Klimatförändringarna är ett av de största hoten mot mänskligheten, och konsekvenserna avklimatförändringarna kommer öka både i omfattning och allvar i takt med att den globalauppvärmningen intensifieras. Detta leder till överhängande risker mot många områden i samhället. För att den globala uppvärmningen ska hållas under 2 °C måste omfattande åtgärder tas till inom en snar framtid. I detta har individer en viktig roll. Hur individer upplever risker är viktigt för att förstå deras reaktioner gentemot dem klimatförändringarna. En majoritet av det svenska folket betvivlar inte längre att klimatförändringarna sker. Däremot finns det fortfarande mycket som måste göras på individnivå, eftersom hushåll i Sverige står för 60 % av nationens totala utsläpp av växthusgaser. Samtidigt argumenteras det för att det finns en ökad press från samhället, både när det kommer till aktivism och engagemang i klimatfrågan. Baserat på brådskan i att mildra klimatförändringarna är målet med den här studien att få en bättre förståelse för hur individer med ett redan uttalat intresse eller engagemang om klimatförändringarna upplever dessa och risker kopplade till dem samt hur deras väg mot ett engagemang har sett ut. Vidare ämnar den även undersöka hur deras syn, enligt desjälva har utvecklats samt hur denna synen tar sig uttryck kognitivt, emotionellt ochbeteendemässigt med hjälp av en narrativ livshistoriemetod. Hoppet är att få en ökad förståelse för de faktorer som har varit viktiga i detta engagemang eftersom det kan skapa inblick i de viktiga komponenter som krävs för att främja medvetenhet om klimatförändringar och engagemang. Resultaten visar att klimatförändringarna uppfattas som en moralisk oro som är starkt sammankopplad med rättvisefrågor. Kritiska händelser har lett till ett ökat medvetande om problemet. När konsekvenserna om klimatförändringarna omfamnats har hoten som uppvisas gentemot objects of care och ens kärnvärderingar triggat känslor, ökat ens risk perception och aktiverat personliga normer som lett till känslor av personligt ansvar. Så småningom har dessa faktorer, tillsammans med andra lett till olika typer av engagemang, vilket många gånger har varit en gradvis process. / Climate change is one of the biggest threats towards humanity, and the consequences of climate change will increase in magnitude and severity as global warming intensifies. This leads to imminent risks to many areas of society. To keep global warming below 2 °C, major mitigation measures will need to occur in the near future. In this, individuals have an important role. How individuals perceive risk are of importance in order to understand their reactions to them. A majority of Swedish people no longer doubt that climate change is occurring. However, there is still a lot to be done on the individual level, as the households in Sweden stands for 60 % of the nation's total greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, it is argued that there is an increased pressure from civil society, both when it comes to public activism and engagement in climate change. Based on the urgency in mitigating climate change, the aim of this study is to better understand how individuals with an interest or engagement in climate change perceives climate change and its associated risks and what their road to engagement has looked like. Furthermore, the aim is to better understand how their view, according to them, has evolved and how this view is expressed cognitively, emotionally, and behaviorally with the help of a narrative life-history method. The hope is to gain an understanding of the factors that have been key in their engagement with climate change, as this can bring insight to important components in fostering climate change awareness and engagement in the issue. Results demonstrate that climate change is perceived as amoral concern, linked to issues of justice. Critical events have led to an increased awareness of these issues. When consequences of climate change are grasped, the threats they pose to valued objects of care and core values triggers emotional responses, raised risk perception and activates personal norms leading to feelings of personal responsibility. Eventually these factors, along with others, have led to different engagements in climate change, which many times have been a gradual process.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第22105号 / 地環博第191号 / 新制||地環||37(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 宇佐美 誠, 准教授 SINGER JANE, 准教授 吉野 章 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

In cognitive entrepreneurship research one main question is: Do entrepreneurs think differently than others in various ways? Especially in the area of risk perception cognition is thought of as information processing. In later streams of cognitive science it has developed from a state where cognition is seen as information processing to a state where cognition is mainly seen as an effective act, where experiences play an important role. We use risk perception as an indicator for information processing and self perception as an indicator for past experience. We found that past experience explains starting a real venture whereas risk information processing explains starting a case study venture.

