duas razões: primeiro, porque a pasta é a parcela da argamassa mais suscetível aos efeitos de sucção capilar do substrato; e segundo, para simplificar o cenário de análise, eliminando a variável areia. Ambas as configurações apresentaram-se viáveis na identificação da alteração do comportamento reológico da pasta, devido aos fatores como: tipo de substrato; o tempo de contato entre pasta e substrato; perda de água da pasta; e energia de mistura. Além disso, observou-se que os procedimentos adotados, assim como o auxílio de outros ensaios, podem colaborar em estudos da influência de fatores como: temperatura; rugosidade; ângulo de contato; distribuição granulométrica de pastas e argamassas; e, principalmente, compreender os fenômenos que ocorre no período denominado como tempo de puxamento, ao passo que este influencia diretamente na resistência de aderência. / Mortar renderings are used in most of the constructions and their properties in the hardened state are strongly influenced by the properties in the fresh state, which depend on factors such as materials used; application form; and interaction between substrate and mortar. The determination of rheological parameters of fresh mortars doesn\'t include the changes that occur due to contact with the substrate. It generates disagreements in the theories about the phenomena of formation of the bond strength. Therefore, this study aims to identify changes in the rheological behavior of cementitious paste applied to porous substrates by adjusting the squeeze flow method. For this, two configurations of squeeze flow were used, with and without confinement of the radial flow; three substrate types; and pastes with different materials, namely cement, lime and sand. The choice of paste instead of mortar was basically for two reasons: first, because the paste is the portion of mortar more susceptible to the effects of capillary suction of substrate; and second, to simplify scenario analysis, eliminating the variable sand. Both configurations were viable in the identification of the alteration of rheological behavior of paste, due to factors such as substrate type; the contact time between paste and substrate; loss of water from paste; and mixing energy. In addition, it was observed that the procedures adopted as well as the aid of the other tests can collaborate on studies of the influence of factors such as temperature, roughness, contact angle, particle size distribution of pastes and mortars; and above all to understand the phenomena that occurs in the initial periods of contact paste/substrate and consequently in the bond strength.

L’ajout d’adjuvants dans les mortiers permet d’obtenir diverses propriétés selon lesperformances souhaitées. Les polysaccharides sont utilisés pour améliorer la capacité derétention d’eau et le comportement rhéologique du mortier. Cependant, ils engendrent unretard de prise du ciment et représentent un poids économique considérable. Il apparaît doncque la compréhension de l’interaction entre les polysaccharides et le ciment est nécessaire.Etant donné que les comportements sont différents selon le type de polysaccharide, l’étuded’une nouvelle famille de polysaccharides constitue un axe de recherche majeur. Leshydroxypropylguars (HPG) ont été choisis car ils ont été présentés comme de très bonsagents rétenteurs d’eau et sont déjà utilisés industriellement.Il s’avère que les HPG confèrent effectivement aux mortiers d’excellentes propriétés derétention d’eau. Le mécanisme de rétention d’eau est attribué à la formation d’agglomératsqui, au-delà d’une concentration critique, bouchent le réseau poreux à l’interface mortier-substrat.De plus, ces molécules ralentissent nettement la cinétique d’hydratation du cimenten modifiant la croissance des hydrates par adsorption. Les HPG augmentent également la contrainte seuil de cisaillement et la consistance des mortiers. Toutes cespropriétés diffèrent lorsque les HPG sont introduits pré-dissout dans l’eau de gâchée. Uneméthodologie de fragmentation par ultra-sons des polysaccharides a été développée dans lebut d’étudier l’impact de leur masse moléculaire sur les propriétés des mortiers à l’état frais.Sur tous ces aspects, le comportement des HPG a été comparé à celui des éthers de cellulose,adjuvants rétenteur d’eau de référence. / Modern factory-made mortars are complex materials, in which are added some kinds of admixtures used to exhibit various properties. Polysaccharides are admixtures used in order to improve water retention capacity and rheological behavior of freshly-mixed mortars.However, polysaccharides induce a delay of cement hydration and represent a large part of mortar raw material cost. The improvement of the knowledge about polysaccharide-cement interaction is therefore necessary. In past, different behaviors were observed according to the kind of polysaccharide. The study of a new polysaccharide family is thus a major way of research. The hydroxypropylguars were chosen since they were presented as promising water retention agents and they are now well-established in the construction industry.Results show that HPG improve the water retention capacity of cement-based mortars. The working mechanism is attributed to the formation of HPG aggregates above a critical dosage, which may stop the water flow by plugging the porous network at the interface mortar-substrate. Moreover, HPG induce a decrease in the hydrates growth rate because of adsorption on the cement hydrated phases, and enhance the consistency and the yield stress of mortars. All these properties are influenced by the pre-dissolution of HPG in the mixing water. A methodology of ultrasonic degradation was also established in order to study the molecular weight influence of polysaccharides on fresh-state properties. Cellulose ethers were systematically investigated as polysaccharidic admixture reference.

