What the Middle Neolithic Alvastra pile dwelling in Östergötland, Sweden, was used for has been discussed since the site was discovered in early 20th century. The interpretation by Mats Malmer of the pile dwelling as a ceremonial settlement is until today the most widely accepted. How the word 'settlement' (swe. 'boplats') has been defined and used in the interpretations of the pile dwelling is however something to consider. Hence, from definitions of the word 'settlement' this essay aims to investigate different researchers’ interpretation in the context of Alvastra pile dwelling. Using secondary sources both the interpretations of the definition and the archaeological material found at the pile dwelling will be studied. The interpretations of the pile dwelling have been, and still are, varied. This study is therefore of importance for the understanding of what a settlement is as well as for how it is, and has been, interpreted.

Negotiated settlements, formal treaties to unilateral cease-fires, are often accepted to be the preferable method to end war. When negotiated agreements are used in the normal business of international politics they can be potentially helpful devices; however, when they are relied upon for a nation's security or war prevention and conclusion they can prove disastrous. It is the presence of force variables, and not the formality of an agreement which effectively concludes a war. I recategorize success of an agreement to not only mean failure of a return to war, but also whether the tenets of an agreement are actually followed. I utilize a modified version of Fortna's conflict dataset and run three separate logit analyses to test the effectiveness of settlements in a medium n quantitative analysis. If politicians and policy makers realize that it is not treaties that establish peace but the costs of war and military might then perhaps the world will be a more peaceful place.

No description available.

This dissertation pays critical attention to the "community" concept in archaeological research, casting it as the flexible and impermanent loci of identity formation and social reproduction. In three articles, it investigates various iterations and transformations of the Arikara community in North Dakota after European contact. First, I examine the ethnohistoric record of the Upper Missouri River to investigate how increased flexibility in Arikara settlement strategies during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries yielded new community configurations, with particular emphasis on Arikara coresidence with their occasional enemies, the Mandans. The second article analyzes archaeological spatial data to elucidate how the organization of open space at the nineteenth- century coalescent settlement of Like-A-Fishhook Village structured interactions between the Arikara and the Mandan-Hidatsa. The third article explores how the Arikara navigated the reconfiguration of their community space as a result of allotment policies during the early twentieth century, and how the now-inundated settlement of Nishu is situated in the social memory and contemporary identity of the Arikara people. The Arikara case demonstrates that social and spatial configurations of community are not always commensurate, and that understanding the multidimensionality of belonging requires both archaeological and ethnographic approaches.

No description available.

A Administração Pública contemporânea se orienta por diversos novos paradigmas, entre os quais se identificam a ampliação das bases de legalidade, a processualização administrativa, a ressignificação do interesse público, o direito fundamental à boa administração pública, a adoção de instrumentos privados e uma nova postura relacional do Estado. No entanto, o cenário brasileiro revela o descumprimento desses paradigmas pela Administração, especialmente pela alta judicialização de suas relações com os cidadãos. Diante desse panorama, a adoção de soluções consensuais para os conflitos da Administração Pública se destaca na recuperação da proximidade perdida. Dentre as diversas modalidades de soluções consensuais de conflitos arbitragem, conciliação, mediação e transação , a transação extrajudicial se revela como preferencial, por basear-se no protagonismo das partes e revelar, assim, vantagens comparativas. Essas vantagens também se destacam quando a Administração Pública se utiliza da transação extrajudicial, hipótese em que esta se reveste da natureza jurídica de contrato privado da Administração. O trabalho enfrenta os diversos desafios conceituais e operacionais à adoção da transação extrajudicial pelo Estado, que se concentram principalmente em torno da legalidade, da impessoalidade, do interesse público e da postura de resistência dos gestores públicos. Com base no cenário delineado, o trabalho estuda as experiências nacionais e estrangeiras de transação extrajudicial na administração pública, para delas extrair os requisitos de validade e as hipóteses de cabimento de tais contratos. Por fim, o texto delineia diretrizes para que seja intensificado o recurso à transação extrajudicial pela Administração Pública. / The contemporary Public Administration is guided by several new landmarks, some of them being the wider basis for legality, the administrative proceduralization, the new meaning for the public interest, the fundamental right to a good administration, the use of private instruments and a new relationship posture by the State. Nonetheless, the Brazilian scenario reveals the void of theses paradigms by the Administration, specially with the high litigancy of its relations towards citizens. Facing this panorama, the adoption of alternative dispute resolution methods by the Public Administration stands out in the recovery of the lost proximity. Between the several alternative dispute resolution methods arbitration, conciliation, mediation and settlement , the extrajudicial settlement stands out as preferential, by basing itself on the parties initiative and by revealing comparative leverage towards the other methods. Such advantages are also present when the Public Administration utilizes the extrajudicial settlement technique, which holds the legal nature of an Administrations private contract. The thesis faces the several conceptual and operational chalenges for the use of extrajudicial settlement by the State, mainly based on legality, impersonality, public interest and the resistant posture of public officers. Within this scenario, the thesis studies the Brazilian and foreign experiences on the use of extrajudicial settlement on administrative activities, thus obtaining its validity requirements and cases of pertinence. At last, the text lines down directives for the intensification of the use of extrajudicial settlement contracts by the Public Administration.

No description available.

Summary: Since 1949, when K.B. Cumberland wrote the first geographical treatise on pre-20th century Maori settlement and livelihood in New Zealand, twenty-five major geographical studies on various aspects of the topic have been published. Of these, nine have been concerned with the nature of settlement, population distribution, and economy, as they varied from one area to another within New Zealand at given points in time. A further five studies, concerned with the historical geography of New Zealand in general, contain very brief accounts concerning the distribution of Maori population and the nature of the Maori economy in the 19th century. Four studies, relying on early European observations, have focused on the character of Maori settlement in particular regions: North West Nelson, Westland, Taupo County, and Tauranga County. Another study has analysed the nature of Maori land sales and the effect these had on the 19th century Maori population of one area in the North Island. One study has considered in detail the affect the so called �moa hunter� settlement had on the forests of the east coast of the South Island. And finally, five studies have focused on the nature and changes in Maori agriculture in the North Island from the late 18th to the 19th century-- Chapter 1.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University, [1954?] / Includes bibliographical references.

The arctic and subarctic regions of Canada are increasingly developing as integral, participating parts of the total Canadian and world scene. Basic to this development in the North are the human, natural physical, and designed or man- made environments. This study is concerned with one aspect of the designed environment: human settlements. On the basis of an evaluation of the existing settlement planning situation, an attempt is made to develop a skeletal, yet consistent, theory and methodology for settlement planning in the Mackenzie River Delta, Northwest Territories. The approach is from a comprehensive point of view, and includes social, economic and physical criteria directly in the planning process. A combined systems-factor analysis technique is experimentally developed as an aid to creativity in the planning process. Preliminary results indicate both an immediate practical use and a good potential for the further development of the approach as a panning tool.