In the last 35 years, several researchers have proposed, developed and tested different friction devices for seismic control of structures. Their research has demonstrated that such devices are simple, economical, practical, durable and very effective. However, research on passive friction dampers, except for few instances, has not been given appropriate attention lately. This has caused some of the results of old studies to become out-of-date, lose their validity in the context of today's design philosophies or to fall short on the expectations of this century's structural engineering. An analytical study on the behavior of friction devices and the effect they have on the structures into which they are incorporated has been undertaken to address the new design trends, codes, evaluation criteria and needs of today's society. The present study consists of around 7,000 structural analyses that are used to show the excellent seismic performance and economic advantages of Friction Damped Braced Frames. It serves, at the same time, to improve our understanding on their dynamic behavior. Finally, this thesis also sets the basis for future research on the application of this type of seismic energy dissipating systems.

Guyed masts are special type of structures that are widely used in the telecommunication industry. In the past, there was no guideline for seismic design of these types of structures in the corresponding design codes. On the other hand, in the latest &ldquo / G&rdquo / revision of the ANSI/TIA-EIA code there is a comprehensive design criterion for the seismic design of the guyed masts. However, during the design process of these structures the most common approach is to ignore the effect of seismic loading and use only the internal forces developed from the wind load and ice load analysis. In this study firstly the efficiency and accuracy of the commercial SAP2000 and PLS-TOWER software were investigated, then finite element models of three guyed masts that had been designed in Turkey with the heights 30m, 60m and 100m in the SAP2000 and PLS-TOWER software were analyzed under the effect of earthquake, wind and ice loadings. The most common design code recognized all over the world used for the design of the guyed masts is ANSI/TIA-EIA 222-G &ldquo / Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Supporting Structures&rdquo / . Thus, the corresponding sections of this code were followed during the study. The main objective of this research is to check the correctness of commercial SAP2000 and PLS-TOWER software and to investigate the effect of seismic actions on the guyed masts and also to gain a better understanding of the behavior of guyed masts under the effects of the wind, ice and earthquake loadings.

In today&rsquo / s world, buried structures are used for a variety of purposes in many areas such as transportation, underground depot areas, metro stations and water transportation. The serviceability of these structures is crucial in many cases following an earthquake / that is, the earthquake should not impose such damage leading to the loss of serviceability of the structure. The seismic design methodology utilized for these structures differs in many ways from the above ground structures. The most commonly utilized approach in dynamic analysis of underground structures is to neglect the inertial forces of the substructures since these forces are relatively insignificant contrary to the case of surface structures. In seismic design of these underground structures, different approaches are utilized like free-field deformation approach and soil-structure interaction approach. Within the confines of this thesis, seismic response of highway tunnels is considered through a case study on Bolu Tunnels, which are well documented and subjected to D&uuml / zce earthquake. In the analyses, the seismic response of a section of the Bolu tunnels is examined with 2-D finite element models and results are compared with the recorded data to evaluate the capability of the available analysis methods. In general, the results of analyses did not show any distinct difference from the recorded data regarding the seismic performance of the analyzed section and that the liner capacities were sufficient, which is consistent with the post earthquake condition of the Bolu Tunnels.

