This study deals with immigrants’ political participation in Sweden and the Netherlands. Scholars have recognized low level of political participation of immigrants in Sweden compared to the Netherlands. The main goal of this study is to analyze the institutional influence, mainly from political parties over immigrants’ motivation for active electoral participation. The modified actor-context model uses here as the main theoretical framework. In addition, social capital theory employs to analyze immigrants’ voluntary organizational membership. This study confirms that, Swedish immigrants have the lower participation rate in the political sphere, at lest to a certain extent, than its counterparts the Dutch immigrants. This study also confirms the argument that contextual factors can influence actor’s motivations in integration-oriented action, and similarly it validates the necessity of enlargement of the actor-context model.

The role of universities in supporting economic development has been explored in numerous studies emphasizing the mechanisms of technology transfer and knowl-edge spillover. However, in addition to these forms of intellectual capital, university scientists bring other resources into research collaboration and contribute to firm part-nerships in both direct and indirect ways. This thesis proposes the concept of resource spillover, which captures the various ways in which university scientists can benefit col-laborating firms. The study first analyzes firms, university scientists, and collaboration along with the concepts of ego, alter, and network ties in social capital theory; then it categorizes the resources possessed by university scientists into human capital, social capital, and positional capital, and tests the impact of each on the performance of a firm. The study finds that firms benefit from research collaboration in terms of both increased research capability and research output and improved public relations and research credibility. The study is carried out using a sample of new nanotechnology-based firms in the United States. As the U.S. government recognizes nanotechnology as providing scientific and technological opportunities with immense potential, this industry has be-come the recipient of significant federal R&D funding. In turn, because academic re-search has proven to be important to not only overall nanotechnology R&D but also in-dustrial R&D, it necessitates appropriate policy programs that support successful re-source spillover from academia and promote the development of industry.

After Taiwan lifted martial law in 1987, the Legislative Yuan enacted the amendment of the Act of Privatization of Government-Owned Enterprises in 1991; the Taiwanese had the first direct presidential election in 1996; the Legislative Yuan passed the Telecom Three Laws¡XTelecommunications Act, Organizational Statute of the Directorate General of Telecommunications and Chunghwa Telecom Company Act. Chunghwa Telecom Company was set up accordingly. It was the first time in Taiwan to have the ruling party changed in 2000; Ministry of Transportation and Communication approved three private fixed network businesses involving telecommunication operation; the Legislative Yuan passed the amendment of the Article 35 of State-owned Enterprise Management Act requiring that one-fifth of board of directors shall be designated by unions. In the year of 2003, the Legislative Yuan passed the resolution that any business with 20% of state shares shall have one union representative on the board of directors. The Democratic Progressive Party won the second-time prudential election in 2004; in the following year, Chunghwa Telecom Company became a private business. The Taiwanese experienced the second regime change in 2008. Asian financial crisis of 1997, the scandals of Enron and WorldCom of 2001, and global financial tsunami of 2008 have caused society unrest and economic recession. Consequently, corporate governance has become the global focus. Due to the negative social effects caused by the CEOs responsible for the international financial tsunami, it is the best time to re-examine the relations among employees, businesses, and governments. Telecommunications industry is an important platform for social networks, it not only has the features of monopoly and oligopoly, but also highly involves in public service that affect the development of a country and people's lives. This study adopts case study (document analysis, participatory observation, and content analysis) and comparative research as the main research methods. Based on the perspectives of neo-institutionalism, social capital theory, and IDA, the case of privatization and corporatization of Chunghwa Telecom Company is chosen to explore and analyze the institutional change process from a government-run Directorate General of Telecommunications to a private business, as well as from industry monopoly to a free market that have embedded in economic freedom, open society and political democracy. The process has involved huge commercial interests, consumer rights, and telecommunication workers¡¦ working rights. Before and after the formation of the policy, how the Chunghwa Telecom Workers¡¦ Union , a stakeholder of the privatization policy, initiated and put its claim for "industrial democracy - participation in management" in practice within the interactive relations among labors, employer and government is the focus of this research.

