Understanding variation in key functional traits across gradients in high diversity systems and the ecology of community changes along gradients in these systems is crucial in light of conservation and climate change. We examined inter- and intraspecific variation in leaf mass per area (LMA) of sun and shade leaves along a 3330-m elevation gradient in Peru, and in sun leaves across a forest-savanna vegetation gradient in Brazil. We also compared LMA variance ratios (T-statistics metrics) to null models to explore internal (i.e., abiotic) and environmental filtering on community structure along the gradients. Community- weighted LMA increased with decreasing forest cover in Brazil, likely due to increased light availability and water stress, and increased with elevation in Peru, consistent with the leaf economic spectrum strategy expected in colder, less productive environments. A very high species turnover was observed along both environmental gradients, and consequently, the first source of variation in LMA was species turnover. Variation in LMA at the genus or family levels was greater in Peru than in Brazil. Using dominant trees to examine possible filters on community assembly, we found that in Brazil, internal filtering was strongest in the forest, while environmental filtering was observed in the dry savanna. In Peru, internal filtering was observed along 80% of the gradient, perhaps due to variation in taxa or interspecific competition. Environmental filtering was observed at cloud zone edges and in lowlands, possibly due to water and nutrient availability, respectively. These results related to variation in LMA indicate that biodiversity in species rich tropical assemblages may be structured by differential niche-based processes. In the future, specific mechanisms generating these patterns of variation in leaf functional traits across tropical environmental gradients should be explored.

L’attention visuelle est un processus cognitif qui priorise le traitement de l’information visuelle d’une région particulière du champ visuel. En électroencéphalographie, la méthode des potentiels reliés aux évènements permet l’extraction de composantes associées à divers processus cognitifs. La N2pc, une composante latéralisée caractérisée par une déflexion négative entre 180 et 300 ms post-stimulus du côté controlatéral à l’hémichamp dans lequel l’attention est déployée, reflète les processus impliqués dans le déploiement de l’attention visuo-spatiale. De nombreuses études antérieures ont soulevé plusieurs facteurs pouvant moduler cette composante, provenant d’autant de processus de bas niveau que de processus de haut niveau. Cette présente étude comporte une série d’expériences qui approfondit les connaissances sur le rôle de l’attention sur le traitement et la représentation des items dans les champs récepteurs des aires extrastriées du cortex visuel. Ces études démontrent ainsi que l’attention peut effectivement éliminer l’influence d’un distracteur dissimilaire à la cible lorsque celui-ci se retrouve dans le même champ visuel que l’item auquel l’attention est attribuée. Cependant, lorsque l’item est similaire à la cible, son influence ne peut être éliminée. De plus, cette présente étude identifie le rôle des filtres précoces et tardifs de haut niveau sur la sélection attentionnelle. / Visual attention is a cognitive process that improves the limited capacity of the visual system by prioritising the processing of information within the attended area of the visual field. Using the event-related potentials method, components associated to such cognitive processes can be extracted from electroencephalographic activity. The N2pc, a lateralized component characterised by a negative deflection between 180 – 300 ms post-stimulus in the posterior electrodes of the hemisphere contralateral to the attended visual hemifield, reflects processes associated to the deployment of visuospatial attention. Previous studies have identified numerous factors, both from bottom-up and top-down influences, capable of modulating this component. The present study expands our understanding of attention on the processing of information from within and between receptive fields in the extrastriate visual cortex. Particularly, the present study shows that attention can be dissociated from salient items when these are dissimilar to the target and that their influence is eliminated when this particular item is located within the same receptive field as the attended item. Additionally, this study recognizes the influence of early and late target-filter processes on attentional selection.

