Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisabete Ferro Mendonca.pdf: 1930052 bytes, checksum: 772f421efdecf47a02c45460b7957433 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-13 / The wastewater resulting from milk production processes with animals at free stall barns has huge organic matter concentration and requires treatment before being disposed at the environment. At this study, the dairy cattle wastewater from free stall barns was treated in horizontal tubular anaerobic reactors with continuous flow and 9.6 liters volume each, made with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The material was collected at Iguaçu Farm, with geographic coordinates latitude 25°02'43.07" south, longitude 53°46'51.85" west and 641 meters altitude, sieved at 2 mm mesh and stored at -18 °C, conditioned in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packs. The material was put in room temperature before being added to the reactor each day. Different loads were used, resulting in retention times equals to were 8, 10, 15 and 20 days. Two temperatures were used: 30 and 35 °C; with 4 replications. Statistical data were evaluated by factorial crossover design 4 x 2 x 4, 4 factors of hydraulic retention time (HRT), 2 temperature factors and 4 replicates, with the average calculated by the Tukey method. They were evaluated the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, by colorimetric method, total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS), by gravimetric methods. The best treatments were met with 20 days HRT and 30 °C, with average 83.30% 76.16% and 86.23% of COD, TS and VS removed. The biogas production was measured relatively to COD, TS and VS removals, resulting in 1.32 m³ of biogas kg-¹ DQO at 5 days of HRT and 35 ° C. At the 8 days HRT and 30 ° C, they resulted in 1.05 and 1.01 m³ of biogas · kg-¹ of TS and VS removed from the system, respectively. / A água residuária resultante dos processos das atividades de produção intensiva de leite com animais em regime de estabulação completa possui elevada concentração de matéria orgânica e necessita de tratamento antes de ser disposta no ambiente. Neste estudo, a água residuária da criação e produção de bovinos leiteiros em regime de estabulação completa foi tratada em reatores anaeróbios tubulares horizontais de fluxo contínuo, em escala laboratorial, de volume útil de 9,6 litros cada, construídos em cloreto de polivinila (PVC). O material foi coletado na Fazenda Iguaçu, com coordenadas geográficas latitude 25°02 43,07 sul, longitude 53°46 51,85 oeste e altitude 641 metros, sendo peneirado em malha de 2 milímetros e armazenado a 18 °C abaixo de zero, em embalagens de polietileno tereftalato (PET). O material foi levado à temperatura ambiente antes de ser acrescentado aos reatores a cada dia. Foram utilizadas diferentes cargas, de forma que os tempos de retenção do efluente foram de 8, 10, 15 e 20 dias. Foram empregadas 2 temperaturas: 30 e 35 °C; com 4 repetições. Os dados estatísticos foram avaliados através de delineamento fatorial cruzado 4 x 2 x 4, sendo 4 fatores de tempo de retenção hidráulica (TRH), 2 fatores temperatura e 4 repetições; com as médias calculadas pelo método de Tukey. Foram avaliados a remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), a partir da metodologia colorimétrica, sólidos totais (ST) e sólidos voláteis (SV), com métodos gravimétricos. Os melhores tratamentos ocorreram com 20 dias de TRH e 30 °C com médias de 83,30%, 76,16% e 86,23% de DQO, ST e SV removidos, respectivamente. A produção de biogás foi avaliada em relação à DQO removida e aos ST e SV retirados do sistema, com 1,32 m³ de biogás·kg-¹ DQO em 15 dias de TRH a 35 °C e 8 dias com 30 °C, 1,05 e 1,01 m³ de biogás·kg-¹de ST e SV retirados do sistema, respectivamente.