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Reactive MgO and self-healing microcapsules for enhanced well cement performanceMao, Wenting January 2019 (has links)
The annular cement sheath plays a crucial role in ensuring well integrity by providing adequate zonal isolation, stabilizing the formation, and protecting the casing from corrosion. A majority of well integrity problems originate from oil well cement shrinkage and shrinkage-induced cracking, as well as cracking induced by other external stresses. The addition of expansive additives is a commonly used way to compensate for shrinkage. Compared to conventional ettringite-based and CaO-based expansive additives, MgO has many advantages including a thermally stable hydration product, relatively low water requirements for hydration, and designable expansion properties. These make MgO a promising candidate for delivering the desired expansion under the complex and variable underground wellbore environment. Self-healing materials which have the capability for autonomous crack repair are an attractive solution for addressing cracking problems in oil well cement. Engineered additions of healing agents for autonomic self-healing via a delivery system have been reported as effective ways to promote self-healing in cementitious materials. Microcapsules that can be easily added to cement pastes and dispersed through the cement matrix are considered particularly suitable for use in oil well cement. This research project investigates the efficacy of reactive MgO expansive additives to reduce shrinkage, and of sodium silicate microcapsules to improve the self-healing properties of oil well cement, and explores the feasibility of their combined use in a high temperature oil well environment. Three types of reactive MgOs from different reactivity grades, high reactivity N50, medium reactivity MAG-R, and low reactivity 92/200, were characterised in terms of their expansion characteristics in cement paste prisms cured in water, and further tested on their autogenous shrinkage reduction at 80oC. The highly reactive N50 could only partially compensate for autogenous shrinkage, while the less reactive MAG-R and 92/200 completely compensated for autogenous shrinkage. MAG-R and 92/200 also showed effective drying shrinkage reduction at 90% RH. The restrained expansion of MAG-R and 92/200 during an early age was found to significantly improve the cracking resistance of oil well cement. The free expansion of 92/200, with low reactivity, caused significant strength reduction, but under restrained conditions the effect was mitigated as its compressive strength was enhanced by confined expansion. The addition of MAG-R increased compressive strength under both free and restrained conditions. Two groups of sodium silicate microcapsules, T1 with rigid polyurea shells and T2 with rubbery polyurea shells, were characterised in terms of their thermal stability, alkalinity resistance and survivability during cement mixing, and the results verified their suitability for use in oil well cement at the high temperature of 80 oC. The effects of the two types of microcapsules on the self-healing performance of oil well cement at 80 oC were monitored using a variety of techniques. Oil well cement itself showed very little healing capability when cured at 80 oC, but the addition of microcapsules significantly promoted its self-healing performance, showing reduced crack width and crack depth, enhanced tightness recovery against gas permeability and water sorptivity, as well as strength recovery. Microstructure analyses of the cracking surface further verified the successful release of the sodium silicate core and its reaction with the cement matrix to form C-S-H healing products. Both groups of microcapsules showed comparable self-healing efficiency. Their different shell properties mainly influenced the strength of oil well cement, with rigid shell microcapsules causing less strength reduction than rubbery shell microcapsules. The overall performance of oil well cement containing both reactive MgO and microcapsules were evaluated. The combined addition of MgO MAG-R and T1 microcapsules showed similar expansion performance and self-healing efficiency compared to their individual use. The use of MgO MAG-R compensated for the strength reduction caused by the addition of microcapsules, achieving an overall improvement in the cement strength.
