Trumpalaikė emigracija suformuoja naujo tipo šeimas. Šioms šeimos skiriamas vis didesnis dėmesys, kadangi šioje srityje yra atlikta kol kas labai mažai mokslinių tyrimų. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti šeimų, patiriančių trumpalaikę emigraciją, išgyvenimus ir gautą pagalbą. Darbo klausimas: Kokius išgyvenimus patiria šeimos, kuriose egzistuoja trumpalaikė emigracija. Siekiant pasiekti užsibrėžtą tikslą bei uždavinius, pasitelktas kokybinis tyrimas, pusiau standartizuotas interviu. Tyrimo imtis – 5 moterys gyvenančios Vilkaviškio rajono savivaldybėje, kurių vyrai dirba tolimųjų reisų vairuotojais, tačiau visiškam duomenų pilnumui papildomai atlikti dar trys interviu. Jos buvo atrinktos panaudojant tikslinę tiriamųjų atranką bei „sniego gniūžtę“. Duomenys apdoroti atliekant turinio arba kitaip content analizę. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad šeimos, kurios išgyvena trumpalaikę emigraciją, patiria gana įvairius išgyvenimus. Tai labai priklauso nuo šeimoje vyraujančių tarpusavio santykių, sugebėjimo pasidalinti vaidmenimis, įvykus pokyčiams joje, taip pat nuo vaikų amžiaus, bendravimo su jais, vyrų emigracijos trukmės. Kuo vyrai ilgiau būna išvykę, tuo šeimos susiduria su tam tikrais sunkumais. Svarbiausia, kad dauguma jų nesikreipia pagalbos, nors pripažįsta, kad ji yra reikalinga. Tuo tarpu kitos nieko nelaukę kreipėsi pagalbos pas atitinkamus specialistus, anot kurių, ši pagalba yra efektyvi. O ši pagalba joms yra teikiama pagal poreikį. Nepaisant to, kad pusė tyrimo dalyvių teigė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Short term emigration forms families of a new type. The latter families receive more and more attention, as a number of researches in this field is rather low. Aim: analyze experience of families, suffering from short-term emigration and assistance they get. Question: what is experience of families, suffering from short-term emigration? In order to achieve the set aim and objectives, a qualitative research and a semi standardized interview have been implemented. Sample: 5 females, living in the municipality of Vilkaviškis district, whose husbands work as long-distance drivers. However, in order to collect the full data, other 3 questionnaire have been added as well. The latter have been selected by intended choice of the respondents and using a “snowball” method. Data have been processed using a content analysis method. The results of the research have revealed that experience of families, suffering from short-term emigration, differ, depending on a type of dominant relations, an ability to share roles in case of changes; also on the age of children, communication with them, duration of communication between fathers and children, etc. Longer the husbands are away, larger troubles the family faces. The main point is that the majority recognizes that they need assistance, but does not ask for it. However, others are asking the professional help immediately, and, as the specialists put it, this type of assistance was very efficient. The assistance for the abovementioned... [to full text]

Eight experiments tested priming in short-term memory as a model for latent inhibition and habituation. The model postulates that the two phenomena result from reduced processing when a representation of the target stimulus is already active (primed) in short-term memory at the time of its presentation. Priming is assumed to depend on the integrity of an association formed between the contextual stimuli and the conditional stimulus (CS) during exposure. Using a procedure that should have overshadowed the context, Experiment 1 found that latent inhibition and habituation were nevertheless maintained when a second CS of either equal or shorter duration overlapped with the target during exposure. Experiment 2 found no support for the priming of a configural stimulus when simultaneous compounds were preexposed. Experiment 3 ruled out sensitization and/or pseudoconditioning as an alternative explanation of latent inhibition. Experiments 4, 5 and 6 showed that sensory preconditioning as well as habituation and latent inhibition were obtained with compound exposure, providing evidence that the added CS was indeed processed along with the target. In Experiment 7, sequential pairings produced as much latent inhibition as compounds but less sensory preconditioning. Experiment 8 showed that retardation of conditioned inhibition was not attenuated by compound exposure. These results are interpreted as consistent with a correlational approach to classical conditioning.

Different versions of complex, simple, and running tests of immediate memory span were compared in their ability to predict fluid intelligence (gF). Conditions across memory tasks differed in terms of whether or not a secondary cognitive task was interleaved between to-be-remembered items (complex versus other span tasks), whether or not more items were presented than were ultimately to-be-remembered (running versus other span tasks), and whether presentation rate was relatively fast or slow (running and simple span tasks). Regressions indicated that up to 42.6% of variance in general fluid gF was explained by the memory span measures entered in different combinations. Across comparisons, shared relationships among span tasks accounted for a plurality of total variance in gF. Results indicate that in spite of procedural differences and resulting intra-individual variance in memory performance, the present memory tasks captured largely the same inter-individual variance in working memory capacity, insofar as this is important for higher-order cognition.