Birds are a key environmental asset and this is recognised through comprehensive legislation and policy ensuring their protection and conservation. Many species are active at night and surveys are required to understand the implications of proposed developments such as towers and reduce possible conflicts with these structures. Night vision devices are commonly used in nocturnal surveys, either to scope an area for bird numbers and activity, or in remotely sensing an area to determine potential risk. This thesis explores some practical and theoretical approaches that can improve the accuracy, confidence and efficiency of nocturnal bird surveillance. As image intensifiers and thermal imagers have operational differences, each device has associated strengths and limitations. Empirical work established that image intensifiers are best used for species identification of birds against the ground or vegetation. Thermal imagers perform best in detection tasks and monitoring bird airspace usage. The typically used approach of viewing bird survey video from remote sensing in its entirety is a slow, inaccurate and inefficient approach. Accuracy can be significantly improved by viewing the survey video at half the playback speed. Motion detection efficiency and accuracy can be greatly improved through the use of adaptive background subtraction and cumulative image differencing. An experienced ornithologist uses bird flight style and wing oscillations to identify bird species. Changes in wing oscillations can be represented in a single inter-frame similarity matrix through area-based differencing. Bird species classification can then be automated using singular value decomposition to reduce the matrices to one-dimensional vectors for training a feed-forward neural network.

The pivot tables is one of the most effective metric access method optimized for a number of distance computations in similarity search. In this work the new modification of the pivot tables method was proposed that is besides distance computations optimized also for a number of I/O operations. Proposed Clustered pivot tables method is indexing clusters of similar objects that were created by another metric access method - the M-tree. The indexing of clustered objects has a positive effect for searching within indexed database. Whereas the clusters are paged in second memory, page containing such cluster, which do not satisfy particular query, is not accessed in second memory at all. Non-relevant objects, that are out of the query range, are not loaded into memory, what has the effect of decreasing number of I/O operations and total volume of transferred data. The correctness of proposed approach was experimentally proved and experimental results of proposed method was compared to selected metric access methods.

The goal of the paper is to suggest a solution of an inefficiency in searching for previously searched and found information. The suggested solution is based on the use of a personal knowledge base built upon existing technologies and adapted to needs of common users. The thesis is focused especially to the search based on semantic similarities between tags. Collective knowledge is used for finding the similarities. The first part of the paper introduces the repetitive search problem by a few real world scenarios. In the second part the problem is analyzed from the personal knowledge base point of view. The third part explains the suggested solution that is built upon Delicious, a bookmarking service and DBpedia. The suggested solution is implemented as a prototype. In the final part the prototype is tested and evaluated. The test results suggest that the presented solution can make the repetitive search easier, but at the same time it exposes some performance issues that the proposed method brings up. The paper recommends modifications that could improve the performance and allow more extensive prototype testing. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

In the present work we explore application of XML schema mapping in conceptual modeling of XML schemas. We expand upon the previous efforts to map XML schemas to PIM schema via a decision tree. In this thesis more versatile method is implemented - the decision tree is trained from a large set of user- annotated mapping decision samples. Several variations of training that could improve the mapping results are proposed. The approach is evaluated in a wide range of experiments that show the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed variations of training. The work also contains a survey of different approaches to schema mapping and description of schema used in this work. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

13548805670613-46162052c208770f99e83a586780d16c.txt As the technologies for the realisation of the idea of the Semantic Web have evolved rapidly during past few years, it is possible to use them in variety of applications. As they are designed with the ability to process and analyze semantic information found in the data in mind, they are particularly suitable for the task of enhancing relevance of the document retrieval. In this work, we discuss the possibilities of identifying a suitable subset of the expressing capabilities of the SPARQL querying language and create a component that encapsulates the technical details of its usage. Page 1