The aim of this dissertation is to present the issue of legal possession of firearms in the Czech Republic and identify problematic areas within this topic. Dissertation examines whether the current policy of legal possession of firearms is adequate, considering all consequences that this possession brings. Considerable attention is paid to this policy tools and unintended consequences. Dissertation uses the method of desk- research. Within its boundaries content analysis and comparison of available data and documents is made. In the empirical part semi-standardized questionnaire with experts selected from specific areas was conducted as well as a questionnaire survey with license applicants and holders. The main bodies of theory are cultural theory of risk and other heuristics describing distorted risk perception, as well as ethnic security dilemma, which is relevant considering the current threats. Particular empirical support was found, which suggests misperception of risks, when insignificant risks -as driving force for firearms acquisition - are overrated. Firearms holders and applicant are therefore influenced by unfounded fear. Dissertation shows new perspective on the impact of weapons in dealing with emergencies and coexistence with migrants. Examined group of firearms license holders and...

During spring of 2020, the Covid-19-pandemic broke out and gave rise to a greater risk of unemployment due to redundancies and precarious employment. Young people are reported as one of the most vulnerable groups to unemployment during the pandemic. The purpose of the study is to gain deeper knowledge about male and female students' perceptions of risks of unemployment during the Covid-19-pandemic. The purpose is answered on the basis of the following questions; how have students' perceptions of risk regarding unemployment been affected by the Covid-19-pandemic, how do perceptions of risk about unemployment differ between male and female students and what do students define as risk. Previous research indicates that gender influences the perception of risks based on insecurity and vulnerability regarding work, but also physical violence. The theoretical framework used is Furlong & Cartmel's theorizing of individualized risk and the conditions of young people in late modernity, and West & Zimmerman's theorizing of Doing Gender. The survey in form of qualitative interviews shows how the perception of unemployment as a risk has become more apparent individually during the pandemic. The responsibility of the risk for unemployment has been individualized and the interviewees feel that they have to manage risk themselves. Despite that, the students perceive that the consequences of the pandemic are responsible for unemployment instead of individual performance. Unemployment based on the gender aspect shows no significant difference in risk perception between men and women, however, there are preconceived notions that women experience a greater risk of unemployment than men. We concluded that this may be due to the perceived general anxiety of the interviewees, rather than the necessary gender they have. / Under våren 2020 bröt Covid-19-pandemin ut och gav upphov till en större risk för arbetslöshet på grund av varsel och osäkra anställningar. Unga rapporteras som en de mest utsatta gruppen inför arbetslöshet under pandemin. Studiens syfte är att få djupare kunskap om manliga och kvinnliga studenters uppfattningar av risken för arbetslöshet under Covid-19-pandemin. Syftet besvaras utifrån tre huvudfrågeställningar; hur har studenters riskuppfattningar angående arbetslöshet påverkats av covid-19-pandemin, hur skiljer sig riskuppfattningar om arbetslöshet mellan manliga och kvinnliga studenter och vad definierar studenter som risk. Tidigare forskning indikerar på att kön inverkar på uppfattningen av risker utifrån osäkerhet och utsatthet om dels arbete, dels fysiskt våld. Det teoretiska ramverk som använts är Furlong & Cartmels teoretisering om individualiserad risk och ungas förutsättningar i senmoderniteten, samt West & Zimmermans teoretisering om Doing Gender. Undersökningen i form av kvalitativa intervjuer, visar hur uppfattningen av arbetslöshet som risk blivit mer individuellt påtaglig under pandemin. Ansvaret av risken för arbetslöshet har individualiserats och intervjupersonerna upplever att de själva måste hantera risken. Trots detta uppfattar studenter att konsekvenserna av pandemin bär ansvaret för arbetslöshet istället för individuell prestation. Arbetslöshet utifrån könsaspekten visar ingen påtaglig skillnad i riskuppfattning mellan män och kvinnor, däremot finns det förutfattade meningar om att kvinnor upplever större risk för arbetslöshet än män. Vi drog slutsatsen att det kan bero på den uppfattade generella oron hos intervjupersonerna, snarare än vilket kön de har.