[Abstract]:Background:Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) multi-component model of working memory (WM) has provided the basis for exploration into the nature of remembering and manipulating information over a short period of time. This model arguesthat the passive short-term storage system is not involved in the more dynamic working memory tasks and has formed the basis of much research on clinical populations known to have deficits in WM. However, other models argue that short-term memory and working memory rely on common storagefacilities. The aim of this thesis was to explore whether there is justification for the continued separation of WM into fractionated components.Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with a wide range of cognitive deficits, including working memory problems. There is also some evidence to suggest that psychotic symptoms exist on a continuum and cognitive deficits similar to those found in SZ have been reported in people endorsing “psychotic-like” symptoms without a formal diagnosis of schizophrenia. It was hypothesizedthat the pattern of errors made by the SZ group would help to delineate the nature of deficit shown on WM tasks.Methods:General MethodsIn order to explore the structure of WM and performance of groups hypothesized to be impaired on WM tasks, a range of span and non-span tasks were administered. Forty-two (42) control subjects were recruited for the study. Based on their scores on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ - Raine, 1991), this group was divided into low scoring (NCL = 27 ) and high scoring (NCH = 15) groups. Thirty (30) people with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia were also recruited.Experiment 1Experiment one investigated the performance of these groups on simple, complex and delayed span tasks. A simple four-word recall task, with and without interference was used to examine accuracy, error types and anyrelationship to symptomatology.Experiment 2Experiment two set out to investigate the contributions to span performance. All subjects were administered measures of articulation speed, lexical access ability, and a range of STM, WM and LTM tasks.Experiment 3This experiment used a cued-recall paradigm to explore proactive interference effects by manipulating phonological and semantic representations over briefperiods. The task consisted of trials where the subject studied a series of one or two blocks of four words.Results:Experiment 1The results of this experiment replicated previous findings (Tehan, Hendry & Kocinski, 2001) of similar patterns of performance across the three tasks withperformance decrements increasing with task difficulty. The SZ group showed significant deficits even on the simple four-word span task. Patterns of errors were similar across the groups once overall levels of performance were taken into account. SZ subjects made more movement (order) errors than the other two groups and movement errors were associated with disorganised symptoms. The association between disorganised symptomsand loss of items from the end of the list were suggestive of impaired maintenance of item information. The high schizotypy control group performed below that of the low schizotypy controls, but only a few of the differences were significant.Experiment 2For both groups articulation and lexical access formed two of the composites. For the control group, all memory tasks contributed to form one single factor. For the SZ group three separate memory composites were needed. Usingregression analyses previous findings (Tehan & Lalor, 2000; Tehan, Fogarty & Ryan, 2004) were replicated for the control group with both lexical access and to a lesser degree, rehearsal speed contributing to memory performance.Rehearsal speed was a more important predictor for recall of familiar materials (such as letters and digits) in the SZ group. The reverse was true for simple word span, with lexical access making a significant impact and rehearsal speed having little impact. For more complex memory tasks,neither articulation rate nor access to lexical memory contributed to the performance of the SZ group. Once again poorer performance for the SZ group was associated with disorganised symptoms.Experiment 3The findings from this experiment revealed that even on the simple one block trials, the SZ subjects had difficulty accurately recalling the target word with acategory cue, even in the absence of distractor activity. The SZ group made more omissions and significantly more intrusion errors than the control groups. Intrusion errors were associated with disorganised symptoms on thePositive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). Despite their poorer overall performance, the SZ group did not have significantly more block-1 intrusions than the control groups suggesting that the interference effects for semantic and phonemic information were the same.Conclusions:This thesis presented evidence which is somewhat supportive of a common storage approach to WM. It calls into question the need to fractionate WMinto components. The multi-component model of WM is often used to investigate performance of SZ subjects, a population know to have WM deficits. Errors across a range of STM, WM and LTM tasks were examined in a SZ group and their performance was compared to two groups of controls: agroup with high scores on a measure of psychometric schizotypy and one with low scores. Implications regarding the purported source of deficits in WM are discussed.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- James Cook University, 2003. / Typescript (photocopy). Bibliography: leaves 199-218.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-68). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-60). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity International University, 2006. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 237-259).

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-90). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.