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Effect of Cellulose Fiber Addition on Autogenous Healing of Concrete and Their Use as a Bacteria-Carrier in Self-Healing MortarSingh, Harshbab 25 September 2019 (has links)
Crack formation under tensile forces is a major weakness of concrete. Cracks make concrete vulnerable to the extreme environment due to the ingress of water and harmful compounds from the surrounding environment. Conventional methods of crack repairing are expensive and time consuming. It is estimated that in Europe, cost related to repair works is half of the annual construction budget and the US has average annual maintenance cost for existing bridges through the year is estimated to $5.2 billion. To overcome this problem, a self-healing concrete is produced based on the application of mineral producing alkaliphilic Bacillus Subtilis (strain 168) bacteria. Metabolic activities of these bacteria on calcium-based nutrients results in precipitation of calcium carbonate, which helps to repair concrete cracks. In bacteria based self-healing concrete, the bacteria are protected in the dense cementitious matrix by encapsulating them in “bacteria-carriers”. However, the presently available bacteria-carriers are not always suitable for concrete because of their complex manufacturing procedures or high cost. With the aim to develop a more suitable bacteria-carrier, in this study feasibility of cellulose fiber as a novel bacteria-carrier for self-healing mortar is investigated. Cellulose fibers compared to other bacteria-carriers can serve the dual purpose of arresting cracks and at the same time be a bacteria-carrier in large scale concrete construction. Two types of bacterial mortar by using cellulose fiber as a carrier was prepared. For one type, nutrients were added inside the mortar mix, while for the other, nutrients were added into the curing water. The two types of composites; control and cellulose fiber reinforced concrete (CeFRC) have also been investigated for autogenous healing of concrete. The crack healing efficiency of bacterial mortars was investigated using image analysis and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test and compared with unreinforced and control cellulose fiber mortars. Variation in compressive strength for all mixes compared to control mortar is also presented in this thesis. Research shows that self-sealing mortar using cellulose fiber as a bacteria-carrier result in maximum self-healing as compared to other mixes. This study also aims to evaluate the self-healing potential and water permeability of CeFRC. Compressive strength and flexural tests were also performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the composites. Water permeability test was used to evaluate the coefficient of permeability and the self-healing performance was investigated by using UPV and a patented self-healing test. The results indicate that the water permeability coefficient decreased by 42% (+15% or -21%) whereas the healing ratio increased at a higher rate for the initial days of healing when cellulose fibers were added in the concrete. CeFRC also results in a 7.8% increase in flexural strength. / Graduate / 2020-09-13
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Illness, recovery and renewal and the role of creative painting experiencesThorley, Christine (Faith) January 2005 (has links)
This thesis is autobiographical in nature and follows my life experiences relating to the development and subsequent removal of a large epidermoid brain tumour. The resultant impairment of my faculties, and its effect on my vocational, emotional and spiritual life is outlined. My main means of expressing my journey from illness to partial recovery and self-renewal is through art-making. This art-making (a form of art self-therapy) is recorded in my paintings; included in my thesis as my main means of expression taking the place of the printed word, as my capacity to write and type is somewhat impaired. The main value of my thesis relates to recounting the experience, for others of the renewal of my life, following a major illness. Most brain tumours are fatal or severely limit the ability of a person to communicate, or limit their intellectual functioning. I was fortunate in that I could still communicate through using the visual arts; an area where I had retained my competencies. My thesis then, is aimed at increasing the understanding of illness, recovery and renewal for those in the helping and medical professions; also to give hope of life renewal through art expression and art therapy in cases where verbal and written means of communication are limited. The field of my thesis is adult education and personal learning through experience. This learning has focussed on using creative painting experiences as a way of self-healing. Those paintings that were significant in my recovery and renewal are exhibited in the Art Gallery section of this thesis. By viewing these artworks, you can share in, and understand my journey through illness, recovery and renewal through art-making, self-therapy.
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Microgel-based coatings and their use as self-healing, dynamic substrates for bioapplicationsSpears, Mark William 12 January 2015 (has links)
Microgels are solvent swollen, cross-linked polymer macromolecules of micro or nanoscale dimensions. In this work, microgels are used as versatile building blocks in layer-by-layer assemblies to form thin coatings. While conceptually simple materials, these microgel-based films actually possess extremely complex behavior as evidenced by two particular areas. First, microgel films have self-healing properties, allowing them to rapidly recover from damage in the presence of solvent. The healing step requires rearrangement of film components, demonstrating the dynamic and mobile nature of the films. Second, fibroblasts display complex behavior on microgel films arising from the properties of the coating. A chemical crosslinking treatment of the film affects the film network structure in a concentration-dependent manner. These network changes result in altered mechanical properties that are the primary controlling factor in determining cell behavior at the interface. These data suggest that fibroblasts are not solely controlled by the film elasticity, but rather by the viscoelasticity, and there is a viscoelastic range that results in maximal cell spreading.