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-04-18T12:08:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ISIS JULIANE ARANTES GRANJA.pdf: 1309143 bytes, checksum: 3c564f96f6c30173df19ea1c01f8fe4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-18T12:08:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ISIS JULIANE ARANTES GRANJA.pdf: 1309143 bytes, checksum: 3c564f96f6c30173df19ea1c01f8fe4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-12 / This research aimed to analyze the application of exploratory statistical methods, in particular the PCA and HCA methods, in the analysis of data related to the production management in a chemical industry of household sanitation. The chemical industries of cleaning products, also known as sanitizing industries, shows a great market growth and consequently competitiveness, thus forcing the improvement in their productive performance. The software used in this analysis was the digital (commercial and managing system) and the "STATÍSTICA", version 7.0 (system of statistical calculations). The data are related is the 3A Química e Farmacêutica Ltda, located in the city of Caturaí, state of Goiás. Twelve months of the year 2016. The following variables were established: quantities produced and effectively sold of sanitizers in plastic gallons of 20 liters, 25 liters, 50 liters, 200 liters, 240 liters, gallons of can Iron) of 200 liters, boxes with 04 gallons of 05 liters; numbers of employees involved; cost with electric energy and global gross billing. The results obtained were analyzed through graphs and statistical tables, which represent three large groups of samples and effectively pointed to July as the most productive month of the year. It has also been shown that the rainy months are effectively the months of lower performance, which indicates a new strategy to be developed for improving this period and also considering that the production of boxes with 02 gallons of 5 liters and plastic gallons with 25 liters should be implemented to make the results even better. In this way, a methodology for the implementation of new packaging was consolidated in obtaining the improvement of productivity and performance in an industry of sanitation sector in the State of Goiás. / Esta pesquisa visou analisar a aplicação de métodos estatísticos exploratórios, em especial os métodos PCA e HCA, na análise de dados relativos à gestão de produção numa indústria química de saneantes domissanitários. As indústrias químicas de produtos de limpeza, também conhecidas como indústrias de saneantes, encontram-se em um grande crescimento de mercado e, consequentemente, competitividade, obrigando, assim, a melhoria em seu desempenho produtivo. A empresa analisada foi 3A Química e Farmacêutica Ltda, localizada no município de Caturaí, estado de Goiás. Os softwares utilizados nessa análise foram o da digital (sistema comercial e gerencial), pacote "R" e o “STATÍSTICA”, versão 7.0 (sistema de cálculos estatísticos). Os dados coletados referem-se ao período de doze meses do ano de 2016. Como variáveis estabeleceram-se as seguintes: quantidades produzidas e efetivamente vendidas de saneantes em galões plásticos de 20 litros, 25 litros, 50 litros, 200 litros, 240 litros, galões de lata (ferro) de 200 litros, caixas com 04 galões de 05 litros; números de funcionários envolvidos; custo com energia elétrica e faturamento bruto global. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados por meio de gráficos e tabelas estatísticas, resultados que configuram três grandes grupos de amostras e efetivamente apontaram para o mês de julho como sendo o mês mais produtivo do ano. Também se mostrou que os meses chuvosos são, efetivamente, os meses de menor desempenho, o que indica necessidade de elaborar uma nova estratégia para que esse quadro se modifique, sabendo, inclusive, que a produção de caixas com 02 galões de 5 litros e galões plásticos com 25 litros deverão ser implementadas para que os resultados sejam ainda melhores. Dessa forma se consolidou uma metodologia de implantação de novas embalagens na obtenção da melhoria da lucratividade e desempenho em uma indústria do setor de saneantes do Estado de Goiás.