Med kunskap om mixningsstilar och mixningsideal i musikgenrer som grund, undersöker den här forskningen en kategorisering av musik som tar fäste i instrumentering. Syftet är att undersöka möjliga mixningsstilar och mixningsideal beroende på om instrumenteringen är samplingsbaserad eller livespelad. Forskningen ämnar till att kunna presentera hur nutida mixningsteknikers och producenters tankevärldar ser ut kring fenomenet. Metoden som använts är en kvalitativ datainsamling med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visar på flera återkommande svar till de två kategorierna, samplingsbaserad musik och livespelad musik. Samplingsbaserad musik förväntas låta mer progressivt, innehålla mer separation, mer ”high-end” och ”low-end”, generellt starkare och ”dyrare” ideal. Medan livespelad musik förväntas låta mer verkligt och har en generellt rakare frekvenskurva i sin mix. Diskussionen visar på flera möjliga metoder att kunna genomföra liknande forskningar som kan resultera i starkare reliabilitet och validitet. Felkällor i den här forskningen tas upp, däribland bristen på respondenter.

Energieeffizienz hat in Forschung und Alltag eine zentrale Bedeutung. Arbeiten verschiedene elektronische Geräte zusammen, um gemeinsam eine Regelungsaufgabe zu lösen, müssen sie miteinander kommunizieren. Ein Beispiel aus dem Alltag sind Funk-Raumtemperaturregler, bei denen ein batteriebetriebener Temperatursensor und ein Heizungsaktor (Stellantrieb am Heizungsventil) über drahtlose Kommunikation zusammenarbeiten. Diese Kommunikation benötigt oft mehr Energie als der Betrieb der eigentlichen (elektronischen) Funktionalität der Teilsysteme. Energieeffizienter als die in Regelkreisen übliche periodische (äquidistante) Abtastung ist – durch eine Verringerung der Nachrichtenrate – eine ereignisbasierte Abtastung. Send-on-Delta-Abtastung ist die am weitesten verbreitete Art der ereignisbasierten Abtastung. Dabei wird der Wert der Regelgröße (im Beispiel die Raumtemperatur) nicht in konstanten Zeitintervallen übertragen, sondern nur dann, wenn er sich um einen bestimmten Betrag geändert hat. Der mit einem Anteil von über 90 % im Praxiseinsatz am weitesten verbreitete Reglertyp ist der PID-Regler, wobei die meisten als „PID-Regler“ bezeichneten Regler aus verschiedenen Gründen keinen D-Anteil (Differential-Anteil) verwenden und daher als „PI-Regler“ bezeichnet werden können. Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, systematisch zu untersuchen, wie man PI-Regler einstellen sollte, um neben dem Erreichen einer hohen Regelgüte auch die Vorteile der Send-on-Delta-Abtastung bezüglich der Netzlastreduktion und Energieeffizienz bestmöglich auszunutzen. Die „Gewichtung“ dieser sich teilweise widersprechenden Kriterien ist anwendungsspezifisch einstellbar. / Energy efficiency is very important both in science and everyday life. If different electronic devices work together, for example for solving a control task together, they have to communicate with each other. An everyday life example are room temperature controllers using radio communication between a battery-powered temperature sensor and a heating actuator. This communication often needs more energy than the operation of the actual (electronic) functionality of the components. More energy-efficient than the commonly used periodic sampling is event-based sampling, due to the reduction of the message rate. Send-on-delta sampling is the most widely-known kind of event-based sampling. In that case, the value of the controlled variable (e.g. the room temperature) is not transmitted equidistantly but only when it has changed by a specific amount. The most successful controller in practice is the PID controller. The most so-called “PID controllers” do not use the D part (differential action) for several reasons and can therefore be called “PI controllers”. This work analyses systematically how the parameters of a PI controller should be tuned to reach besides a high control quality also a good exploitation of the advantages of send-on-delta sampling regarding network load reduction and energy efficiency. The “weighting” of these partially contradicting criteria is application specifically adjustable.