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Anomaly-based Self-Healing Framework in Distributed SystemsKim, Byoung Uk January 2008 (has links)
One of the important design criteria for distributed systems and their applications is their reliability and robustness to hardware and software failures. The increase in complexity, interconnectedness, dependency and the asynchronous interactions between the components that include hardware resources (computers, servers, network devices), and software (application services, middleware, web services, etc.) makes the fault detection and tolerance a challenging research problem. In this dissertation, we present a self healing methodology based on the principles of autonomic computing, statistical and data mining techniques to detect faults (hardware or software) and also identify the source of the fault. In our approach, we monitor and analyze in real-time all the interactions between all the components of a distributed system using two software modules: Component Fault Manager (CFM) to monitor all set of measurement attributes for applications and nodes and Application Fault Manager (AFM) that is responsible for several activities such as monitoring, anomaly analysis, root cause analysis and recovery. We used three-dimensional array of features to capture spatial and temporal features to be used by an anomaly analysis engine to immediately generate an alert when abnormal behavior pattern is detected due to a software or hardware failure. We use several fault tolerance metrics (false positive, false negative, precision, recall, missed alarm rate, detection accuracy, latency and overhead) to evaluate the effectiveness of our self healing approach when compared to other techniques. We applied our approach to an industry standard web e-commerce application to emulate a complex e-commerce environment. We evaluate the effectiveness of our approach and its performance to detect software faults that we inject asynchronously, and compare the results for different noise levels. Our experimental results showed that by applying our anomaly based approach, false positive, false negative, missed alarm rate and detection accuracy can be improved significantly. For example, evaluating the effectiveness of this approach to detect faults injected asynchronously shows a detection rate of above 99.9% with no false alarms for a wide range of faulty and normal operational scenarios.
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Matériaux polymères à mémoire de forme et autoréparables contrôlés par la lumière via un effet photothermiqueZhang, Hongji January 2014 (has links)
Au cours des dernières décennies, le concept de « matériaux intelligents » a suscité un intérêt en croissance rapide en raison de l'apparition de plusieurs nouveaux types de matériaux polymères qui sont capables d'accomplir une fonction désirée en réponse à un stimulus spécifique de façon prédéterminée et contrôlée. Deux exemples représentatifs sont les polymères à mémoire de forme (SMPs) et les polymères autoréparables or réparables par un stimulus (SHPs). Ils sont sujets de cette thèse. D'une part, les SMPs sont des matériaux qui ont la capacité de mémoriser une forme spécifique. Après avoir été déformés et fixés à une forme temporaire, ils peuvent récupérer la forme originale et permanente sous l'effet d'un signal stimulant comme la chaleur, la lumière ou un champ électrique. Bénéficiant de la mise en œuvre relativement facile, les SMPs sont une alternative intéressante aux alliages à mémoire de forme bien établis; et ils ont trouvé un large éventail d'applications potentielles allant des implants pour la chirurgie non-invasive aux actionneurs sensibles aux environnements. D'autre part, les SHPs sont des matériaux qui sont capables de réparer des dommages mécaniques (fissures ou fractures) par eux-mêmes ou avec l'aide d’un stimulus externe. Leur développement a un grand intérêt pour améliorer la sécurité, prolonger la durée de vie et réduire le coût de l'entretien des matériaux. Sauf quelques matériaux souples (certains gels et élastomères) qui sont guérissables de façon vraiment autonome, la plupart des SHPs nécessitent l'intervention d'un stimulus comme c’est le cas pour les SMPs. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de développer de nouveaux SMPs et SHPs contrôlables par un rayonnement lumineux. La stratégie que nous avons utilisée est basée sur l'ajout d'une petite quantité de nanoparticules d'or (AuNPs ) ou de nanotiges d'or (AuNRs) dans un SMP ou SHP pour absorber la lumière visible ou proche infrarouge. L’idée est d’utiliser la chaleur dégagée par les nanoparticules lors de l’absorption de la lumière due à la résonance plasmonique de surface (SPR) pour contrôler les transitions de phase dans les polymères et, par conséquent, de dicter leurs processus de mémoire de forme ou de guérison. Bien qu’un effet photothermique est à l'origine de ces processus, tous les avantages de l'utilisation de la lumière comme stimulus sont conservés, tels que l'activation à distance et le contrôle spatiotemporel. Plusieurs travaux de recherche ont été réalisés au cours de cette thèse, dont les résultats, nous l'espérons, peuvent constituer une contribution de base faisant l'utilisation d’AuNPs et AuNRs une technologie de plate-forme pour le développement des SMPs et SHPs contrôlables par la lumière.