Background: Extreme sports are a men-dominated area within sports as most male participants seem to have a lower perception of risk. Over time many motives for doing extreme sports were found. However, the relationship between extreme sports and self-extension was never researched. Purpose: First, this study investigates the relationship between extreme sports and self-extension in women. The focus is specifically on women as no research has been solemnly done on only this gender yet. Second, this study investigates how businesses in the extreme sports industry can improve their communication to reach more women to increase sales. Method: For this study, the qualitative method of semi-structured interviews was considered as most appropriate. The interviews were conducted with 14 participants in total, divided into two groups of 7 participants each. The first group consisted of women in extreme sports and the second group consisted of women not in extreme sports. Conclusion: The analysis shows a crucial connection between extreme sports and self-extension in women and is not only a motive for women to do extreme sports but also an effect resulting from it. Also, other motives were found in this study next to attitudes, requirements, and effects concerning extreme sports. They are all summarized in a new conceptual framework. Furthermore, improvements in communications are mentioned that help companies to better target more women and therefore increase sales based on the developed framework.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the intentions to travel among the Millennials of Colognewhile considering their travel risk perception because of the corona pandemic. The target groupand population are the Millennials of Cologne, as they appeal as most suitable due to theirtechnological advancement, full age, and specific characteristics. After reviewing the literatureregarding travel intention and behaviour, health crises and travel risk perception, a quantitativequestionnaire was conducted for data collection. The outcomes were tested on Cronbach’salpha, chi-square goodness-of-fit and the two qualitative questions of the questionnaire weresubjected to a content analysis. The results show that the prospected behaviour tends to changedue to the coronavirus and although people are worried about the Corona virus situation, theyare not worried about the circumstances at their travel destination. The transport mode of theirnext trip is expected to change to predominantly individual transport, such as cars. Tourists willavoid mass tourism destinations and focus on more individual and natural places. Quality ofhealthcare, a previously obtained insurance and good hygiene standards will be importantfactors for their next trip, as well. By basing on and comparing this thesis to Chebli and BenSaid (2020), a different viewpoint on people’s travel intentions to travel during/after Covid-19is shown, depending on their next travel period. The findings indicate that there can be a shifttowards a more sustainable trend, but also with more precautions and individualism. Thevaccine is seen as the next aspiration towards a more normal life as known before the pandemic.This thesis discloses new insights in terms of travel intentions and risk perception in the contextof the pandemic. Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) and tourists’ businesses inCologne can promote destinations with the named desired characterises to its residents.Furthermore, close regions, which are reachable by car, as well as generally unique destinations,might consider shifting their image towards the desired destinations characteristics.

Background: The Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak 2014 received extensive news media coverage, which faded out before the outbreak ended. News media coverage impacts risk perception; it is, however, unclear if the components of risk perception (affective and cognitive responses) change differently over time. Methods: In an online panel, we asked participants (n = 1376) about EVD risk perceptions at the epidemic's peak (November 2014) and after news media coverage faded out (August 2015). We investigated worry (affective response), perceived likelihood of infection, perceived personal impact, and coping efficacy (dimensions of cognitive response), and knowledge about transmission. Differences between the surveys with respect to manifestations of affective and cognitive dimensions were tested using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The association between individual change in knowledge and worries about EVD in the first survey was investigated using linear regression. Results: In November 2014, the survey was filled in by 974 participants. Ten months later, 662 of them were still members of the online panel and were invited to the follow-up survey. Among the 620 respondents, affective response decreased between the surveys. Knowledge about EVD also decreased; however, participants worried about EVD in 2014 had increased knowledge in 2015. Perceived likelihood of infection decreased over time, while perceived personal impact and coping efficacy did not. Conclusions: Risk communication appealing to cognitive reactions by informing clearly on the risk of infection in unaffected countries may decrease inappropriate behaviors.

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There is a high HIV prevalence rate for Black women in Virginia; however, few scholars have examined how sexual assertiveness and self-esteem against HIV vary within this group. Black women who have low levels of self-esteem may increase their risk for HIV. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to determine if four aspects of sexual assertiveness (sexual initiation, sexual refusal, HIV/AIDS/STD communication, and contraception/STD prevention) differed across demographic categories and were associated with self-esteem in a diversified group of Black women living in Virginia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a community-based sample of 117 adult Black women. The social cognitive theory was the framework that guided this study. ANOVAs were used to determine differences in means of the four sexual assertiveness subscales across the demographic categories (age, sexual orientation, income, education, and relationship status. HIV, AIDS, and sexual transmitted disease communication assertiveness mean scores were significantly higher among higher income Black women (padj=.016) and Black women with a college versus a high school degree (padj=.047). Moreover, Pearson bivariate correlation results showed self-esteem was significantly positively associated with all but one measure (sexual initiation) of sexual assertiveness. Health educators can use the findings of this study to create education initiatives that focus on building self-esteem and sexual assertiveness behaviors among Black women as an HIV/AIDS prevention method.