Cette étude concerne le comportement de mortiers constitués par une matrice résineuse à base d’époxyde désignés dans ce qui suit par mortier de résine, MR.Des études antérieures ont montré que l’ouvrabilité des MR élaborés avec un taux de polymère en masse mp≤12%, afin de baisser leur coût considéré élevé par comparaison à celui des mortiers hydrauliques MH, est médiocre et constitue un frein majeur au développement de ces matériaux dans le domaine de la préfabrication et de la réparation.Un moyen de favoriser le développement des MR consiste, donc, à faciliter leur mise en œuvre. Or le fait de diminuer le taux de polymère afin de diminuer le coût rend la mise en œuvre du mortier encore plus difficile. Par ailleurs l’utilisation de sable recyclé « SR » en substitution au sable naturel « SN »pour répondre à des exigences environnementales en matière d’épuisement de ressources naturelles exacerbe cette difficulté.L’objectif de cette thèse est, donc, de trouver un diluant à incorporer dans les formulations des MR, destinées soit à la préfabrication (2 formulations avec des taux massique de liant à base d’époxyde mp= 9% et 12%) ou à la réparation (mp= 20%). Le but ultime consiste à améliorer leur ouvrabilité tout en assurant leurs propriétés mécaniques et leur durabilité vis-à-vis de la diffusion des ions chlorure. Une comparaison systématique avec des mortiers hydrauliques, MH, est réalisée.Différents diluants ont été sélectionnés. Leur influence sur le point de gel, sur le temps de réticulation et sur les propriétés mécaniques et physiques des époxydes a fait l’objet d’une étude détaillée. Il en ressort que l’octanoate de méthyle permet de diminuer la viscosité de la résine époxyde sans affecter le point de gel et les cinétiques de durcissement de façon significative. Cependant, il joue un rôle de plastifiant à l’origine de l’augmentation de la ductilité et de la diminution des résistances et des rigidités des époxydes à l’état réticulé. Le taux optimal de diluant (md) à incorporer dans la formulation des mortiers de résine a été estimé à 5%.L’incorporation du diluant, avec md= 5%, dans les MR a amélioré leur ouvrabilité, modifié leur microstructure et leurs propriétés de transfert mais a généré une baisse des résistances mécaniques. En effet une baisse de 31% est observée pour MR-SN formulé avec mp= 20%. La substitution du SN par le SR dans les mortiers de réparation (MR avec mp= 20%) engendre, également, une diminution des propriétés mécaniques et une modification des propriétés rhéologiques. Toutefois, ces résistances mécaniques demeurent nettement plus élevées que celles des mortiers hydrauliques à sable naturel (MH-SN) et recyclé (MH-SR). En compression, le mortier MR-SR fabriqué avec mp=20% présente une résistance supérieure de 44% par rapport à celle du MH-SN et de 53% par rapport à celle du MH-SR.La résistance des mortiers à la diffusion des ions chlorure a été appréhendée par un essai de migration en régime transitoire (Non Steady State Migration) et le coefficient de diffusion apparent Dnssm a été calculé pour 10 formulations de mortiers : 1 MH-SR, 1 MH-SN, 2 MR-SR et 6 MR-SN. Il en ressort que les bétons de résine ont une résistance à la diffusion des ions chlorure nettement plus élevée que celle des mortiers hydrauliques. Les coefficients Dnssm des mortiers MH-SN et MH-SR sont respectivement 100 et 200 fois plus élevés que celui du MR-SN (mp= 20%).Le mortier MR-SN destiné à la réparation (avec mp= 20% et md=5%) est caractérisé par une très bonne ouvrabilité et des résistances mécaniques et à la diffusion des ions chlorure les plus élevées. On montre que son adhérence à un support constitué d’un MH-SN dépend de l’état de surface du support (lisse sec, lisse saturé, rugueux sec et rugueux saturé). Le mortier de réparation n’adhère pas aux supports à surface saturée en eau alors qu’une bonne adhérence est observée pour les surfaces sèches. Cette adhérence est meilleure lorsque la surface est lisse. / This study concerns the behavior of mortars constituted by epoxy-based resinous matrix and sand designated in what follows by resin mortar, RM.Previous studies have shown that the workability of RM made with a polymer rate by weight mp≤12% in order to reduce their cost which is considered high compared to that of hydraulic mortars HM, is poor and is a major obstacle to the development of these materials in the area of prefabrication and repair. However decreasing the polymer content to reduce the cost makes the mortar implementation even more difficult. Furthermore the use of recycled sand "RS" to substitute natural sand "NS" to answer environmental requirements regarding natural resource depletion exacerbates this difficulty.The objective of this work is, therefore, to find a thinner to incorporate into RM formulations, intended either to prefabrication (2 formulations with mass rate of epoxy based binder mp= 9% and 12%) or repair (mp = 20%). The ultimate goal is to improve their workability while maintaining their mechanical properties and their sustainability to chloride ion diffusion. A systematic comparison with hydraulic mortars, HM, is performed.Various thinners were selected. Their influence on the gel point, on the time of crosslinking and mechanical and physical properties of the epoxy resin has been the subject of detailed study. It shows that methyl octanoate reduces the viscosity of the epoxy resin without affecting significantly the gel point and curing kinetics.However, it acts as a plasticizer which represents the origin of the increased ductility and reduced resistance and rigidity of the epoxy resin in the cured state.The optimal rate of the thinner (md) to be incorporated in the formulation of resin mortar was estimated at 5%.The incorporation of thinner, with md=5% in the RM improved their workability, changed their microstructure and their transfer properties but generated lower mechanical strength. Indeed a decrease of 31% was observed for RM-NS formulated with mp=20%. The substitution of NS by the RS in repair mortars (RM with mp=20%), leads also, to decreased mechanical properties and modified rheological ones.However, these strengths remain significantly higher than those of hydraulic natural sand (HM-NS)and recycled (HM-RS) mortars. In compression, the RM-RS mortar manufactured with mp=20% has a higher resistance by 44% compared to the HM-NS and 53% compared to that of HM-RS.The resistance of mortars to chloride ions diffusion was apprehended by non Steady state migration test and apparent diffusion coefficient "Dnssm" was calculated for 10 mortar formulations: 1 HM-RS, 1 HM-NS, 2 RM-RS and 6 RM-NS. It follows that the resin concrete has a resistance to chloride ions diffusion considerably higher than that of hydraulic mortars. The "Dnssm" coefficients of HM-NS and HM-RS mortars are respectively 100 and 200 times higher than that of RM-NS (mp= 20%).The RM-NS mortar intended for repair (with mp=20% and md=5%) is characterized by very good workability and the highest mechanical strength and resistance to chloride ions diffusion. We show that adhesion to a support consisting of a HM-NS depends on the surface condition of the support (smooth dry , smooth saturated, rough dry and rough saturated). The repair mortar does not adhere to the surface saturated on water while a good adhesion was observed for dry surfaces. This adhesion is better when the surface is smooth.