En ce qui concerne les SMPs, nous avons d’abord préparé un nouveau matériau nanocomposite AuNP-polymère à base d’oligo(ε-caprolactone) ramifié et réticulé. En faisant usage de chauffage localisé induit par la lumière, nous avons prouvé que la lumière visible peut être utilisée pour activer un processus de récupération de forme de manière sélective spatialement, et pour réaliser plusieurs formes intermédiaires sur-demande. En outre, nous avons constaté qu'en ajustant l'intensité de la lumière laser ou la quantité d’AuNPs, l'élévation locale de la température dans le matériau peut être importante et atteindre une amplitude prédéterminée sans influence défavorable sur ses environs. Cette caractéristique intéressante permet d'utiliser le même SMP pour des applications couvrant un large domaine de températures environnantes. De plus, dans cette étude, nous avons démontré comment l'énergie libérée dans un processus de récupération de forme contrôlé par la lumière peut être utilisée pour accomplir un travail mécanique.
Sur la base du projet précédent, nous avons ensuite fait la première démonstration que la polarisation de la lumière peut également être utilisée pour contrôler l'effet de mémoire de forme ainsi que le processus de récupération de forme. À cette fin, nous avons conçu et préparé un SMP anisotrope contenant des AuNRs orientés par étirage de films de poly(alcool de vinyle) (PVA). L'idée est que la quantité de chaleur dégagée par les nanotiges d’or lors de l'exposition à la lumière proche infrarouge, est déterminée par l’absorption de photons qui, pour un matériau anisotrope, est dépendante de la polarisation de la lumière incidente. Nous avons montré qu’en effet, changeant la direction de polarisation du laser incident par rapport à la direction d'étirage du film tout en conservant toutes les autres conditions inchangées, permet de contrôler le degré d'élévation de température dans le matériau, ce qui détermine le processus de récupération de forme. En découvrant ce nouveau moyen de control, cette étude a élargi la boîte à outils pour les SMPs contrôlables par voie optique.
Sur le côté SHPs, notre motivation d’exploiter l'approche photothermique est d'aborder la question difficile de la guérison de matériaux mécaniquement forts et dues. En général, une force mécanique élevée (ou une grande dureté) d'un matériau entrave sa capacité d’auto-guérison ou guérison induite par des stimuli en raison du manque de mobilité de chaînes du polymère, sachant que cette mobilité est cruciale pour la diffusion du polymère dans une région fracturée conduisant à la cicatrisation. Nous avons proposé la stratégie consistant à utiliser l'effet photothermique pour provoquer la transition de phase « fusion – cristallisation » pour la réparation. Dans une première étude, par le chargement d'une très petite quantité d’AuNPs dans deux polymères cristallins, le poly(oxyde d' éthylène ) (PEO, T[indice inférieur m~]63 °C) et le polyéthylène de basse densité (LDPE , T[indice inférieur m~]103 °C), nous avons réussi une guérison optique très rapide et efficace, fusionnant deux morceaux de polymère en contact en un seul avec des propriétés mécaniques bien récupérées. Nous avons confirmé le mécanisme de guérison basé sur la fusion des chaînes cristallisées lors de l’exposition à la lumière, suivie de la cristallisation lors du refroidissement après l'extinction du laser. Cette cristallisation des chaines ayant diffusé à travers les surfaces de coupe a pour effet de les fusionner pour la guérison. En plus de l'activation à distance et la capacité de cicatrisation rapide, nous avons aussi démontré le control spatial de la guérison optique car elle a lieu uniquement dans les régions fracturées exposées au laser.
