Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:21:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gucao_mfb_me_bauru.pdf: 634387 bytes, checksum: fae3ae34245bd12a6f7d7442ae8cac1a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A inclusão da história da ciência no ensino é hoje alvo de intensa discussão no meio acadêmico, haja vista os inúmeros estudos realizados que apontam para a real contribuição que esta abordagem pode ter no entendimento do conhecimento científico. A ciência galileana é, para nós, um exemplo que pode ser explorado de maneira frutífera neste âmbito e dá subsídios para diferentes discussões. No presente trabalho analisamos o Diálogo sobre os dois máximos sistemas de mundo ptolomaico e copernicano, de Galileu Galilei, sob a perspectiva científica e filosófica com o objetivo de discutir as suas possíveis contribuições para o entendimento de ciência e de historiografia da ciência, mais especificamente, de movimento e de referencial de movimento por meio da discussão sobre os modelos de sistema de mundo proposto deste a antiguidade até o sec. XVII. Além disso, apresentamos parte da historiografia galileana com as leituras de Alexandre Koyré, Paul Feyerabend e Maurice Clavelin. Focamos nossa discussão no ensino superior, pensando em sua relevância para a formação do futuro professor de física / The inclusion of history of science in teaching today is the subject of intense debate in the academy, given the numerous studies that point to the real contribution that this approach may have the understanding of scientific knowledge. The Galilean science is for us an example that can be fruitfully explored this area and given rants to various discussions. In this paper we analyze the Dialogue on the Two World Systems Ptolemaic and Copernican, Galileo Galilei, in the philosophical and scientifc perspective in order to discuss their possible contributions to the understanding of science and historiography of science, more specifically, movement referential through the discussion on standardized system propostos world from antiquy to the sec. XVII. In addition, we present part of historiography with the Galilean readings Alexandre Koyré, Maurice and Paul Feyerabend Clavelin. We focus our discussion on higher education, considering its relavance to the education of future teachers of physics

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctoral Degree in the Department of Curriculum and Instructional Studies at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2013. / This study sets out to investigate the teaching of social sciences learning area in the context of curriculum change in the Senior Phase of the GET band. The main purpose of this study is to investigate educators’ experience and competence in the teaching of social sciences. The study targeted Senior Phase educators in the GET band because they had significant experience in teaching the new broad-field curriculum. This study is located within the interpretative paradigm using the methodology of critical analysis. It uses the mixed-mode approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. Sampling of the participants was random owing to the poor accessibility of some schools in the circuit. The first research instrument was administered to Senior Phase educators to solicit their experiences of teaching learning areas since the implementation of NCS introduced the interdisciplinary approach to teaching and learning in schools. The second research instrument was the interview, followed by observation, to collect information on educators’ perception on a broad-field curriculum which advocates an integrated approach to the teaching of history and geography in schools. The third instrument was an in-depth interview which was used together with focus groups to solicit information about educators’ disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge, both of which are necessary for teaching history and geography as one discipline. The results showed that social science educators are still facing challenges with regard to the integrated teaching of history and geography. The results of the study have revealed that social science teachers in the Senior Phase are still teaching history and geography as distinct fields of knowledge. The critical analysis of findings has indicated that teachers’ ability to understand the broad-field nature of social science is still weak and its implementation is in conflict with the policy guidelines of integration.

The department of computer science, across many schools in the US, have been seeing a constant increase in enrollments over the last decade. This particularly impacts class sizes of introductory courses, as they are usually listed as required prerequisites courses. The students in these courses typically have very little or zero prior experience with programming. In such course settings, it is not an exaggeration to state that most students in these courses spend more one-on-one time with the course teaching assistants than they do with their course instructors. This implies that the kind of individual attention provided by the TAs of such courses to their students has a very high impact on the students’ learning and the quality of the TAs would greatly impact the quality of the course and directly or indirectly also impact the student retention rate and their interest in computer science for their academic/industry careers. We wanted to take a closer look at what it is that these TAs do, and how they do it. We observed TAs from two introductory courses for almost about two semesters, and conducted a focus group meeting each with TAs and students enrolled in these course. We found that the TAs felt responsible for instilling an interest in computer science in the students, apart from helping them to learn by themselves. We also found that the students see teaching assistants as a very valuable resource, when it comes to actually applying the concepts that they learn in lecture. Our findings tells us that there is a gap between what the TAs think they need to give as help to the students and what the students tend to expect from their TAs. We also discuss the implications of our findings and possible future work. / Master of Science