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisabete Ferro Mendonca.pdf: 1930052 bytes, checksum: 772f421efdecf47a02c45460b7957433 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-13 / The wastewater resulting from milk production processes with animals at free stall barns has huge organic matter concentration and requires treatment before being disposed at the environment. At this study, the dairy cattle wastewater from free stall barns was treated in horizontal tubular anaerobic reactors with continuous flow and 9.6 liters volume each, made with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The material was collected at Iguaçu Farm, with geographic coordinates latitude 25°02'43.07" south, longitude 53°46'51.85" west and 641 meters altitude, sieved at 2 mm mesh and stored at -18 °C, conditioned in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packs. The material was put in room temperature before being added to the reactor each day. Different loads were used, resulting in retention times equals to were 8, 10, 15 and 20 days. Two temperatures were used: 30 and 35 °C; with 4 replications. Statistical data were evaluated by factorial crossover design 4 x 2 x 4, 4 factors of hydraulic retention time (HRT), 2 temperature factors and 4 replicates, with the average calculated by the Tukey method. They were evaluated the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, by colorimetric method, total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS), by gravimetric methods. The best treatments were met with 20 days HRT and 30 °C, with average 83.30% 76.16% and 86.23% of COD, TS and VS removed. The biogas production was measured relatively to COD, TS and VS removals, resulting in 1.32 m³ of biogas kg-¹ DQO at 5 days of HRT and 35 ° C. At the 8 days HRT and 30 ° C, they resulted in 1.05 and 1.01 m³ of biogas · kg-¹ of TS and VS removed from the system, respectively. / A água residuária resultante dos processos das atividades de produção intensiva de leite com animais em regime de estabulação completa possui elevada concentração de matéria orgânica e necessita de tratamento antes de ser disposta no ambiente. Neste estudo, a água residuária da criação e produção de bovinos leiteiros em regime de estabulação completa foi tratada em reatores anaeróbios tubulares horizontais de fluxo contínuo, em escala laboratorial, de volume útil de 9,6 litros cada, construídos em cloreto de polivinila (PVC). O material foi coletado na Fazenda Iguaçu, com coordenadas geográficas latitude 25°02 43,07 sul, longitude 53°46 51,85 oeste e altitude 641 metros, sendo peneirado em malha de 2 milímetros e armazenado a 18 °C abaixo de zero, em embalagens de polietileno tereftalato (PET). O material foi levado à temperatura ambiente antes de ser acrescentado aos reatores a cada dia. Foram utilizadas diferentes cargas, de forma que os tempos de retenção do efluente foram de 8, 10, 15 e 20 dias. Foram empregadas 2 temperaturas: 30 e 35 °C; com 4 repetições. Os dados estatísticos foram avaliados através de delineamento fatorial cruzado 4 x 2 x 4, sendo 4 fatores de tempo de retenção hidráulica (TRH), 2 fatores temperatura e 4 repetições; com as médias calculadas pelo método de Tukey. Foram avaliados a remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), a partir da metodologia colorimétrica, sólidos totais (ST) e sólidos voláteis (SV), com métodos gravimétricos. Os melhores tratamentos ocorreram com 20 dias de TRH e 30 °C com médias de 83,30%, 76,16% e 86,23% de DQO, ST e SV removidos, respectivamente. A produção de biogás foi avaliada em relação à DQO removida e aos ST e SV retirados do sistema, com 1,32 m³ de biogás·kg-¹ DQO em 15 dias de TRH a 35 °C e 8 dias com 30 °C, 1,05 e 1,01 m³ de biogás·kg-¹de ST e SV retirados do sistema, respectivamente.