Après avoir appris comment utiliser l'effet photothermique découlant de la SPR d’AuNPs pour réaliser le control des processus de mémoire de forme et de guérison dans des polymères séparés, nous avons continué notre effort pour développer des matériaux qui possèdent les deux fonctions de mémoire de forme et de guérison commandées par la lumière. La réalisation d’un tel matériau est aussi une tâche difficile en raison de l'incompatibilité structurelle entre les SMPs et SHPs, puisque la structure de réseau réticulé nécessaire pour le mémoire de forme réduit généralement la mobilité de chaînes requise pour la guérison. Grâce aux connaissances générées par nos recherches, nous avons proposé un design de matériau consistant à réticuler chimiquement un polymère cristallin (PEO) chargé d’une petite quantité d’AuNPs. Notre étude a montré que ce matériau polymère acquise l’effet de mémoire de forme contrôlable par la lumière et la guérison optique rapide dus au même effet de chauffage localisé induit par un laser. En effet, l'effet photothermique peut activer le processus de récupération de la forme du matériau en élevant sa température au-dessus de la T[indice inférieur m] de la phase cristalline et, dans le même temps, permet la cicatrisation de fissures par l'intermédiaire de fusion des chaînes cristallisées sous exposition au laser et la cristallisation ultérieure lors du refroidissement après l’éteinte du laser. De plus, nous avons démontré que ces deux fonctions peuvent être exécutées de manière séquentielle sur le même matériau, sans interférence entre elles. La mise en œuvre simultanée des deux fonctions distinctes dans un seul matériau peut élargir les applications possibles de SMPs et SHPs.
Par la suite, nous avons appliqué la stratégie établie avec des polymères cristallins aux hydrogels polymères. Il est connu depuis longtemps qu’il est très difficile d’obtenir des hydrogels mécaniquement robustes pouvant être réparés par effets de stimuli. Nous avons conçu et préparé un hydrogel hybride en chargeant une petite quantité d’AuNPs dans un hydrogel formé par copolymérisation du N, N-diméthylacrylamide (DMA), de l'acrylate de stéaryle (SA) et du N, N'- méthylène bisacrylamide (MBA). La force mécanique de cet hydrogel est donnée par une réticulation chimique qui coexiste avec une réticulation physique due aux chaînes latérales d’alkyles hydrophobes cristallisées. Encore une fois, par le contrôle de la transition de phase de « fusion-cristallisation » des chaînes SA à l'aide d'un laser, l'hydrogel hybride montre à la fois la fonction de mémoire de forme contrôlé par la lumière et la fonction de guérison optique efficace. Une grande contrainte à la rupture supérieure à 2 MPa a été obtenue pour un hydrogel coupé en deux et puis réparé par la lumièr.
La dernière, mais non la moindre, contribution portée par l’étude dans cette thèse est une découverte que nous avons faite sur les SHPs. Nous avons observé que l’hydrogel de PVA physiquement réticulé, étant préparé par la méthode de congélation/décongélation, peut s’auto-guérir à la température ambiante sans l’utilisation d’un stimulus ou d'un agent de guérison. Cette découverte est importante étant donné que cet hydrogel est biocompatible et un matériau largement utilisé pour des applications. Notre étude a montré que la clé pour obtenir une guérison autonome efficace de l'hydrogel de PVA ayant une force mécanique relativement élevée est d'avoir une quantité suffisante de groupements hydroxyle libres sur les chaînes de PVA pour ponts-hydrogène et une bonne mobilité de chaîne assurant la diffusion du polymère à travers les surfaces de coupe.