Ciência e Tecnologia são considerados empreendimentos culturalmente referenciados, p ira além de históricos e sociais. A categoria dual Fragmentos e Totalidades é contemplada tanto na criação científica quanto no seu ensinar-aprender. Diante das prevalências do conhecimento fragmentado e do componente inercial que resiste ao novo na educação científica dos vários níveis de escolarização, é proposta a adoção de conceitos supradisciplinares e unificadores para ancorar o tratamento didático-pedagógico desse conhecimento. As possibilidades de conquistas de ganhos culturais pelos educandos na estruturação de unidades interligadas de saber são discutidas e avaliadas. / Science and Technology are determined by cultural relations, besides their constraints with historical and societal process. The dualistic category Fragments & Wholeness is considered in epistemological and pedagogical references. In opposition to the fragmentation process and the inercial component to the new knowledge that still remains in all the Science Education levels, the adoption of unifying concepts as anchors for the didatic treatment of this knowledge is proposed. The possibilities of cultural acquirements conquered by the students during the construction of knowledge structures in the perspective of linkages and unities are discussed and evaluated.

Ciência e Tecnologia são considerados empreendimentos culturalmente referenciados, p ira além de históricos e sociais. A categoria dual Fragmentos e Totalidades é contemplada tanto na criação científica quanto no seu ensinar-aprender. Diante das prevalências do conhecimento fragmentado e do componente inercial que resiste ao novo na educação científica dos vários níveis de escolarização, é proposta a adoção de conceitos supradisciplinares e unificadores para ancorar o tratamento didático-pedagógico desse conhecimento. As possibilidades de conquistas de ganhos culturais pelos educandos na estruturação de unidades interligadas de saber são discutidas e avaliadas. / Science and Technology are determined by cultural relations, besides their constraints with historical and societal process. The dualistic category Fragments & Wholeness is considered in epistemological and pedagogical references. In opposition to the fragmentation process and the inercial component to the new knowledge that still remains in all the Science Education levels, the adoption of unifying concepts as anchors for the didatic treatment of this knowledge is proposed. The possibilities of cultural acquirements conquered by the students during the construction of knowledge structures in the perspective of linkages and unities are discussed and evaluated.

Teaching is a dynamic process involving teachers and learners in meaningful and collaborative efforts. Therefore, interacting with learners in the classroom is of vital importance to the teacher in order to enhance the teaching and learning process. The purpose of this research is to determine the factors influencing the participation of secondary school science learners in classroom communication (CC). The study was conducted in all the secondary schools in the Potchefstroom area, A questionnaire was compiled to investigate learners' level of participation in science CC, An interview guide for teachers was also compiled. A total of 235 Grade B learners were randomly selected from twelve (12) schools. The analysis showed that the teachers used primarily teaching-learning procedures that did not conform to the requirements of OBE. The reason is not necessarily that they are not well-informed on OBE principles, but the practicality of their leaching situations necessitated it In the process, learners do not acquire enough knowledge and skills needed for science classroom learning activities. This fails the main aim of enabling learners to participate in classroom communication, The limited use of communicative strategies in science teaching-learning can be attributed to a number of possible reasons, amongst which are: communication apprehension, poor language development, culture/heredity, and the types of classroom reinforcements and teaching styles. This study also focused on the factors that can positively influence classroom communication. An interview was conducted with teachers with the help of an interview guide. The results indicated that teachers, although generally warm and accepting, seem to be inflexible and lack dynamism when presenting the lesson, which in tum affects learners' participation in the classroom / Thesis (M.Ed.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2002