The community development in Taiwan has its unique connotation and meaning, some scholars pointed that the key to the continuous promotion of community development is in the self identity, collective participation and active support. Promotion of community development fears discontinuity. The phenomenon that commonly appears is discontinuity of residents¡¦ participation or unsatisfactory cohesive force of community. As a consequence, the community development is regarded as a mean to enable collective action of community residents, what affects the communities to enable an effective collective action is an issue to be discussed in the study. There are four purposes of this study : firstly; is to get to know the theoretical base of local community development task in Taiwan; secondly; to proof the effect among social capital, community empowerment and collective action; thirdly; to explore the operation strategies for ¡§urban¡¨ and ¡§rural¡¨ community development and lastly, to combine social capital, community empowerment and collective action theories related aspects to construct a ¡§continuous development model¡¨ for the community development in Taiwan. The research variables with regard to the community collective action of this study include: ¡§civic engagement¡¨, ¡§interpersonal trust¡¨, ¡§social networks¡¨, ¡§community empowerment¡¨, ¡§individual and social benefits (incentives)¡¨ etc., with community participants (effective sample size of 573 people in total) from 19 community development associations as research objects; including 10 communities in Kaohsiung city (urban community), 9 communities in Kaohsiung county and Tainan county (rural community), with questionnaires acquired to proceed reliability analysis and exploratory factor analysis, using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to construct variables and model test that affect the collective action of community residents for community development. According to analysis of overall sample, there is certain effect of civic engagement on social capital, community empowerment on social capital, social capital on collective action, and individual and social benefits (incentives) on collective action; moreover, a direct impact of community empowerment is shown on the collective action. According to the model fit outcomes, urban community samples are more close to ideal standard, followed by overall sample. The suggestions and strategies proposed upon the research outcomes were mainly divided into 3 directions : first of all, to increase activity management and construct interactive network from social capital perspective; second, to advance identification affection through learning capability from community empowerment perspective; eventually, to provide incentives to enable an interest from collective action perspective. There shall be positive and effective influence on the community collective action once the community development is planned and fulfilled as per 3 dimensions recommended by the study.

Abstract In recent years, the government has implemented several policies to lower the unemployment rate. In this insecure environment, the concept of employability has emerged as a key contributor to career success and job search success. Past researches show lack of attention on the relationship between employability and job search success, furthermore, most researches about employability were taking college students as examples. Thus, this research tries to proceed an empirical study of general job seekers and find out the effect of employability on job search success. Besides, it also comprehends the exploration of the mediating effect of the job search self-efficacy. After statistical analyses, the results are summarized as the following. 1. Adaptability has no effect on job search self-efficacy. 2. Adaptability has no effect on job search success. 3. Career identity has positive effect on job search self-efficacy. 4. Career identity has positive effect on job search success. 5. Human capital and social capital have positive effect on job search self-efficacy. 6. Human capital and social capital have positive effect on job search success. 7. Job search self-efficacy has positive effect on job search success.

Management information system department has long been considered as a supporting function in organization and develop the system which should fulfill users¡¦ need to support the business process. Although previous studies indicate users participate in project process can enhance the project outcome, the final ISD project failure rate is still high and extra costs and time occurs consequently. Based on internal service concept adopted from marketing filed, this study views MIS department is viewed as an internal service provider and end user is viewed as a customer in development stage. We attempt to understand the antecedents and consequence of user co-production in ISD project. Project outcomes are expected to be affected by user co-production, represented by open communication, shared problem solving, involvement in project governance, tolerance, accommodation, advocacy and personal dedication. Project outcome is evaluated by user satisfaction, system quality and project performance. Besides, this study adopted social capital theory and examined how co-production is affected by social capitals between users and developers. Paired data collected from both user representatives and developers through using survey approach was used to test proposed hypotheses. The results showed that user co-production has positively significant influence on project outcomes, and social capitals between user representatives and developers also have positively significant influence on user co-production. Discussion of the results and conclusions about this study were made. Finally, the study also provides some academic and practical implications

An empirical survey methodology is applied to test the research model and hypotheses proposed in this study. Five out of ten hypotheses are validated in our research model with Path Analysis. The research result reveals that the structural dimension of a group¡¦s social capital has the most impact on its absorptive abilities. On the other hand, a firm¡¦s absorptive capability of knowledge is affected by the relational dimensions of group external social capital. Furthermore, the result validates that both absorptive capability and the performance of project and product exhibit significant path dependency. This result will be useful to both the academic and business particularly in its advocacy of the cultivation of the structural dimension of a group¡¦s social capital.

A Corporate Social Responsibility Study in Kaohsiung City's Financial Institutions Abstract The heightened competition and reducing profit-margin in the banking industry have forced banks to change for facing the struggle environment. In addition, many deceptive crime and practices happened recently are all related to the banking system, such as cheating ATM events and disclosure customers¡¦ personal information inappropriately. Under the kind of situation, how to restore customers¡¦ trust to banks has become the priority issue in the banking industry now. Therefore, the theme of social responsibility has come back to the table and attract intensive interests from both the academics and industry. This research conducted an empirical study through a qualitative approach. The purpose of this study is trying to explore the framework on the corporate social responsibility for the financial institution. By in-depth interviewing 17 executives in the financial institutions and based on previous researches, this study concluded four categories of corporate social responsibility for financial companies. 1. Economic Responsibility: Good quality products, appeal channel for customers, business sales performance. 2. Legal Responsibility: Support the related laws and legislations for protecting environment. 3. Ethical Responsibility: Well system of employee training, support technology development, community citizenship, and the concept of respecting employees. 4. Discretionary Responsibility: Charity, helping the minority group, improving social problems, and corporate vision. Overall, companies have accepted and taken some actions on both responsibilities, Economic and Legal. In addition, there are two constructs in the category of Ethical responsibility, employee training and respect employee, improved from the level of ¡§acceptance¡¨ to ¡§action¡¨. In addition, the other two constructs in the category of Ethical responsibility, support technology development and community citizenship, have been accepted by the executives but can¡¦t achieve the level of ¡§action¡¨ as some related limited regulations. Finally, the construct of Discretionary responsibility has not been taken any action by these interviewed companies.

