L’Extraction d’Information est une discipline qui a émergé du Traitement Automatique des Langues afin de proposer des analyses fines d’un texte écrit en langage naturel et d’améliorer la recherche d’informations spécifiques. Les techniques d’extraction d’information ont énormément évolué durant les deux dernières décennies.Les premiers systèmes d’extraction d’information étaient des systèmes à base de règles écrites manuellement. L’écriture manuelle des règles étant devenue une tâche fastidieuse, des algorithmes d’apprentissage automatique de règles ont été développés.Ces algorithmes nécessitent cependant la rédaction d’un guide d’annotation détaillé, puis l’annotation manuelle d’une grande quantité d’exemples d’entraînement. Pour minimiser l’effort humain requis dans les deux familles d’approches de mise au point de règles, nous avons proposé, dans ce travail de thèse, une approche hybride qui combine les deux en un seul système interactif qui procède en plusieurs itérations.Ce système que nous avons nommé IRIES permet à l’utilisateur de travailler de manière duale sur les règles d’extraction d’information et les exemples d’apprentissage.Pour mettre en place l’approche proposée, nous avons proposé une chaîne d’annotation linguistique du texte et l’utilisation d’un langage de règles expressif pour la compréhensibilité et la généricité des règles écrites ou inférées, une stratégie d’apprentissage sur un corpus réduit pour ne pas discriminer les exemples positifs non encore annotés à une itération donnée, la mise en place d’un concordancier pour l’écriture de règles prospectives et la mise en place d’un module d’apprentissage actif(IAL4Sets) pour une sélection intelligente d’exemples.Ces propositions ont été mises en place et évaluées sur deux corpus : le corpus de BioNLP-ST 2013 et le corpus SyntSem. Une étude de différentes combinaisons de traits linguistiques utilisés dans les expressions des règles a permis de voir l’impactde ces traits sur les performances des règles. L’apprentissage sur un corpus réduit a permis un gain considérable en temps d’apprentissage sans dégradationde performances. Enfin, le module d’apprentissage actif proposé (IAL4Sets) a permis d’améliorer les performances de l’apprentissage actif de base de l’algorithme WHISK grâce à l’introduction de la notion de distance ou de similarité distributionnelle qui permet de proposer à l’utilisateur des exemples sémantiquement proches des exemples positifs déjà couverts. / Non communiqué

Active technology in database management systems (DBMS) enables the movement of behaviour dependent on the system’s state, from the application software to a rule base in the DBMS. With active technology in database systems, the problem of how to design active behaviour has become an important issue. Modelling processes do not foresee support for design of active rules which can lead to conflicts between the event-condition-action (ECA) rules representing the active behaviour and the application systems, using the active DBMS. The unified modelling language (UML) is a widely used notation language and is the main subject in this project. Its features will be investigated to acknowledge to what extend UML modelling diagrams provide information that can be used to formulate ECA rules. To achieve this, two methods where developed. One of the methods was applied on use-case UML modelling diagrams. The use-case models were developed by means of reflecting a real-life organisation. The results from applying the method on the use-case models were that there are features in UML that can be expressed with ECA rules. Active technology in database management systems (DBMS) enables the movement of behaviour dependent on the system’s state, from the application software to a rule base in the DBMS. With active technology in database systems, the problem of how to design active behaviour has become an important issue. Modelling processes do not foresee support for design of active rules which can lead to conflicts between the event-condition-action (ECA) rules representing the active behaviour and the application systems, using the active DBMS. The unified modelling language (UML) is a widely used notation language and is the main subject in this project. Its features will be investigated to acknowledge to what extend UML modelling diagrams provide information that can be used to formulate ECA rules. To achieve this, two methods where developed. One of the methods was applied on use-case UML modelling diagrams. The use-case models were developed by means of reflecting a real-life organisation. The results from applying the method on the use-case models were that there are features in UML that can be expressed with ECA rules.

This research framework stems from the basic principles of the administrative law, the administrative organization, the administrative limits of authority, the administrative relief and the administrative supervision. This five-fold framework analyzes the research of the school principals and the school principal system of rules in the Mainland China region. The main range and viewpoints of this research was set up by the¡§ People¡¦s Republic of China Educational Law¡¨ in 1995. The author hopes to give a good development orientation for Taiwan¡¦s school principal rules in the future by researching Mainland China¡¦s educational law. There are eight chapters in this thesis, arranged as follows: Chapter 1: a foreword; Chapter 2: a summary for the school principal system of rules in the Mainland China region; Chapter 3: to expound on the administrative organization of the school principal system of rules; Chapter 4: to expound on the administrative limits of authority of the school principal system of rules; Chapter 5: to expound on the administrative relief of the school principal system of rules; Chapter 6: to expound on the administrative supervision of the school principal system of rules; Chapter 7: a review and advice for the school principal system of rules; Chapter 8: a conclusion and an important discovery.