Orientador: Jair Lopes Júnior / Banca: Ana Maria de Andrade Caldeira / Banca: Sérgio Vasconcelos de Luna / Resumo: Os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais da área de Ciências Naturais para as séries iniciais do ensino fundamental preconizam, como objetivos de ensino, a aquisição e o desenvolvimento de distintas capacidades que, em última instância, são inferidas a partir de "fazeres" dos alunos. Contudo, propor orientações didáticas consistentes com o tratamento curricular desses "fazeres" (saber fazer como conteúdo curricular) mostra-se insuficiente para induzir mudanças em práticas de ensino comprometidas com a transmissão de conteúdos conceituais no ensino de Ciências. Esse estudo avaliou se interações planejadas entre o pesquisador e professoras das séries iniciais para o planejamento e a execução de duas unidades didáticas contribuiriam para a construção de conhecimentos sobre saberes docentes associados com a seleção de objetivos de ensino, com a escolha de práticas de ensino e de avaliação compatíveis com tais objetivos e com a interpretação das medidas de aprendizagem. Participaram quatro professoras do 2º ciclo (3ª e 4ª séries) do ensino fundamental da rede estadual de ensino. Todas as atividades de coleta de dados foram realizadas na própria escola. Na Fase I ocorreu a caracterização das práticas educativas, por meio de entrevistas e de atividades de observação das aulas ministradas pelas participantes. Na Fase II ocorreram interações entre o pesquisador e cada professora individualmente para o planejamento, a elaboração e a execução de uma unidade didática (UD1) sobre tema da área de Ciências Naturais selecionado pela professora. Em entrevistas realizadas na Fase III foram comparadas as aulas ministradas antes e após a UD1. Em seguida, nas Fases IV, V e VI ocorreram o planejamento, a execução e a avaliação da segunda unidade didática... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work investigated educational practice about science teaching in primary school, regarding the different curricular contents modalities. The aim was evaluated if planned intervention between researcher and four in-service public primary teachers to elaborate and to carry out a didactic unit could support the development of skills related with procedural content teaching and assessment. The data were gathered in teachers' school in the following sequence: a) interviews and class observations; b) planning, performing and observing two didactic units; c) didactic units evaluation. The didactic units performed showed larger teaching acts diversity than previous teachers' practices. Also, educational practices about didactic units allowed the development and emission of different behavioral measures concerned to selected teaching purposes. To search for procedures that could promote primary teachers' autonomy in selection and performance of these educational practices connected with teaching professional qualification programs about conceptual knowledge or content (facts, principles and concepts) in natural science domain justify the continuance of related studies. / Mestre

Orientador: Osmar Cavassan / Banca: Elenice Moura Varanda / Banca: Jandira Liria Biscalquini Talamoni / Banca: Renata Carmo de Oliveira / Banca: Fernando Bastos / Resumo: São freqüentes os textos que consideram que a botãnica apresenta grande dificuldade no seu processo de ensino e aprendizagem, gerando pouco interesse e baixo rendimento. Mas, por quê? Quais situações contribuem para reforçar esta afirmação? A partir de uma revisão teórica e histórica sobre o desenvolvimento do estudo dos vegetais, é possível dizer que uma delas seria a falta de atualização do professor em relação ao conhecimento botânico, cada vez mais específico. Outra situação, conseqüentemente, seria a forma como a botânica vem sendo ensinada: muito teórica, desestimulante, fundamentada na reprodução, repetição e fragmentação e distante da realidade dos alunos e dos problemas ambientais atuais. Percebe-se, enfim, a questão metodológica como central no processo de ensino e aprendizagem de botânica, dificultando, o entendimento e criando aversões quando não adequada. Segundo estudos recentes, é importante que os alunos tenham contato com os vegetais na natureza, aproximando-se do ambiente natural. / Abstract: Many papers hold the view that botany poses great challenge in its teaching and learning process, arising little interest and resulting in poor productivity. What factors account for this? Based on a historical and theoretical review on the development of the study of plants, it is possible to say that one of these factors is the lack of teachers with an updated Knowledge in this increasingly specific field. Another factor is the method applied in the teaching/learning process: too theoretical, unexciting, based on reproduction, repetition and fragmentation, distant from tody's reality and environmental problems. This inadequate method makes difficult for students to understand Botany, in some cases leading to aversion. Therefore, the methodological matter becomes the center of debate concerning the theaching/learning process of the study of plants. According to recent research, it is essential that students come into contact with plants within their natural environment. / Doutor