A evolução do capitalismo ao seu estágio supremo, a universalização das relações sociais capitalistas, implicou em uma ampla transformação da base estrutural dos países periféricos, modificando-lhes a organização social, política e econômica. Esse processo de transformação tem sido comumente denominado de modernização. A modernização pode ser entendida como um conjunto articulado de ações que se desenvolvem nas esferas política, social e econômica, visando dotar o complexo sistêmico que compõe o Estado Nacional, de maior racionalidade e eficiência no que tange aos seus objetivos. Essa racionalidade e eficiência que se expressam através da maior divisão e especialização das funções de todos os setores que compõe o organismo do Estado, é acompanhada pela emergência dos grupos de intelectuais geralmente identificados com os novos e dinâmicos setores produtivos, que inevitavelmente entram em conflito ideológico com a antiga elite intelectual dominante. O conflito ideológico é tido como inevitável, porque reflete a luta pela transferência do poder político de uma elite reconhecida como arcaica, para outra considerada moderna. No Rio de Janeiro de meados do século XIX aos primeiros anos do século XX, este conflito revelouse de forma explícita através das reivindicações dos engenheiros politécnicos, identificados ideologicamente com os interesses industriais nascentes. Nesse sentido, os engenheiros irão defender a reorganização do Estado, que neste trabalho foi estudada em uma das suas características, a reforma urbana da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, então capital do país. O termo reforma aqui empregado, tem um sentido muito mais amplo do que o termo remodelação, e deve ser compreendido como ruptura com o modelo organizacional sócio-econômico, espacial e político até então dominante. Aspecto mais visível dessa ruptura, o saneamento urbano da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, conhecido como Reforma Passos, modificou-lhe profundamente não apenas alguns aspectos fisiográficos, mas toda uma estrutura social e econômica que perdurava desde o período colonial. A velha cidade colonial, entendida como símbolo do atraso, desapareceria, e em seu lugar surgiria a moderna cidade industrial. Conduzida por engenheiros capitalistas e empresários, a Reforma privilegiou demasiadamente os interesses econômicos sem a devida preocupação com a solução dos sérios problemas sociais herdados do Império, tendo-lhes aumentado em alguns sentidos, a intensidade, como o demonstra a crise de moradia verificada no período, a qual não encontrou solução até os dias atuais. / The evolution of capitalism to is supreme stage, as well as the globalization of capitalist social transactions, implied in a big transformation on structural basis of periphery countries, modifying their social, political and economics organizations. This transformation process has been commonly denominated: modernization. The modernization can be understood as an articulated group of actions developed on political, social and economic layers aiming at to endow the complex that composes the State-Nation with more rationality and efficiency when concerning its objectives. The expression of this rationality and efficiency, trough the biggest division and specialization of the functions of all sectors that composes the State, is followed by the emergency of intellectual groups often identified as new and dynamic productive sectors that, inevitably, get in ideological conflict witch the old dominating intellectual elite. The ideological conflict is seen as inevitable because reflects the struggle for the transference of political power form an elite defined as archaic to another one considered as modern. In Rio de Janeiro, around the XIX century in the beginning of the XX, this conflict revealed itself through claims of polytechnic engineers, who would identify ideologically with the emerging industrial interests. In this direction, engineers would stand up for the reorganization of the State, wich in this paper work was studied in one of its characteristics, the urban reform of the city Rio de Janeiro, capital of the country on that time. The term reform here used, has a much more ample meaning than the term remodeling, and must be understood as the rupture with the social, economic, geographic and political organizational patterns. A more visible aspect of this rupture, the urban sanitation of Rio de Janeiro city, Known as Passos Reform, changed not only its physiographic aspects but also the whole social and economic structure wich had lasted since the colonial period. The old colonial city, seen as a symbol of the delay, would disappear to give place to the modern industrial one. Conducted by capitalist engineers and businessmen, the Reform enormously privileged the economic interests without concerning about serious social problems inherited by the Empire time, even increasing them as we can see in the housing crises which continuous until today. Using as reference this historical reality, the proposal of this work is to think over the mental representations, spread out and materialized by these engineers in the city of Rio de Janeiro, and on what basis they have developed them, aiming, with this scientific exercise, at correcting past mistakes and to help formulating more fair social urban public politics.

Diarrheal diseases are a global public health burden, killing 1.8 million people annually. Diarrhea disproportionately affects children and those in poverty. Most diarrheal cases can be prevented through safe drinking water, basic hygiene and/or sanitation measures, with drinking water interventions having the most impact on reducing diarrheal disease. A meta-evaluation was completed of studies evaluating a specific household water treatment method, the biosand water filter. Results from the meta-evaluation illustrate that biosand water filters improve drinking water quality and reduce diarrheal disease. However, there is no generally agreed upon field method for determining biosand water filter effectiveness that is useable in low-resource communities. A pilot study was conducted of potential field use indicators, including the Colilert coliform Presence/ Absence test, hydrogen sulfide, alkalinity, hardness, pH, and fluorescently-labeled latex microspheres. The study included both laboratory and field testing. The Colilert Presence/ Absence test had the highest correlation to the United States Environmental Protection Agency standard method (IDEXX Quantitrays), but more data is needed before making a recommendation. This study adds to understanding about evaluation of biosand water filters and provides preliminary data to address the need for a field use indicator for biosand water filters.