Taiwan carries out the new underwriting rules since 2005, it is very important to the reformation of financial system, and its purpose is mainly for responding to the reformation of underwriting rules so as to promote the quality of listed companies. At present, the underwriting method of Taiwan¡¦s major Initial Public Offerings (IPO) stock uses the mix and collocation of two systems, public subscription by lot drawing and book building, as the underwriting method, the previous studies emphasized that the underwriter had higher right to decide the amount of placing, which can increase the responsibility and sensibility for the underwriting price, and then the result of promoting placing efficiency can be reached. This study compares the markets in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan that have carried out book building system. This study mainly finds out, because the underwriters in Taiwan can provide higher stock weight of the placing of book building and the underwriters have higher right to decide the amount of placing, thus, it is more possible that when placing IPO stock, the company would regard its customers as the core, and this act is entirely different with the conception of the initial reformation, and unfavorable influence would be produced to the issue company or individual investor at the same time. This study sums up the previous literatures and questionnaire statistical analyses, and then proposes the influence that degree of rigor of laws and regulations, anticipated result of placing, institutional function of book building and decisive factors of placing have towards the actual results of placing of underwriters. The questionnaires are distributed to the personnel who actually are responsible for the IPO placing strategy of underwriters that have hosted actual placing results in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Mainland China. After the comparison using single factor variance, one can find that the underwriters from Mainland China significantly think that the laws and regulations are stricter, and IPO stock has more good prospects of gain. However, the underwriters from Taiwan significantly think that the decisive factors of placing are stronger. When placing IPO stock, the underwriters from Mainland China prefer placing according to the system, while the underwriters from Taiwan prefer placing according to relationship. This study uses regression analysis to discuss the factors that influence the underwriters to carry out placing according to system or relationship. This study finds out if the degree of rigor for the two factors in laws and regulations, objective & fair and book building standard, is higher, then the underwriters will tend to carry out placing according to system more. And also, the system-oriented and price-oriented factors in decisive factors of placing also promote the underwriters carry out placing according to system. On the other hand, if the degree of rigor for the objective & fair factor in laws and regulations is higher, then the underwriters tend not to carry out placing according to relationship. When the factors such as considering underwriter¡¦s benefits, anticipated profit, and relationship-oriented are higher, then the underwriters tend to carry out placing according to relationship. In view of the above, this study has proposed many suggestions to improve the problems that might happen when underwriters in Taiwan placing IPO stock at present, including report beforehand, exposing the principles, ratio of book building placing, classifying the investors and placing in proportion, regulations of holding term, strengthening the supervision on notary public during the placing process, and canceling the use of person as the basic unit when purchasing but the use of purchasing capital¡¦s scale as the drawing unit. This study also hopes that the relevant departments in governments and underwriters could consult this study thesis and take this study as the reference for the follow-up reformation direction of IPO system.

<p>Active technology in database management systems (DBMS) enables the movement of behaviour dependent on the system’s state, from the application software to a rule base in the DBMS. With active technology in database systems, the problem of how to design active behaviour has become an important issue. Modelling processes do not foresee support for design of active rules which can lead to conflicts between the event-condition-action (ECA) rules representing the active behaviour and the application systems, using the active DBMS. The unified modelling language (UML) is a widely used notation language and is the main subject in this project. Its features will be investigated to acknowledge to what extend UML modelling diagrams provide information that can be used to formulate ECA rules.</p><p>To achieve this, two methods where developed. One of the methods was applied on use-case UML modelling diagrams. The use-case models were developed by means of reflecting a real-life organisation. The results from applying the method on the use-case models were that there are features in UML that can be expressed with ECA rules.</p><p>Active technology in database management systems (DBMS) enables the movement of behaviour dependent on the system’s state, from the application software to a rule base in the DBMS. With active technology in database systems, the problem of how to design active behaviour has become an important issue. Modelling processes do not foresee support for design of active rules which can lead to conflicts between the event-condition-action (ECA) rules representing the active behaviour and the application systems, using the active DBMS. The unified modelling language (UML) is a widely used notation language and is the main subject in this project. Its features will be investigated to acknowledge to what extend UML modelling diagrams provide information that can be used to formulate ECA rules.</p><p>To achieve this, two methods where developed. One of the methods was applied on use-case UML modelling diagrams. The use-case models were developed by means of reflecting a real-life organisation. The results from applying the method on the use-case models were that there are features in UML that can be expressed with ECA rules.</p>

The widespread use of performance-enhancing drugs among elite athletes is the most important policy problem in modern Olympic history. Although several works have addressed the subject (a few of which are admittedly excellent), they have been limited either temporally or by a lack of access to archival sources of information. Based on research in both American and foreign archives, this dissertation complements earlier, path-breaking works by tracing the evolution of Olympic doping policy from 1960 to the present. Olympic policymakers first seriously considered the subject of doping after suspicions arose that the death of Danish cyclist Knud Jensen at the 1960 Rome Olympic Games was triggered by the use of amphetamines. For most of the next decade, these officials attempted to define the doping problem and struggled to formulate a program for its solution. An international politics of doping consequently developed, under which the various bodies of the Olympic governance structure failed, due to their divergent interests and jurisdictions, to implement a coordinated plan. Until recently, administrators working at all levels of this organizational system tended to formulate doping policies with the idea of dampening the effects of public controversy. In addition, the influence of the Cold War on the Olympics exacerbated the situation, as national governments on both sides of the Iron Curtain, believing that success in the Olympic medals race was essential to their images abroad, condoned the use of ergogenic aids among elite competitors. It was not until Canadian track star Ben Johnson tested positive for an anabolic steroid after setting a new world record in the one-hundred meter sprint at the 1988 Seoul Games that a different policy direction was initiated. The involvement of national governments after the scandal led eventually to the creation of the World Anti-Doping Agency in November 1999. The consolidation of regulatory authority in this agency has transformed the issue of doping in the Olympics from a combined political and scientific problem to one based more appropriately on the latter. / text