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En la evaluación estructural y ampliación de niveles para el cambio de uso de la casa del adulto mayor a centro comercial en el distrito de la molina, se determina que tan factible puede ser darle un uso comercial a una casa del adulto mayor que con las modificaciones necesarias a nivel de estructura como la ampliación de la misma en 3 niveles, nos brinda un negocio potencialmente rentable, gracias a la zona comercial donde se encuentra ubicada avenida alameda del corregidor – Cuadra 5 y el área aproximada de 700m2. Por ello ,tenemos como objetivo general evaluar la estructura de una casa del adulto mayor para el cambio de uso a centro comercial en el distrito de La Molina y como consecuencia a la evaluación determinar si es factible ampliarlo en 3 niveles más con el fin de darle un mejor uso, acondicionándola como tiendas comerciales en todos sus niveles. La principal teoría utilizada para evaluar la estructura y ampliarla son el análisis sísmico estático y dinámico teniendo en cuenta las cargas puntuales y distribuidas de la estructura para el estático y el espectro de Pseudo-aceleraciones para el dinámico de acuerdo a la normatividad vigente, también el modelamiento estructural en el programa ETABS con el que mediante el análisis del programa nos proporcionara los desplazamiento en la estructura y con estos resultados de acuerdo a la norma sísmica vigente podremos determinar las distorsiones en cada nivel siendo estos valores para que cumpla con la norma menores a 0.07. El tipo de investigación utilizado es básico, cuantitativo, explicativo y el diseño es no experimental, transversal y descriptivo. Es prospectiva pues trata de un diseño sísmico donde trabajaremos con valores proporcionados por el programa. De los resultados que se calcularon tanto en la estructura original como en la ampliación se determinó que el cambio de uso para la estructura original teniendo en cuenta el retiro de las cargas adicionales y la ampliación es factible ya que ningún valor en las torsiones fueron mayores al 0.07 propuesto en la norma. In the structural evaluation and extension levels for the change of use of the house of the elderly to shopping center in the district of La Molina, it is determined to be feasible as a commercial use to give a house the elderly with amendments necessary level of structure and expanding the same into 3 levels, it offers a potentially profitable business, thanks to the commercial area where it is located mayor Avenue Mall - Cuadra 5 to the approximate area of 700m2. Therefore, we have as a general objective to evaluate the structure of a house of the elderly for change of use to a commercial center in the district of La Molina and consequently to determine the feasibility assessment extend over 3 levels more in order to give better use, renovating as commercial shops at all levels. The main theory used to evaluate the structure and expand are static and dynamic seismic analysis considering point loads and distributed structure for static and pseudo-acceleration spectrum for dynamic according to regulations, also the structural modeling in ETABS program that by analyzing the program we provide the shift in the structure and the results according to current seismic code can determine distortions at each level being these values to comply with the norm under 0.07. The research used is basic, quantitative and explanatory design is not experimental, transversal and descriptive. It is a prospective for seismic design where work with values provided by the program. From the results that were calculated in both the original structure and the extension was determined that change of use for the original structure considering the withdrawal of additional charges and the expansion it is feasible because no value was higher by twisting 0.07 proposed in the standard.

No description available.

Seismic isolation systems are widely used to protect reinforced concrete (RC) structures against the effects of strong ground motions. After a magnitude 6.6 earthquake, the outpatient building of Lushan People’s hospital in China remained in good condition due to the seismic isolation technology, while the non-isolated older outpatient building nearby experienced major damage. The building provides a good opportunity to study and assess the contribution of isolation systems to seismic performance of RC structures. In the current research project, the isolated outpatient building was modelled and analyzed using computer software SAP2000. The post-yield behaviour of the structure was modelled by assigning multi-linear plastic links to frame objects. The rubber isolators were represented by rubber isolator link elements, assigned as a single joint element between the ground and the superstructure. The isolated structure was subjected to four earthquake records with increasing intensity. The performances of the isolated structure were compared with those of the fixed-base structures in terms of lateral inter-storey drifts, peak absolute floor accelerations, and residual drifts. The laminated rubber bearings, the high damping isolation devices, composed of rubber bearings and viscous dampers, and the hybrid isolation system of rubber bearings and friction pendulum bearings were analysed. The effectiveness of the three base isolation systems considered in enhancing structural performance was investigated. The results show the level of improvement attained in seismic response by each system. They also illustrate that the rubber bearings coupled with friction pendulum bearings produce the best drift control without causing excessive horizontal displacements at the base level and without adversely affecting floor accelerations.