Skuggor i 3D-miljöer är ett mycket efterforskat område, och detta arbete koncentrerar sig på shadow map-algoritmen. Det finns ett problem med denna algoritm, för då en shadow map projiceras på en yta som är större än sig själv så bildas stora trappstegseffekter, vilket kallas aliasing. Problemet som har undersökts är hur olika shadow map-algoritmer i en miljö med långa skuggor beter sig, där ett minimerat antal artefakter så som brus och aliasing är synligt. För detta undersöktes Percentage-Closer Filtering (PCF), som är en variant av shadow map, med olika samplingstekniker – och även en vidarebyggnad med Percentage-Closer Soft Shadow (PCSS) implementerades. Mätningar av realism och brusmängd genomfördes med en användarstudie. Prestandan mättes i klockcykler. Resultatet visade att PCF med samplingstekniken Edge Tap Smoothing kan vara den algoritm som lämpar sig bäst i situationer med långa skuggor i en 3D-miljö; detta för att den interpolerar mellan de projicerade texlarna.

In the wake of the 2016 election, the polling industry has no shortage of critics. While these are difficult times for the industry as a whole, there are exciting innovations happening that will serve to benefit and revitalize the industry for years. One of these exciting innovations is Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) sampling. I will elaborate on what PPS sampling is and provide a mathematical foundation for its use in polling. I also discuss what some of the myriad of issues plaguing the polling industry are and then show how PPS sampling can be used to remedy many of these ills. Finally, I look at a real-world application of PPS sampling. The Mia Love internal polling team, Y2 Analytics, granted me access to their PPS data. I use it to show that we can accurately model the electorate using PPS samples and that polls conducted by this method are at least as accurate as other polls using simple random samples.

Abstract Subsampling can be used in a radio receiver to perform signal downconversion and sample-and-hold operations in order to relieve the operation frequency and bandwidth requirements of the subsequent discrete-time circuitry. However, due to the inherent aliasing behaviour of wideband noise and interference in subsampling, and the difficulty of implementing appropriate bandpass anti-aliasing filtering at high frequencies, straightforward use of a low subsampling rate can result in significant degradation of the receiver dynamic range. The aim of this thesis is to investigate and implement methods for integrating filtering into high-frequency signal sampling and downconversion by subsampling to alleviate the requirements for additional front-end filters and to mitigate the effects of noise and out-of-band signal aliasing, thereby facilitating use in integrated high-quality radio receivers. The charge-domain sampling technique studied here allows simple integration of both continuous-and discrete-time filtering functions into high-frequency signal sampling. Gated current integration results in a lowpass sin(x)/x(sinc(x)) response capable of performing built-in anti-aliasing filtering in baseband signal sampling. Weighted integration of several successive current samples can be further used to obtain an embedded discrete-time finite-impulse-response (FIR) filtering response, which can be used for internal anti-aliasing and image-rejection filtering in the downconversion of bandpass signals by subsampling. The detailed analysis of elementary charge-domain sampling circuits presented here shows that the use of integrated FIR filtering with subsampling allows acceptable noise figures to be achieved and can provide effective internal anti-aliasing rejection. The new methods for increasing the selectivity of elementary charge-domain sampling circuits presented here enable the integration of advanced, digitally programmable FIR filtering functions into high-frequency signal sampling, thereby markedly relieving the requirements for additional anti-aliasing, image rejection and possibly even channel selection filters in a radio receiver. BiCMOS and CMOS IF sampler implementations are presented in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the charge-domain sampling technique for integrated anti-aliasing and image-rejection filtering in IF signal quadrature downconversion by subsampling. Circuit measurements show that this sampling technique for built-in filtering results in an accurate frequency response and allows the use of high subsampling ratios while still achieving a competitive dynamic range.

[pt] O Ensaio imunológico é uma ferramenta importante no diagnóstico clínico e na pesquisa fundamental. Nanopartículas magnéticas, ligadas a anticorpos, têm sido aplicadas cada vez mais em vários ensaios imunológicos com o objetivo de separação e quantificação de antígenos. Nós desenvolvemos um sistema baseado em SQUIDs maciços para detecção do campo gerado pela magnetização remanente de nanopartículas magnéticas, onde o fluxo é detectado diretamente pelo SQUID. Vários SQUIDs foram construídos de forma a otimizar a sensibilidade do sistema. Nanopartículas magnéticas comerciais revestidas de sílica, dextran e latex foram usadas nas experiências com tamanhos externos médios variando de 50 nm a 900 nm. Para nanopartículas superparamagnéticas a técnica de termorremanência foi utilizada. As amostras foram preparadas com geometria cilíndrica, um pouco menores que o furo do SQUID, e a aproximação de dipolo magnético não pode ser usada. Modelos baseados na indutância mútua entre superfícies cilíndricas e no método de elementos finitos foram utilizados para estimar com sucesso os momentos magnéticos das amostras utilizadas. / [en] The immunoassay is an important tool in clinical diagnostics and in fundamental research. Magnetic nanoparticles, bound with antibodies, have been applied increasingly for various immunoassays with the purpose of separation and quantification of antigens. We developed a system based on bulk SQUIDs for detecting the field generated from remanent magnetization of magnetic nanoparticles, where the flux is detected directly by the SQUID itself. Several SQUIDs was built in order to optimize the system sensibility. Commercial magnetic nanoparticles coated with silica, dextran and latex with mean external length varying from 50 nm to 900 nm were used in the experiments. For Superparamagnetic nanoparticles, the termoremanent technique was used. The samples were prepared with cylindrical geometry slightly smaller than SQUID hole, and magnetic dipole approximation cannot be used. Models based on mutual inductance between cylindrical surfaces and on finite element method was used to estimated successfully the magnetic moments of the samples used.