Emotions are an important part of the workplace. Emotional labor describes the monitoring and management of one's emotions at work. Employees perform emotional labor in response to explicit and perceived display rules for emotional expressions in the workplace. While compliance with these rules is generally beneficial for the organization, it may be detrimental to employee well-being.This study proposes a process model of emotional labor that extends from display rules to job attitudes and behaviors. It is unique in that it investigates display rules and emotional labor at the group level of analysis. It also includes coworkers as well as customers as targets of emotional labor. Display rule commitment is proposed as an important moderator between emotional labor and important individual job attitudes and behaviors that may account for previously mixed findings in the literature.The hypotheses of this study received general support. Specifically, group level display rules and emotional labor were viable constructs that had important consequences for job outcomes. Display rule commitment was an important predictor of job attitudes and behaviors and moderated the relationship between group level surface acting and emotional exhaustion. In addition, group level emotional labor showed a significant effect on a number of important job outcomes. It also moderated the relationship between individual level emotional labor and job attitudes and behaviors. These findings provide several promising new insights and directions for emotional labor research.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Ubiquitous computing results in access to vast amounts of data, which is changing the way humans interact with each other, with computers, and with their environments. Information is literally at our fingertips with touchscreen technology, but it is not valuable until it is understood. As a result, selecting which information to use in a decision process is a challenge in the current information environment (Lu & Yuan, 2011). The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate how individual decision makers, in different decision contexts, determine when to stop collecting information given the availability of virtually unlimited information. Decision makers must make an ultimate decision, but also must make a decision that he or she has enough information to make the final decision (Browne, Pitts, & Wetherbe, 2007). In determining how much information to collect, researchers found that people engage in ‘satisficing' in order to make decisions, particularly when there is more information than it is possible to manage (Simon, 1957). A more recent elucidation of information use relies on the idea of stopping rules, identifying five common stopping rules information seekers use: mental list, representational stability, difference threshold, magnitude threshold, and single criterion (Browne et al., 2007). Prior research indicates a lack of understanding in the areas of information use (Prabha, Connaway, Olszewski, & Jenkins, 2007) and information overload (Eppler & Mengis, 2004) in Information Systems literature. Moreover, research indicates a lack of clarity in what information should be used in different decision contexts (Kowalczyk & Buxmann, 2014). The increase in the availability of information further complicates and necessitates research in this area. This dissertation seeks to fill these gaps in the literature by determining how information use changes across decision contexts and the relationships between stopping rules. Two unique methodologies were used to test the hypotheses in the conceptual model, which both contribute to research on information stopping rules. One tracks the participant during an online search, the second asks follow-up survey questions on a Likert scale. One of four search tasks (professional or personal context and a big data analytics understanding or restaurant location search) was randomly assigned to each participant. Results show different stopping rules are more useful for different decision contexts. Specifically, professional tasks are more likely to use stopping rules with an a priori decision on how much information to collect, while personal tasks encourage users to determine how much information to collect during the search process. The analysis also shows that different stopping rules have different emphases on quality and quantity of information. Specifically, representational stability requires both a high quality and quantity of information, while other stopping rules indicate a preference for one of the two. Finally, information quality and quantity ultimately have a positive relationship with decision confidence, satisfaction, and efficiency. The findings of this research are useful to practitioners and academics tackling issues with the availability of more information. As systems are designed for information search, understanding information stopping rules become increasingly important.

Test-analyze-and-fix (TAAF) is the most commonly recognized method of improving system reliability. The work presented here addresses the question of when to stop testing during TAAF programs involving one-shot systems when the number of systems to be produced is predetermined and the probabilities of identifying and successfully correcting each failure mode are less than one. The goal here is to determine when to cease testing to maximize utility where utility is defined as the number of systems expected to perform successfully in the field after deployment of the lot. Two TAAF stopping rules are presented. Simulation is used to model TAAF execution under different reliability growth conditions. Four discrete reliability growth models (DRGM's) are used to generate "real world" reliability growth and to estimate reliability growth using hypothetical observed success/failure data. Ranges for the following parameters are considered: starting reliability, growth rate, maximum achievable reliability, number of systems to be produced, probability of incorrectly identifying a failure mode, and probability of an unsuccessful design modification. Conclusions are drawn regarding stopping rule performance in terms of stopping rule signal location, utility loss, achieved reliability, and fraction tested. Both rules perform well and are implementable from a practical standpoint. Specific recommendations for stopping rule implementation are given based on the controllable factors, estimation methodology and lot size. / Master of Science