Globally, gastrointestinal (GI) infections by enteric pathogens are the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under the age of five (≤5). While GI pathogen exposure in households has been rigorously examined, there is little data about young children’s exposure in public domains. Public areas in low-income settings are often used for waste disposal practices beyond human feces disposal, including trash dumping in open drainage canals and unused lots. If young children play in public domains unattended, they might be exposed to interrelated and highly concentrated microbial, chemical, and physical hazards. This study performed structured observations at 36 public areas in a transitioning internally displaced persons community in Haiti, to document how often young children play in public areas and to quantify behaviors that might lead to illness and injury. Children ≤5 yrs played at all public sites, including toddlers (92%/sites) and infants (44%/sites). Children touched and mouthed trash (metal, glass, plastic), food and other objects from the ground, ate soil (geophagia), drank surface water; as well as touched latrines, animals, animal feces, and open drainage canals. Hand-to-mouth contact was frequent and significantly different among developmental stages (infants: 18/hr, toddlers: 11/hr, and young children: 9/hr), providing evidence that children could ingest trace amounts of GI pathogens and other contaminants on hands. These findings demonstrate that water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions need to consider the unique risks posed by public domains that contribute to GI infection in young children. Furthermore, this highlights the need for waste related interventions to address the broader set of civil conditions that create unsafe, toxic, and contaminated public environments where young children play.

Orientador: Marco Aurélio Gumieri Valério / Resumo: A Lei de Diretrizes Nacionais de Saneamento Básico, importante marco na política de saneamento brasileira, ainda não conseguiu se efetivar em grande parte dos municípios brasileiros e refletir-se em condições adequadas de saneamento, como nos municípios do Médio Vale do Jequitinhonha - piores índices regionais para o estado de Minas Gerais. Em âmbito nacional, o que se observa é que a não elaboração dos Planos Municipais de Saneamento (PMSB) é explicada por vários fatores: falta de recursos financeiros, limitação da capacidade técnica e falta de corpo técnico nas prefeituras. Outro desafio ao planejamento e à efetivação das políticas públicas de saneamento é a superação da tecnicidade e aplicação da intersetorialidade existente com outros campos do planejamento municipal. A fim de superar tal tecnicidade e compreender melhor as particularidades regionais apresenta-se neste trabalho um panorama do saneamento básico na região do Médio Vale do Jequitinhonha, incorporando pontos de vista de atores regionais e municipais. Foi realizada a pesquisa documental aliada à pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa com aplicação de questionário e entrevistas semiestruturadas com dois grupos de atores sociais. Aplicou-se também o Método de Diagnóstico de Problema utilizado na Gestão Estratégica Pública, a fim de modelizar o problema dos baixos índices de saneamento básico na região. Após a elaboração do fluxograma explicativo de problema foram definidos os nós estratégicos na visão dos atores. T... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The National Basic Sanitation Guidelines Law, an important milestone in Brazilian sanitation policy, has not yet been effective in most Brazilian municipalities and reflected in adequate sanitation conditions, as in the Middle Valley of Jequitinhonha municipalities - worst regional indexes for the state of Minas Gerais. At the national level, what can be observed is that the non-elaboration of the Municipal Sanitation Plans (PMSB) is explained by several factors: lack of financial resources, limitation of technical capacity and lack of technical staff in the municipalities. Another challenge to planning and implementation of public sanitation policies is to overcome technicality and incorporate existing intersectorialities with other fields of municipal planning. In order to overcome this technicality and better understand its peculiarities, this paper presents an overview of basic sanitation in the Middle Jequitinhonha Valley region, incorporating the views of regional and municipal actors. A documentary research combined with a quantitative and qualitative research with a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with two groups of social actors. The Problem Diagnosis Method used in Public Strategic Management was applied in order to model the problem of low rates of basic sanitation in the region. After the problem explanatory flowchart elaboration, the strategic nodes were defined. All material obtained was analyzed and used to improve understanding of sanitation in th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The research will help to design a shower for Dr. Chelson’s shelter, which can control the water flow, pressure and duration of the shower, which optimizes the utilization of water. The showers could be used in drought-hit areas where water is very scarce, as daily sanitation needs are necessary to keep a person safe and healthy without wasting water. The report from, World Health Organization shows that showers consume the most water. A timed shower could help resolve this issue through eliminating the wastage. Eco-friendly environmentalists may also be attracted to the showers, as their main purposes are to save energy and water. The showers could be set according to the needs of the person. Annually, the difference in costs reflects that these showers are effective and make optimal use of the available water and energy.