Although many devices can be used to capture images of high resolution, there is still a need to show these images on displays with low resolution. Existing methods of subpixel-based down-sampling are reviewed in this thesis and their limitations are described. A new approach to optimizing sampling structure conversion for color mosaic displays is developed. Full color images are filtered by a set of optimal filters before down-sampling, resulting in better image quality according to the SCIELAB measure, a spatial extension of the CIELAB metric measuring perceptual color difference. The typical RGB stripe display pattern is tested to get the optimal filters using least-squares filter design. The new approach is also implemented on a widely used two-dimensional display pattern, the Pentile RGBG. Clear images are produced and color fringing artifacts are reduced. Quality of down-sampled images are compared using SCIELAB and by visual inspection.

La couleur est omniprésente dans nos quotidiens, mais sa représentation par le marketing fait apparaître aujourd’hui un double paradoxe : d’une part le recours à une rhétorique publicitaire invoquant des caractéristiques de la couleur qui sont précisément niées par sa fabrication industrielle, et d’autre part, la multiplication de l’image du nuancier dans des conditions d’impression qui s’opposent aux fonctions d’exemplification qu’il est sensé assumer. Cette thèse se propose de mettre en évidence, grâce aux outils de la poïétique, les mutations qu’a connu la construction de la pensée de la couleur par les manufactures, l’industrie et le commerce depuis le milieu du XIXème siècle en interrogeant ses divers modes d’échantillonnage, le nuancier notamment, tels qu’ils ont été instaurés par ses producteurs. Mais l’échantillonnage de la couleur est ici envisagé comme une interface d’expression maximum entre les producteurs et commerçants de couleur et ceux auxquels il est destiné : il relève de conduites créatrices spécifiques, il en génère aussi.L’objectif de ce travail est de parvenir à mesurer l’évolution respective des divers types d’information apportés, et donc communiqués, par le nuancier. La recherche s’ancre dans un corpus de documents sur lequel est appliqué une grilled’analyse permettant dans un premier temps de mettre en évidence les cinq territoires d’information qui ont été identifiés dans l’échantillonnage de la couleur, puis d’en explorer les caractéristiques quantitatives et qualitatives. Des concepts opératoires ont ainsi pu être élaborés pour cerner précisément deux conduites créatives distinctes : celle générant le nuancier et celle générant le recueil d’échantillons. L’amplitude chronologique de cette recherche ainsi que le parti-pris de laisser au terrain la possibilité de déployer toute sa richesse a imposé ses limites à l’entreprise. Celle-ci devait poser le cadre et les principaux repères d’un sujet encore peu exploré et élaborer des outils conceptuels aptes à être réutilisés. Une évaluation de la pertinence de la méthode, des outils et des concepts mis en oeuvre a été effectuée. Ses résultats sont encourageants puisqu’ils montrent que la recherche entreprise est féconde pour déceler les enjeux dont le nuancier, entre industrie et individu, est partie prenante. Elle a mis en évidence que l’analyse du nuancier, entité riche de ce dont elle résulte et de ce qu’elle induit, peut être employée pour contribuer à décrypter la société contemporaine. Il s’agira de prolonger cette première étape par de nouvelles investigations sur l’échantillonnage de la couleur. / Colour is omnipresent in our daily lives, but its representation in today’s marketing shows a double paradox: on the one hand, the use of advertising rhetoric, invoking characteristics of color – the same being manifestly denied by the manufacturing industry, and on the other hand, the multiplication of the image of color chart – but under printing-conditions that are opposed to the functions of exemplification it is supposed to fulfill. Using tools from poietic, this thesis intends to demonstrate what kind of changes manufacturers, industry and commerce has gone through in terms of construction of theidea of colour since the mid-nineteenth Century by questioning its various sampling modes, in particular how the color chart was introduced by manufacturers. Sampling of colour is here considered as an interface of maximum expression betweencolour producers and traders and those for whom it is intended: it originates from specific creative conducts - which it also generates. The purpose of this work is to measure the evolution of each type of provided - and obviously communicated - information through the color chart. The research is anchored to a body of documentation, upon which an analytical grid isapplied, first of all in order to define the five fields of information the colour sampling has allowed for. It also enables one to explore their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Thus it has been possible to develop operational concepts in order to define precisely two distinct creative lines: one generating the color chart and the other generating the sample collection. The chronological amplitude of this research and the prejudice to let the field maintain its ability to display all its treasures, has imposed its own limitations to this research. It has defined the framework and the main landmarks of a - until now - poorly explored subject and developed the conceptual tools capable of being re-used. An evaluation has been performed on the adequacy of the methodology, the tools and on implemented concepts. The results are encouraging as they show that the undertaken research has successfully identified the issues the color chart, the rich entity of where it comes from and what it leads to can contribute to deciphering contemporary society. The purpose is to extend this first step by carrying out new investigations on the sampling of color.