As argamassas de revestimento são amplamente utilizadas na construção civil e, suas propriedades no estado endurecido são fortemente influenciadas pelas propriedades no estado fresco, as quais dependem de fatores como: materiais empregados; forma de aplicação; e interação entre substrato e argamassa. Os ensaios utilizados para caracterização reológica das argamassas não contemplam as alterações que ocorrem devido o contato com o substrato, gerando discordâncias nas teorias sobre os fenômenos pelo qual ocorre a resistência de aderência. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visa identificar as alterações do comportamento reológico de suspensões cimentícias aplicadas em substratos porosos por meio do ajuste do método do squeeze-flow. Para tanto, foram utilizadas duas configurações do squeeze-flow, com e sem confinamento do fluxo radial; três tipos de base, sendo uma metálica e duas porosas; e, pastas com diferentes materiais, a saber: cimento; cal e filler calcário. A escolha da pasta ao invés da argamassa foi basicamente por duas razões: primeiro, porque a pasta é a parcela da argamassa mais suscetível aos efeitos de sucção capilar do substrato; e segundo, para simplificar o cenário de análise, eliminando a variável areia. Ambas as configurações apresentaram-se viáveis na identificação da alteração do comportamento reológico da pasta, devido aos fatores como: tipo de substrato; o tempo de contato entre pasta e substrato; perda de água da pasta; e energia de mistura. Além disso, observou-se que os procedimentos adotados, assim como o auxílio de outros ensaios, podem colaborar em estudos da influência de fatores como: temperatura; rugosidade; ângulo de contato; distribuição granulométrica de pastas e argamassas; e, principalmente, compreender os fenômenos que ocorre no período denominado como tempo de puxamento, ao passo que este influencia diretamente na resistência de aderência. / Mortar renderings are used in most of the constructions and their properties in the hardened state are strongly influenced by the properties in the fresh state, which depend on factors such as materials used; application form; and interaction between substrate and mortar. The determination of rheological parameters of fresh mortars doesn\'t include the changes that occur due to contact with the substrate. It generates disagreements in the theories about the phenomena of formation of the bond strength. Therefore, this study aims to identify changes in the rheological behavior of cementitious paste applied to porous substrates by adjusting the squeeze flow method. For this, two configurations of squeeze flow were used, with and without confinement of the radial flow; three substrate types; and pastes with different materials, namely cement, lime and sand. The choice of paste instead of mortar was basically for two reasons: first, because the paste is the portion of mortar more susceptible to the effects of capillary suction of substrate; and second, to simplify scenario analysis, eliminating the variable sand. Both configurations were viable in the identification of the alteration of rheological behavior of paste, due to factors such as substrate type; the contact time between paste and substrate; loss of water from paste; and mixing energy. In addition, it was observed that the procedures adopted as well as the aid of the other tests can collaborate on studies of the influence of factors such as temperature, roughness, contact angle, particle size distribution of pastes and mortars; and above all to understand the phenomena that occurs in the initial periods of contact paste/substrate and consequently in the bond strength.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-08-24T19:10:01Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-08-28T14:14:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T14:14:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-11-29 / PROQUALI (UFJF) / O mel que é um produto natural, produzido pelas abelhas, pode ser considerado o alimento mais complexo encontrado na natureza. Essa complexidade em sua composição é dependente do clima, solo, tipo de abelha e principalmente do tipo floral em que são coletados os néctares. Suas características físico-químicas são importantes parâmetros para se definir, quantificar e caracterizar sua qualidade. Assim, os parâmetros umidade, sacarose, glicose, frutose, acidez, atividade diastática, hidroximetilfurfural (HMF), cinzas e sólidos insolúveis, constituem o padrão de qualidade e identidade do mel. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar as características físico-químicas, reológicas e sensoriais de méis comercializados em 6 mesorregiões de Minas Gerais. Ainda sim, verificar se há possíveis adulterações, influência das floradas e regiões sobre os parâmetros físico-químicos e reológicos e a influência das floradas sobre a aceitação sensorial. A utilização de análises estatísticas como a Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e Agrupamento foram aplicados sobre os resultados físico-químicos a fim de diferenciar os méis. As análises de Mapa de Preferência e teste CATA (check-all-that-apply) foram utilizadas na avaliação sensorial. Os resultados mostraram que o teor de umidade dos méis variou entre 14,26 e 18,42 g/100g. A acidez livre ficou entre 14,16 a 34,87 meq/Kg. A condutividade elétrica oscilou entre 0,285 e 0,911 mS.cm-1. Os teores de cinza variaram entre 0,18 e 0,53%. Os teores de sólidos insolúveis ficaram abaixo de 0,1 g/ 100g. A quantidade de HMF ficou abaixo de 60mg/Kg. A atividade diastática com exceção das amostras de Eucalipto da Zona da Mata e Laranjeira da região Sul, mostraram valores dentro da legislação brasileira (mínimo 8). O pH oscilou entre 3,86 a 4,52 e o Brix ficou entre 79,40 a 83,43. As amostras exibiram maiores teores de frutose (35,86 – 41,50 g/100g) e menores teores de glicose (26,30 – 34,48 g/100g). Os teores de sacarose, com exceção da amostra Assa-Peixe da região Central, exibiram valores dentro do permitido pela legislação brasileira (6,0 g/100g). A razão frutose/glicose variou entre 1,10 e 1,36. Os valores de viscosidade plástica oscilaram entre 18,92 a 64,39 Pa.s-1. Todas as amostras de mel apresentaram comportamento próximo do newtonianos e com baixa pseudoplasticidade. O modelo matemático de Ostwald de Waele forneceu uma boa descrição da viscosidade plástica dos méis. A utilização de análises dos componentes principais entre mesorregiões e floradas mostrou que os parâmetros físico-químicos viscosidade, sacarose, pH e cinzas podem diferenciar méis das mesorregiões Triângulo Mineiro (TM) e Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (VJM). Os resultados da análise sensorial indicou que houve uma preferência para as floradas Velame e Silvestre no atributo sabor. Eucalipto, Assa-Peixe e Velame no atributo textura. Silvestre, Marmeleiro e Velame no atributo aroma. Florada Assa-Peixe pelo atributo aparência e Silvestre pelo atributo coloração. Floradas Eucalipto e Silvestre foram as que tiveram maior preferência no atributo impressão global, sendo essas duas floradas, as mais comercializadas em Minas Gerais. / Honey that is a natural product, produced by bees, can be considered the most complex food found in nature. This complexity in its composition is dependent on the climate, soil, type of bee and mainly the floral type in which the nectars are collected. Its physicochemical characteristics are important parameters to define, quantify and characterize its quality. Thus, the parameters of moisture, sucrose, glucose, fructose, acidity, diastase activity, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), ashes and insoluble solids constitute the quality and identity of honey. The objective of this work was to determine the physical-chemical, rheological and sensorial characteristics of honeys marketed in 6 mesoregions of Minas Gerais. However, it is possible to verify if there are possible adulterations, influence of the flowering and regions on the physical-chemical and rheological parameters and the influence of flowering on the sensorial acceptance. The use of statistical analyzes such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Grouping were applied to physicochemical results in order to differentiate the honeys. The Prediction Map and CATA (check-all-that-apply) analyzes were used in the sensory evaluation. The results showed that the moisture content of honey varied between 14.26 and 18.42 g / 100g. The free acidity ranged from 14.16 to 34.87 meq / kg. The electrical conductivity ranged from 0.285 to 0.911 mS.cm-1. The ash content varied between 0.18 and 0.53%. The insoluble solids contents were below 0.1 g / 100g. The amount of HMF was below 60mg / kg. Diastolic activity with the exception of Eucalyptus samples from the Zona da Mata and Laranjeira of the South region showed values within Brazilian legislation (minimum 8). The pH ranged from 3.86 to 4.52 and the Brix was between 79.40 to 83.43. The samples showed higher fructose contents (35.86 - 41.50 g / 100g) and lower glucose contents (26,30 - 34,48 g / 100g). The sucrose contents, except for the Assa-Peixe sample from the Central region, showed values within the limits allowed by Brazilian legislation (6.0 g / 100 g). The fructose / glucose ratio ranged from 1.10 to 1.36. The plastic viscosity values ranged from 18.92 to 64.39 Pa.s-1. All honey samples showed behavior close to Newtonian and with low pseudoplasticity. The mathematical model of Ostwald de Waele provided a good description of the plastic viscosity of the honey. The use of analyzes of the main components between mesoregions and flowering showed that the physicochemical parameters viscosity, sucrose, pH and ashes can differentiate honeys from Triângulo Mineiro (TM) and Vale do Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (VJM) mesoregions. The results of the sensorial analysis indicated that there was a preference for the Velame and Silvestre flowering in the flavor attribute. Eucalyptus, Assa-Peixe and Velame in the texture attribute. Silvestre, Quince and Velame in the aroma attribute. Florada Assa-Fish by attribute appearance and Silvestre by attribute coloration. Flowering Eucalyptus and Silvestre were the ones that had the highest preference in the overall impression attribute, being these two flowering, the most commercialized in Minas Gerais.