Los sismos a través del tiempo han sido perjudiciales en el desarrollo de construcciones hechas por el hombre. Un sismo es un movimiento repentino del terreno producido por fuerzas que actúan en el interior del planeta; sus orígenes son numerosos pero el más importante son los choques entre las placas tectónicas. Respecto a las estructuras dañadas por el sismo, en la mayoría de los casos, son las viviendas familiares las que se ven perjudicadas en mayor medida, son muchas las causas, pero uno de los más importantes es la construcción de edificaciones de albañilería confinada realizadas sin ningún parámetro ingenieril (Hermosa, 2003). Por ello, cuando ocurre un sismo suele aparecer fallas en sus elementos estructurales, que en algunos casos no se le toma la debida importancia por el usuario, vale mencionar que este acto no es el correcto debido a que, si ocurriera un sismo de alta magnitud podría colapsar y como consecuencia se perderían vidas humanas. Por esta razón, a todos los profesionales dedicados al rubro de la construcción les es imprescindible contar con nociones de inspección de los daños estructurales y asimismo saber repararlas. En este documento se aprenderá las diferentes aplicaciones de métodos de inspección de fisuras en elementos estructurales tanto en columnas, vigas y muros, pero enfocado principalmente en el muro ya que, en esta técnica constructiva, el muro es el que soporta los esfuerzos, este análisis será de dos formas: Evaluación rápida y evaluación detallada. En la evaluación rápida, se determina rápidamente el riesgo o seguridad que representa la estructura; esta información será almacenada en una aplicación, el cual será la herramienta para la evaluación con el fin de determinar el nivel de seguridad de la vivienda, las cuales son seguridad total, habitable, cuidado e insegura, estableciendo de esta manera si la vivienda es habitable o no (Pinto y Torres, 2016). Finalmente, si la vivienda se encontrase en el nivel de seguridad de cuidado o insegura se pasará a una evaluación detallada; en esta evaluación se recomienda una inspección no mayor a 6 horas. En la evaluación detallada, se realiza una reevaluación de acuerdo a los niveles establecidos en la evaluación rápida, centrándose en los últimos niveles, cuidado e inseguro, respectivamente; se determinará las causas que originaron los daños, así como la magnitud de daños en los elementos estructurales a través de equipos de inspección, siendo algunos de ellos, el pacómetro y el comparador; para la posterior aplicación de diversos métodos de reparación. Finalmente, la reparación involucra la inyección de resina epoxi en grietas, reforzamiento con fibra de carbono, malla electrosoldada, entre otros. El éxito de la aplicación de estos métodos tiene como objetivo lograr disminuir el porcentaje de probabilidad de colapso y eliminar la pérdida de vidas humanas que se realizará mediante un modelamiento de la vivienda reparada la cual tendrá que cumplir con las normas de diseño sismorresistente. Como resultado de este modelamiento en Etabs se pudo comprobar que efectivamente tras la reparación a través de fibra de carbono y malla electrosoldada en los muros de albañilería confinada, la estructura es capaz de soportar sismos de igual o mayor magnitud. / Earthquakes over time have been detrimental in the development of man-made constructions. An earthquake is a sudden movement of the land produced by forces acting inside the planet; Its origins are numerous but the most important are the clashes between the tectonic plates. Regarding the structures damaged by the earthquake, in most cases, it is family homes that are harmed to a greater extent, there are many causes, but one of the most important is the construction of confined masonry buildings made without no engineering parameter (Hermosa, 2003). Therefore, when an earthquake occurs, failures usually appear in its structural elements, which in some cases do not take due importance by the user, it is worth mentioning that this act is not correct because, if a high magnitude earthquake occurs It could collapse and as a result human lives would be lost. For this reason, all professionals dedicated to the construction sector are essential to have notions of inspection of structural damage and also know how to repair them. In this document we will learn the different applications of methods of inspection of fissures in structural elements both in columns, beams and walls, but focused mainly on the wall since, in this construction technique, the wall is the one that supports the efforts, this analysis It will be in two ways: Rapid evaluation and detailed evaluation. In the rapid assessment, the risk or safety of the structure is quickly determined; This information will be stored in an application, which will be the tool for the evaluation in order to determine the level of security of the house, which are total, habitable, careful and insecure security, establishing in this way if the house is habitable or not (Pinto y Torres, 2016). Finally, if the house is at the level of care or insecurity, a detailed evaluation will be carried out; In this evaluation, an inspection of no more than 6 hours is recommended. In the detailed evaluation, a reassessment is carried out according to the levels established in the rapid evaluation, focusing on the last levels, careful and insecure, respectively; the causes that caused the damage will be determined, as well as the magnitude of damage to the structural elements through inspection equipment, some of them being the pacometer and the comparator; for the subsequent application of various repair methods. Finally, the repair involves the injection of epoxy resin in cracks, reinforcement with carbon fiber, welded mesh, among others. The success of the application of these methods aims to reduce the likelihood of collapse and eliminate the loss of human lives that will be done through a modeling of repaired housing which will have to comply with seismic-resistant design standards. As a result of this modeling in Etabs, it was found that after the repair through carbon fiber and welded mesh in the confined masonry walls, the structure is capable of withstanding earthquakes of equal or greater magnitude. / Tesis