This thesis makes a number of contributions in the derivative pricing and risk management literature and to the growing literature that exploits information embedded in option prices. First, it develops an effective numerical scheme for importance sampling scheme of Fouque and Tullie (2002) based on a 2-dimensional lookup table of stock price and time to maturity that dramatically improves the speed of this importance sampling scheme. Second, the thesis presents an application of this importance sampling scheme in a Multi-Level Monte Carlo simulation. Such combination yields greater variance reduction compared to Multi-Level Monte Carlo or importance sampling alone. Third, it demonstrates how the Greeks can be computed using the Likelihood Ratio Method based on characteristic function, and how combining it with importance sampling leads to a significant variance reduction for the Greeks. Finally, it documents the positive relationship between the risk-neutral skewness (RNS) and future realized stock returns that is driven by the underperformance of highly negative RNS portfolio. The results provide strong evidence that the underperformance of stocks with the lowest RNS is driven by those stocks that are associated with a higher hedging demand, relative overvaluation and are also too costly or too risky to sell short. Moreover, by decomposing RNS into its systematic and idiosyncratic components, this thesis shows that the latter drives the positive relationship with future realized stock returns.

Enzymes are immensely powerful and efficient heterogenous catalysts which are essential for life. As essential to life as enzymes are, it is still not well understood exactly how they enhance the rate of their catalyzed reactions up to 19 orders of magnitude over their solution phase counterpart reactions. Recent research has focused on sub--picosecond motions coupled to the reaction coordinate, called rate--promoting vibrations, which are important components of several well--known enzymatic mechanisms and build upon previous models of enzyme activity. Herein I present two studies which are expressly focused on providing tools and knowledge to understand how dynamics affects enzymatic reactions. First, I present a method for the calculation of kinetic isotope effects from first principles, using transition path sampling and centroid molecular dynamics. This method allows for the calculation of kinetic isotope effects without the assumptions necessitated by transition state theory or free energy perturbation methods. It was found that this method could calculate the primary H/D kinetic isotope effect of the conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde in yeast alcohol dehydrogenase to within the margin of error of experimentally measured kinetic isotope effects of the same reaction. Second, I examined the role that evolution plays in the preservation of these rate--promoting vibrations, by performing a transition path sampling study of two lactate dehydrogenases, those of Plasmodium falciparum and Cryptosporidium parvum, which evolved through separate gene duplication events from a common malate dehydrogenase ancestor. It was found that though both lactate dehydrogenases share the same rate--promoting vibration, and indeed share the rate--promoting vibration found in other lactate dehydrogenases, the sequence variations in lactate dehydrogenase from P. falciparum causes a diminished contribution of the motions to the reaction coordinate. The studies presented in this dissertation contribute to the our understanding of enzymes on an atomistic level, as well as providing tools necessary for designing novel de novo enzymes and targeted drugs for enzymes of disease--causing organisms.