Dans un environnement collaboratif de développement de produit, plusieurs acteurs, ayant différents points de vue et intervenant dans plusieurs phases du cycle de vie de produit, doivent communiquer et échanger des connaissances entre eux. Ces connaissances, existant sous différents formats hétérogènes, incluent potentiellement plusieurs concepts tels que l’historique de conception, la structure du produit, les features, les paramètres, les contraintes, et d’autres informations sur le produit. Les exigences industrielles de réduction du temps et du coût de production nécessitent l’amélioration de l’interopérabilité sémantique entre les différents processus de développement afin de surmonter ces problèmes d’hétérogénéité tant au niveau syntaxique, structurel, que sémantique. Dans le domaine de la CAO, la plupart des méthodes existantes pour l’échange de données d’un modèle de produit sont, effectivement, basées sur le transfert des données géométriques. Cependant, ces données ne sont pas suffisantes pour saisir la sémantique des données, telle que l’intention de conception, ainsi que l’édition des modèles après leur échange. De ce fait, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’échange des modèles « intelligents », autrement dit, définis en termes d’historique de construction, de fonctions intelligentes de conception appelées features, y compris les paramètres et les contraintes. L’objectif de notre thèse est de concevoir des méthodes permettant d’améliorer l’interopérabilité sémantique des systèmes CAO moyennant les technologies du Web Sémantique comme les ontologies OWL DL et le langage des règles SWRL. Nous avons donc élaboré une approche d’échange basée sur une ontologie commune de features de conception, que nous avons appelée CDFO « Common Design Features Ontology », servant d’intermédiaire entre les différents systèmes CAO. Cette approche s’appuie principalement sur deux grandes étapes. La première étape consiste en une homogénéisation des formats de représentation des modèles CAO vers un format pivot, en l’occurrence OWL DL. Cette homogénéisation sert à traiter les hétérogénéités syntaxiques entre les formats des modèles. La deuxième étape consiste à définir des règles permettant la mise en correspondance sémantique entre les ontologies d’application de CAO et notre ontologie commune. Cette méthode de mise en correspondance se base principalement, d’une part, sur la définition explicite des axiomes et des règles de correspondance permettant l’alignement des entités de différentes ontologies, et d’autre part sur la reconnaissance automatique des correspondances sémantiques supplémentaires à l’aide des capacités de raisonnement fournies par les moteurs d’inférence basés sur les logiques de description. Enfin, notre méthode de mise en correspondance est enrichie par le développement d’une méthode de calcul de similarité sémantique appropriée pour le langage OWL DL, qui repose principalement sur les composants des entités en question tels que leur description et leur contexte. / A major issue in product development is the exchange and sharing of product knowledge among many actors. This knowledge includes many concepts such as design history, component structure, features, parameters, constraints, and more. Heterogeneous tools and multiple designers are frequently involved in collaborative product development, and designers often use their own terms and definitions to represent a product design. Thus, to efficiently share design information among multiple designers, the design intent should be persistently captured and the semantics of the modeling terms should be semantically processed both by design collaborators and intelligent systems. Regarding CAD models, most of the current CAD systems provide feature-based design for the construction of solid models. Features are devised to carry, semantically, product information throughout its life cycle. Consequently, features should be maintained in a CAD model during its migration among different applications. However, existing solutions for exchanging product information are limited to the process of geometrical data, where semantics assigned to product model are completely lost during the translation process. Current standards, such as ISO 10303, known as STEP have attempted to solve this problem, but they define only syntactic data representation so that semantic data integration is not possible. Moreover, STEP does not provide a sound basis to reason with knowledge. Our research investigates the use of Semantic Web technologies, such as ontologies and rule languages; e.g. SWRL, for the exchange of “intelligent” CAD models among different systems, while maintaining the original relations among entities of the model. Thus, we have proposed an ontological approach based on the construction of a common design features ontology, used as an Interlingua for the exchange of product data. This ontology is represented formally with OWL DL. Furthermore, axioms and mapping rules are defined to achieve the semantic integration between the applications ontologies and the common ontology. The integration process relies basically on reasoning capabilities provided by description logics in order to recognize automatically additional mappings among ontologies entities. Furthermore, the mapping process is enhanced with a semantic similarity measure in order to detect similar design features. However, this will enable data analysis, as well as manage and discover implicit relationships among product data based on semantic modeling and reasoning.