As middle management is pillar of enterprise, so to develop middle management¡¦s professional competence is the key factor for enterprise¡¦s growth and competitiveness. To strengthen middle manager¡¦s management skills that can improve business performance and could be the key process for nurture of future successor. In an organization, middle management plays the key role to integrate and adjust organizational competence, therefore the ability to build network relationship among members and cooperate with other people to enhance social capital, develop human capital and cumulate personal physical capital is the most important objectives. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation of social capital, job performance and career success. In this study, social capital is defined as independent variables, job performance and career success are defined as dependent variable. Furthermore, using the organization climate and shared normative frameworks as the interfered variable to investigat the effect of interference to social capital, job performance and career success. This study adopted questionnaire survey and target on middle management in various industry. The data were analyzed by reliability analysis, factor analysis, one-way ANOVA and hierarchical regression analysis to discuss the relationships between social capital, job performance and career success and the moderating effect of interference for organization climate, shared normative frameworks. The findings of the study are as follows. (1) Micro level and meso level of social capital correlates positively with career success. (2) Micro level and meso level of social capital correlates positively with job performance. (3) Organization climate and shared normative frameworks causes partially intervention on relation of micro level and meso level of social capital and career success. (4) Organiztion climate and shared normative frameworks causes intervention on relation of micro level social capital and job performance is partial significant. (5) Organiztion climate and shared normative frameworks causes intervention on relation of meso level social capital and job performance is not significant. According to the results, we offer the following suggestions: (1) For enterprise: To enhance information and resource flow, promote high quality leadership and communication, reinforce recruiting, talent selection strategy and organization climate; (2) For employee: To reinforce social capital to improve job performance, cultivate learning, responsible attitude.

Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizens live in base condition of society life area, base on the individuality cognition factors of information, education, morality, and ethic to the social reaction in the pluralistic society. People have to the co-operation and reciprocity each other in the everyday life. The morality norms standard depends on the different between private and public, to decide the co-operation and betrayal. The value or morality cognition embeds the society structure and society relations, it embodies social capital dimensions on interpersonal trust, network structure, and culture perception. They affect the individuality responsibility; reflect the north-south gap phenomena of economy, society, political, government, public policy and public management. For the issue on north-south gap includes in both individuality and society factor. a majority of research from the aspects on economy, society, political, and government. Few of research focus on civil culture empirical comparison study. Society system mechanism center in civil culture, from the judgment analysis aspects, the research employs the method of Social Judgment Theory, to investigate that Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizens think about multiple attributes relevant information to judge the private or public affairs, reflect value, morality cognition, and social capital in the everyday life. The aim is to prove abstract concept on value, morality cognition, and social capital, to establish empirical study of civil culture relevant variance, to reflect individuality society, to provide the operation procedure of morality cognition in the future study. The research design takes double system case, selects the value cues of free-speech ,society-identity, develop-efficiency, society-stable, and add-income; the morality cognition cues of unfair, upself, reciprocity, relation and toleration; the social capital cues of interpersonal trust, network structure, and culture perception, to reflect citizens psychology priority weight. it keys to north-south gap problem, by the way on economy development and public affairs management education to pass the society shift test and resolve problem. The subject is citizen, tests in sample 531and568 .The research findings: ¡]i¡^Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizen value priority weight: post-materialist¡]32% vs21%¡^,materialist¡]65% vs72%¡^,mixed type¡]3% vs7%¡^. ¡]ii¡^Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizen morality cognition priority weight: fairness¡]38% vs31%¡^, careness¡]42% vs47%¡^, fairness/ careness¡]20% vs22%¡^ ¡]iii¡^Taipei and Kasohsiung city¡¦s citizen social capital priority weight: interpersonal trust¡]44% vs44%¡^, network structure¡]27%vs19%¡^, culture perception¡]29%vs37%¡^. The results reflect that Kasohsiung city holds tradition society state; Taipei city owns modern society state.