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as tendências de pesquisa em argumentação no ensino de Ciências (AEC) no período de 1988 a 2008 (21 anos). A argumentação é uma prática discursiva central na Ciência e, por isso, defendemos ser também central no ensino de Ciências (EC). Apesar da AEC vir ganhando importância na pesquisa em EC, são raros estudos que avaliam o histórico e as tendências dessa produção científica. Nosso estudo trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva documental, em que se analisaram 51 artigos científicos, publicados em revistas especializadas. Estes artigos foram classificados segundo (a) o tipo (empírico, de revisão ou de posição), (b) sujeito foco de análise (aluno ou professor), (c) seus perfis e supraperfis (categorias criadas a partir de dados coletados do foco, da pergunta e do objetivo de pesquisa) e (d) o tipo de uso da obra de Toulmin (1958) como referencial teórico. Os resultados mostraram que, na pesquisa em AEC: (a) apesar do predomínio de estudos empíricos, os de revisão tiveram papel de destaque no desenvolvimento da área; (b) a maioria dos estudos enfatiza o estudante como sujeito foco de análise e recentemente tem aumentado o número de artigos com foco no professor; (c) a maior parte das publicações referem-se a estudos com foco na estrutura do argumento e/ou na construção da argumentação, no entanto estudos com foco no ensinoaprendizagem vêm aumentando gradual e crescentemente nos últimos anos; e (d) o padrão de argumento de Toulmin (1958) foi, e ainda dá mostras que será, amplamente utilizado na pesquisa para a análise de argumentos, ressalvando, entretanto, que suas limitações como ferramenta metodológica têm motivado pesquisadores da área a criar novos instrumentos de análise, mais condizentes com os atuais focos de pesquisa. / This study aimed to identify research trends in argumentation in Science teaching (AST) in the period of 1988 to 2008 (21 years). Argumentation is a discursive practice central to Science and therefore we defend it to be central to Science teaching (ST) as well. Even though research in ST is gaining importance, only a few studies have assessed the history and trends of scientific production in the area. Our study is a documental descriptive research, in which 51 scientific papers, published in specialized journals, were analyzed. These papers were classified according to (a) type (empirical research article, review or position paper), (b) subject focused in analysis (student or teacher), (c) its profiles and supraprofiles (categories created from data gathered from research focus, question and objective) and, (d) type of use of Toulmin\'s (1958) work in the theoretical framework. Results showed that, in AST research: (a) despite predominance of empirical studies, review studies had a major role in the development of the area; (b) most studies emphasize the student as the subject focused on analysis and have recently increased the number of articles focusing on teachers, (c) most of the reports refer to studies focusing on argument structure of and/or construction of the argumentation; however, studies focusing on teaching and learning have been increasing gradually in recent years, and; (d) Toulmin\'s Argument Pattern (1958) was and shows signs that will continue to be widely used in argument analysis, stressing, however, that its limitations as a methodological tool have motivated researchers of the area to create new analytical tools, more consistent with the current research focus.