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22418号 / 工博第4679号 / 新制||工||1730(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 KIM Chul-Woo, 教授 清野 純史, 教授 杉浦 邦征 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Movimientos telúricos ocurridos en distintas partes del mundo han originado considerables pérdidas económicas y humanas. Es importante mencionar también que, durante estos últimos años, en los principales países desarrollados tales como Taiwán, Japón y Estados Unidos se ha venido implementando nuevas tecnologías para mejorar el desempeño en las estructuras frente a acciones sísmicas como son los sistemas de protección sísmica. Uno de estos avances son los disipadores de energía fluido viscoso cuya implementación muestra resultados óptimos para el incremento del amortiguamiento y reducción de desplazamientos laterales. Para cumplir con el objetivo principal de la investigación, se evaluó el diseño estructural del bloque A2 del Hospital Santa Rosa, una edificación esencial ubicada en el distrito de Pueblo Libre, Lima. Se realizó el modelo y análisis sísmico de la estructura existente, cuyos resultados muestras derivas ( ∆=5.98%o ) mayores al límite establecido en la Norma E.030 ( ∆=5%o ). Además, presenta efectos de columna corta que originan el agrietamiento de las unidades de albañilería, hecho que los hace vulnerables. Frente a los resultados presentados se realiza una nueva modelación y análisis sísmico del bloque en estudio, considerando como reforzamiento los disipadores de fluido viscoso. Para ello, se analiza nuevamente la estructura a través de un análisis tiempo historia tomando distintas consideraciones como el sismo de diseño y las propiedades de los disipadores fluido viscoso en donde las derivas máximas se han reducido de 5.98%o a 3.30 %o. Adicionalmente, se analiza la estructura con una técnica de reforzamiento tradicional como son las placas de concreto armado, con el objetivo de evaluar la viabilidad de la primera propuesta. Los resultados indican que, con un reforzamiento de muros de concreto se obtiene una deriva de ∆=3.36%o y ∆=3.30%o empleando los disipadores viscosos, lo cual demuestra la viabilidad de la propuesta en respuestas estructurales. / Telluric movements in different parts of the world have caused considerable economic and human losses. It is also important to mention that, in recent years, in the main developed countries such as Taiwan, Japan and the United States, new technologies have been implemented to improve the performance of structures against seismic actions such as seismic protection systems. One of these advances are the viscous fluid energy dissipators whose implementation shows optimal results for increasing damping and reducing displacement. In order to comply with the main objective of the research, the structural design of block A2 of the Santa Rosa Hospital, an essential building located in the Pueblo Libre district, Lima, was evaluated. The seismic analysis and model of the existing structure was carried out, whose results show drifts ( ∆=5.98%o ) greater than the limit established in Standard E.030 ( ∆=5%o ). In addition, it presents short column effects that cause cracking of the masonry units, a fact that makes them vulnerable. In front of the presented results, a new modeling and seismic analysis of the block under study is performed, considering viscous fluid dissipators as reinforcement. For this, the structure is analyzed again through a time-history analysis taking different considerations such as the design earthquake and the properties of the viscous fluid heatsinks where the maximum drifts have been reduced from 5.98%o to 3 .30%o Additionally, the structure is analyzed with a traditional reinforcement technique such as reinforced concrete plates, with the aim of evaluating the feasibility of the first proposal. The results indicate that, with a reinforcement of concrete walls, a drift of ∆=3.36%o and ∆=3.30 is obtained using viscous heatsinks, which demonstrates the viability of the proposal in structural responses. / Tesis