Le formage superplastique (SuperPlastic Forming, SPF) permet d'élaborer des pièces de forme complexe qui, de par les matériaux employés, allient faible densité et haute résistance mécanique. Toutefois, sa mise en œuvre nécessite la connaissance de la loi de pression à appliquer afin de contrôler l'endommagement tout comme la répartition d'épaisseur au sein de la pièce. Il est ainsi nécessaire de mettre en place des simulations numériques pour déterminer les conditions optimales du formage. L'exactitude des prédictions obtenues repose alors sur la description du comportement et de l'endommagement du matériau soumis à des conditions thermomécaniques représentatives du procédé considéré. Le présent travail propose donc une modélisation du comportement et de l'endommagement de l'alliage d'aluminium 7475 via une étude comparative de divers modèles. Les travaux peuvent ainsi être divisés en trois grandes étapes : (i) la caractérisation du comportement de l'alliage ; (ii) la caractérisation de l'endommagement de l'alliage et (iii) la mise en place de simulations numériques pour des formes types. Des essais de traction uniaxiale à chaud ont été réalisés afin de caractériser le comportement de l'alliage 7475. Une modélisation de ce-dernier par trois modèles (Norton-Hoff, Johnson-Cook et Zener-Hollomon) est proposée. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le modèle de Zener-Hollomon conduit à la meilleure description du comportement rhéologique de l'alliage dans les conditions thermomécaniques étudiées. Par la suite, l'endommagement de l'alliage 7475 dans des conditions représentatives du formage superplastique a été étudié. Un critère de type Gurson est proposé. Des observations par micro-tomographie aux rayons X ont d'ailleurs permis d'étudier plus précisément l'évolution de l'endommagement au cours de la déformation. À partir de ces résultats, des simulations numériques par éléments finis (sous ABAQUS) ont été mises en place. / Superplasticity is the ability of some materials to sustain very high value of strain (up to 2000%) under low stress and within a specific range of temperature and strain rate. Complex shape components combining low density and high strength can thus be elaborated by using this peculiar characteristic. Superplastic forming process consists in deforming a flange by applying a variable pressure until the flange takes the form of a die. A good knowledge of the pressure law to apply is therefore primordial in order to avoid damage and obtain homogeneous thickness distribution. Numerical simulations are generally used to predict the optimal forming conditions. But a precise description of the rheological response of the material (in terms of flow rule and damage evolution) under thermomechanical conditions representative of the process is necessary. The PhD work introduces several rheological models to describe the behavior of a 7xxx aluminum alloy during superplastic forming process. The work is divided into three parts: (i) characterization of rheological models, (ii) characterization of damage models and (iii) development of numerical simulations to predict the superplastic forming of typical shapes. Hot uniaxial tensile tests have been performed to characterize the rheological behavior of a 7475 alloy. Three models (i.e. Norton-Hoff, Johnson-Cook and Zener-Hollomon) have been identified but only the last one leads to a good prediction of the material response. A GTN damage model has also been identified. Observations by X-rays micro-tomography have allowed studying in more details the damage evolution during the deformation. From these results, different cases have been simulated in ABAQUS.