Esta tese versa sobre as potencialidades da divulgação científica como literatura para o ensino de ciências. Fundamenta-se em autores que contribuem para problematizar a divulgação científica, como Ana Maria Sanchéz Mora, José Reis, João Zanetic, Mônica Teixeira e Ângelo Machado. Fundamenta-se, também, nos pressupostos de uma educação humanizadora e ancora-se, quanto a esse aspecto, nas contribuições de Paulo Freire. Para reflexão sobre o resgate do sentido do trabalho escolar, foram fundamentais as contribuições de Bernard Charlot. A partir das reflexões geradas pelo diálogo com a bibliografia consultada, a discussão prioriza obras que têm como centralidade uma concepção de ciência pautada pela presença de contradições e conflitos, uma ciência inserida no plano da cultura e compreendida como processo vivenciado por cientistas - sujeitos também inseridos em contextos - uma ciência, portanto, marcada por dilemas humanos. Diferenciando a divulgação científica canônica da divulgação científica não canônica, este trabalho realiza uma análise de narrativas presentes em obras não canônicas de literatura, a saber, 2001- odisséia no espaço, de Arthur Clarke, O dilema do bicho-pau, de Ângelo Machado, Contato, de Carl Sagan e Os meninos da Planície, de Cástor Cartelle. Na análise das obras foram priorizadas as contribuições específicas para a compreensão da ciência como produção cultural e das potencialidades humanizadoras que tem o ensino de ciências voltado para compreensão de aspectos da subjetividade humana e dos conflitos da existência. Nas obras analisadas, foi possível perceber uma ênfase narrativa tipicamente mitológica, marcada por situações conflitantes, em, por exemplo, se realiza a polarização entre medo e encanto, desejo e possibilidade, sonho e experiência. Foi possível localizar também uma opção narrativa pela imaginação criadora, pela capacidade humana e por sua potencialidade criativa, elementos que são, nesse caso, motes fundamentais para reflexão sobre a vida humana e também sobre a ciência; uma ciência produzida a partir de injunções sociais e contextuais, levada a cabo por pessoas reais, também, portadoras de uma dimensão humana e subjetiva. Nas obras selecionadas, foi possível perceber uma provável contribuição para renovação do ensino de ciências, pois sua centralidade recai sobre a reflexão acerca da humanização dos sujeitos e não sobre a transmissão de conteúdos da ciência, embora essa dimensão, a da formação científica, esteja inequivocamente presente em todas elas, sem prejuízos. / This study is about scientific spreading potentiality as literature for science teaching. It is based on authors who have contributed to discuss the scientific spreading, such as Ana Maria Sanchéz Mora, José Reis, João Zanetic, Mônica Teixeira, and Ângelo Machado. It is also based on the presupposition of a humanizing education, and is anchored, in relation to this aspect, in Paulo Freire\'s contributions. From the reflections which have arisen through the dialogue with the consulted bibliography, it prioritizes the ones which have as centrality a conception of science related to the presence of contradictions and conflicts, a science inserted in the culture plan and understood as a process lived by scientists - also subjects inserted in contexts - a science, therefore, marked by human dilemma. Differing the canonical scientific spreading from the non-canonical scientific spreading, this study makes analysis of the narratives present in non-canonical works of literature, to know, 2001: A space odyssey, by Arthur Clarke, Os meninos da planície, by Cástor Cartelle, O dilema do bicho-pau, by Ângelo Machado, and Contact, by Carl Sagan. In the analysis of the works, specific contributions were prioritized in order to understand science as cultural production and the humanizing potentialities which have science teaching turned to the comprehension of human subjectivity aspects and of existence conflicts. It was possible to notice a typically mythological narrative emphasis in the analyzed works, marked by conflicting situations, as, for example, where the polarization between fear and enchant, desire and possibility, and dream and experience are carried out. It was also possible to localize one narrative option through the creative imagination, the human capacity and its creative potentiality, elements which are, in this case, fundamental motivations for the reflection about human life and also about science, a science produced from the social and contextual injunctions on, carried out by real people; these ones also having a human and subjective dimension. It was possible to suppose a likely contribution to the renewal of science teaching in the selected works, because its centrality remains over the reflection about the humanizing of the subjects and not over the transmission of science contents, although such dimension, the one of scientific formation, is undoubtedly present in all of them, without any harm.