Today’s rapid growth in population on sub-urban areas has caused an increase in fecal coliforms to be discharged to down-streams and lakes. The unaffordability of conventional sewerage systems makes it inaccessible to big part of the population of rural communities to receive proper sanitation. Since population growth is only projected to increase during the next few years, action is necessary to change the course of the future of rural communities, more specifically described on this report, Louisiana’s communities. One option to offer affordable sewerage systems to the Louisiana region is that we utilize of the Simplified Sewerage technology. Simplified Sewerage has been tested on several municipalities around the globe, especially in Brazil. The results of its application have proven to be conclusive and beneficial to communities.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / Living in informal settlements is associated, theoretically, with the exposure and vulnerability to Brown Environmental Problems. Literature further stresses the association of informal settlements and poor living conditions by demonstrating that the establishment of informal settlements around the cities is intricately associated with poor living conditions that enforce circumstances of perpetual risk and high levels of vulnerability to Brown Environmental Problems. Overcrowding, poor service provision and heavy reliance on dirty fuels characterizes informal settlements and therefore link these settlements and environmental risks and hazards. The link between informal settlements and environmental risks and hazards is in return making people who live in these settlements vulnerable to, among other things, the Brown Environmental Problems, such as indoor pollution, dirty water, poor sanitation and poor waste management. It therefore became increasingly necessary to investigate the vulnerability to Brown Environmental Problems associated within these settlements. The investigation was done in Seshego, Zone 6, mostly known as Shushumela (Rainbow-Park). The study adopted a combination of the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach was used to describe the characteristics of the informal settlement, the types and origins of the Brown Environmental Problems, the living conditions within the settlement, and to detail the individual accounts of the informal settlements population’s opinions and experiences on their vulnerability. Additionally, quantitative approach was used to measure the demographic profile of the households within the settlements, to determine the population density in the settlements, the frequency of the households’ exposure to a variety of Brown Environmental Problems and the amount of time of exposure to dirty fuels, dirty water, and poor sanitation. The prevalence rate of the different types of the Brown Environmental Problems was also quantitatively constructed. The study compiled its conceptual framework by digesting and synthesising contributions from the system of ideas that involves the general assumption about the relationship between informal settlements living conditions and vulnerability of the populations therein to Brown Environmental Problems. Zone 6 is an informal settlement in Seshego, this settlement is also known as Rainbow Park-Shushumela. Like other informal settlements, Shushumela comprises of people who need a place to stay but unable to find one due to various reasons one of them being affordability issue. Shushumela informal settlement does not have basic services. Its residents stay in shacks and use their own ways to survive the situation of living without electricity, adequate sanitation and waste removal services. The residents are exposed to various Brown Environmental Problems such as indoor air pollution due the use of paraffin wood and coal, waterborne diseases and sanitation-borne diseases due to the limited access of water and use of pit latrines. The residents’ overall living conditions expose them to Brown Environmental Problems.