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Evolution du comportement d’un Composite à Matrice Céramique (CMC) auto-cicatrisante sous cyclage thermomécanique en atmosphère oxydante / Evolution of the behaviour of a self-healing matrix CMC under thermo cycling in an oxidizing atmosphereBertrand-Vieville, Rémi-Julien 09 December 2016 (has links)
Les composites à fibres et matrice céramiques sont des matériaux structuraux utilisés pour des applications aéronautiques, c'est à dire subissant des contraintes mécaniques et thermiques, en milieux oxydants et corrosifs et à température élevée. La résistance à l’oxydation/corrosion de ces matériaux est liée à leur capacité à s’auto-protéger par la formation d’un oxyde nappant la surface et limitant l’accès de l’oxygène vers le coeur du matériau. Des matrices multi-séquencées auto-cicatrisantes constituées de phases borées ont ainsi été conçues. Elles engendrent la formation d’une phase protectrice borosilicatée par oxydation dès les basses températures (i.e. à partir de 450°C). Lors de leurs applications, les pièces seront soumises à des cyclages thermomécaniques venant modifier la diffusion d’O2 à coeur, la répartition des oxydes liquides ainsi que leur état. La démarche expérimentale mise en place afin de caractériser l’influence de l’oxyde sur le comportement du matériau se dissocie en quatre parties : (i) identifier le comportement intrinsèque mécanique etthermique du matériau (à température ambiante, à haute température sous atmosphère neutre, enfatigue thermique), (ii) mettre en évidence une éventuelle interaction entre l’oxyde présent dans lematériau et le comportement mécanique macroscopique de ce dernier, (iii) déterminer si la viscosité del’oxyde (très dépendante de la température) vient modifier les transfert de charge F/M et (iv) observer quel peut être le comportement du matériau lorsque de la fatigue cyclique est réalisée en même temps qu’une rampe thermique, l’alternance d’ouverture/fermeture des fissures pouvant altérer l’auto-cicatrisation du matériau. / Composites made of Ceramic for both fibers and matrix aimed at being used in aerospace applications, that is to say, under mechanical stresses at high temperatures in oxidizing and corrosive environments. Resistance to oxidation /corrosion of these materials is linked to their ability to self-heal by creating anoxide phase limiting access of oxygen to the bulk of the material. Multi-sequenced self-healingmatrices made of boron containing phases were thus designed to promote the formation of a protective borosilicate phase by oxidation at low temperatures (i.e. starting at about 450°C). Parts made of this material subjected to thermomechanical cycles which will possibly change the distribution of O2 in the bulk as well as that of liquid oxides and their state. The experimental approach developed to characterize the influence of the oxide material behavior dissociates into four parts: (i) identify the intrinsic mechanical and thermal behavior of the material (at room temperature, in neutral atmosphere at high temperature in thermal fatigue), (ii) highlight a possible interaction between the oxide present in the material and the macroscopic mechanical behavior of the composite, (iii)determine if the viscosity of the oxide (very temperature dependent) modifies the charge transferF/M and (iv) observe what may be the behavior of the material when the cyclic fatigue is performed in conjunction with a thermal ramp, alternating the opening /closing of cracks that could alter the self-healing material.
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Magnetic Induction for In-situ Healing of Polymeric MaterialOwen, Christopher Cooper 11 July 2006 (has links)
The field of self-healing materials is growing dramatically due to the obvious in- centive of having structural materials with the ability to repair damage. Some polymers have demonstrated the ability to heal from damage autonomously[12, 26], when exposed to heat[1], or when punctured[5, 9]. The goal of this research is to develop a "proof-of-concept" polymer composite that has the ability to heal when exposed to an alternating magnetic field.