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à une problématique ayant de nombreuses applications pratiques, à savoir la comparaison automatique d’objets et l’évaluation de la similarité. Lorsque les objets sont modélisés par des graphes, ce problème de comparaison automatique d’objets se ramène à un problème d’appariement de graphes, c’est-à-dire, chercher une mise en correspondance entre les sommets des graphes permettant de retrouver le plus grand nombre de caractéristiques communes. Différentes classes existent allant de la plus restrictive à la plus générale. Dans la plus restrictive isomorphisme de (sous-) graphes, il s’agit de chercher un appariement exact entre les sommets des graphes de manière à prouver que les deux graphes possèdent une structure identique ou que l’un d’eux est inclus dans l’autre, un sommet étant apparié avec au plus un sommet. Dans la plus générale (appariement multivoque), l’objectif n’est plus de trouver un appariement exact mais le meilleur appariement, c’est-à-dire, celui qui préserve un maximum de sommets et d’arcs, un sommet pouvant être apparié à un ensemble de sommets. Nous nous intéressons au problème de la recherche du meilleur appariement multivoque, ce problème étant plus général que les problèmes d’appariement restrictifs. Sa résolution est clairement un défi tant par la difficulté du problème que par l’importance de ses applications. Pour relever ce défi, nous proposons d’étudier les capacités de l’optimisation par colonies de fourmis (ACO). Notre étude est menée dans deux contextes : un contexte statique, où le problème est figé, et un contexte dynamique, où les graphes à comparer, les contraintes à respecter ainsi que les critères définissant la qualité des appariements changent régulièrement de sorte que la solution doit être dynamiquement adaptée. Un premier objectif, de cette thèse, est de proposer l’algorithme ACO générique pour la résolution des problèmes d’appariement de graphes. Plusieurs points clés sont étudiés dans cet algorithme, à savoir : l’influence des paramètres sur la qualité des solutions construites, l’influence de la stratégie phéromonale et du facteur heuristique, et l’hybridation avec une technique de recherche locale. Un deuxième objectif est de proposer un algorithme ACO générique pour résoudre des problèmes d’optimisation dynamiques. L’algorithme proposé est appliqué et expérimenté à quelques problèmes dynamiques, à savoir : l’appariement de graphes, le problème du sac à dos multidimensionnel, et le voyageur de commerce / The thesis addresses the problematic of comparing objects and similarity measuring. If objects are described by graphs, so that measuring objects similarity turns into determining graph similarity, i.e., matching graph vertices to identify their common features and their differences. Different classes of graph matching have been proposed going on the most restrictive ones to the most general. In restrictive graph matching (graph or sub-graph isomorphism), the objective is to show graph equivalence or inclusion, a vertex in a graph may be matched with one vertex at most on the other graph. In general graph matching (multivalent matching), the goal is not yet to find an “exact” matching (a matching which preserves all vertices and edges), but to look for a “best” matching (a matching which preserves a maximum number of vertices and edges), a vertex in one graph may be matched with a set of vertices in the other graph. In our work, we consider the problem of searching the best multivalent matching which is a NP-hard optimization problem. More precisely, we propose to investigate the ability if the ant colony optimization meta-heuristic (ACO). Two cases are considered in our study: the static case where the problem remains invariant through time and the dynamic case where graphs to compare constrained to satisfy and the criterions defining matching quality may change over the time, so that solutions must be dynamically adapted to the changes. A first goal of this thesis is to propose a generic ACO algorithm for solving graph matching problems. Different key points, like the pheromonal strategy to be used, the heuristic factor and the use of a local search procedure, are studied. A second goal of this work is to propose a generic ACO algorithm for solving dynamic optimization problems. The proposed algorithm will be applied and experimentally studied on three different dynamic problems: graph matching problem, multi-dimensional knapsack problem and the travelling salesman problem

This project aims at giving a brief overview of the area of research called Authorship Analysis with main focus on Authorship Attribution and the existing methods. The second objective of this project is to test whether one of the main approaches in the field can be still be applied successfully to today's new ways of communicating. The study uses multiple stylometric features to establish the authorship of a text as well as a model based on the TF-IDF model.