Several types of magnetic particulate were inspected for use in the production of polymer composite test samples. The types of particulate used in sample production were two supplies of γ-Fe₂O₃, one supply of α-Fe₂O₃, and one supply of Ni-Zn Ferrite. Surlyn 8940 was selected as the bulk polymer due to its self-healing qualities[9]. A method for melt mixing the particulate with the polymer in various volume fractions was developed and an SEM was used to study the dispersion of the particulate.
Once the polymer composite samples were made, various tests were conducted to characterize the samples in order to determine what effects the particulate had on the prop- erties of the bulk polymer. These tests included differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheology, conductivity, and magnetic response. Once the samples were characterized, tests were performed to study the composite polymers ability to heat and heal. These tests included healing microscopy, induction heating, and tensile testing. From this study, it was found that the addition of particulate to the bulk polymer does alter the properties by increasing viscosity and electrical conductivity.
However, the addition of particulate does not change the melt temperature, but allows the magnetic hysteresis loop of each composite sample to be revealed through magnetic testing. Through healing microscopy and tensile testing, the polymer composites were found to heal when heated, but at a higher temperature than the pure bulk polymer samples. Each type of polymer composite also heated to varying degrees through magnetic induction. Due to the ability of the polymer composite to heal and heat, a "proof-of-concept" has been provided for a magnetically healing polymer composite. / Master of Science
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Responsive Materials via Diels-Alder ChemistryStrange, Gregory Alan 01 March 2012 (has links) (PDF)
The corrosion of infrastructure imposes a significant monetary cost, and at times human cost, upon society. Methods to improve corrosion resistance of materials are described herein which utilize the reversibility of the Diels-Alder reaction to impart thermal responsiveness upon materials. Such stimuli responsiveness can potentially play a role in self healing properties which lead to reduced cracking and thus increased corrosion protection.
Reversible Diels-Alder chemistry was utilized to manipulate the surface energy of glass substrates. Hydrophobic dieneophiles were prepared and attached to glass slides and capillaries to yield a nonwetting surface. Thermal treatment of the surfaces cleaved the Diels-Alder linkage, and resulted in the fabrication of a hydrophilic surface. Preliminary analysis utilized contact angle (CA) measurements to monitor the change in surface energy, and observed a hydrophilic state (CA - 70±3°) before attachment of the dieneophile to a hydrophobic state (CA - 101±9°) followed by regeneration of the hydrophilic state (CA - 70±6°) upon cleavage of the Diels-Alder linkage. The treatments were then applied to glass capillaries, with effective treatment confirmed by fluid column measurements. Patterned treatments were also demonstrated to provide effective fluid flow gating.
Reversible Diels-Alder linkages were incorporated into polymer thermoset binding resins in order to provide a means by which a crosslinked thermoset could undergo stimuli responsive reversible crosslinking. The binder systems which were utilized included two types of amine curing agents, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Jeffamine® polyetheramines (PEA), and two types of epoxy resins, EPON resin based on diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol-A and epoxidized soybean oil. Various dienes and dienophiles were employed to functionalize the selected binder systems and were met with various degrees of success. The synthetic technique which proved to be the most promising was the Diels-Alder modification of the epoxidized soybean oil.
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Towards An Enterprise Self-healing System against Botnets AttacksAlhomoud, Adeeb M., Awan, Irfan U., Pagna Disso, Jules F. 05 1900 (has links)
no / Protecting against cyber attacks is no longer a
problem of organizations and home users only. Cyber security
programs are now a priority of most governments. Cyber
criminals have been using botnets to gain control over millions of
computer, steel information and commit other malicious
activities. In this paper we propose a self-healing architecture
that was originally inspired from a nature paradigm and applied
in the computer field. Our solution is designed to work within a
network domain. We present the initial design of our solution
based on the principles of self healing systems and the analysis of
botnet behaviour. We discuss how to either neutralize or reverse
(correct) their actions ensuring that network operations continue
without disruption.
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