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Way of life theory: the underlying structure of worldviews, social relations and lifestylesPepperday, Michael Edward, mike.pepperday@gmail.com January 2009 (has links)
What is the structure of society? Many thinkers have pondered the regularities. Way of life theory (WOLT) shows the relationship of every rational, social issue to every other rational, social issue.
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From two dichotomised, theoretical dimensions called grid and group, Mary Douglas deduced four ways of life usually called individualism, hierarchy, egalitarianism, and fatalism. WOLT shows the same four ideal types may be deduced from any significant pair of social issues, including competition, cooperation, coercion, freedom, justice, self-identity, nature, human nature, and more. Since four types may be divided pair-wise in three ways, there are three, not two, dimensions or axes.
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WOLT also deduces Douglass fifth type (the hermit) and resolves the long-standing logical anomalies of grid-group theory.
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In all, seven social theorists have independently deduced four types from various dimension pairs. Mistakes aside, they find the same four theoretical types. Evidently, the four types are natural kinds. Between them these theorists use three axes.
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Numerous intuitive theorists from across social science have developed types without dimensions, and dimensions without types. Though incomplete, they show no significant disagreement.
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It appears that every issue that must be taken into account to live socially fits the three axes. There is no flexibility: each issue fits the axes one way. Geometrically, three dichot¬omised dimensions yield eight types, however four of them are not viable and do not arise. Given just four valid points, the number of dimensions is necessarily limited to three. The axes generate thousands of predictions.
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Since deduction yields the same four types whatever issues are placed on the dimensions, the four types are, like objects of natural science, independent of any theorist. In turn, these four types control which issues fit and how they fit, delimiting the scope and refining the meaning of the issueswhich places the issues, too, beyond any theorists determination.
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As in natural science, the sphere of application is set by the deductive theory, not by a theorists pronouncement: what fits, fits. The domain appears to cover matters which people must take a position on to live socially. Emotional and internal personal issues will not fit.
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WOLT sharpens meaning, formalises structure and extends connections in areas as diverse as equality, liberalism, game theory, corporate culture, national culture, political right and left, religion, and working-class health.
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Like a natural science theory, WOLT is relational, not only taxonomic. As in natural science, no person, organisation, or social situation will conform exactly to its ideal types. It is falsifiable by deducing, or finding empirically, rival social types or a social phenomenon that will not fit. Empirical testing of the theory as a whole is awkward owing to its structure and to parochial effects. Three data sets failed to refute it.
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WOLT reveals how every social issue relates to every other social issue, providing a tool for analysing worldview, social structure, and social behaviour.
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Formalising the informal: the commercialisation of GM cotton in PakistanRana, Muhammad Ahsan January 2010 (has links)
Genetically modified insect-resistant (Bt) cotton is widely cultivated in Pakistan, although the Pakistani Government has yet to approve its commercial cultivation. This thesis is the first in-depth, systematic and critical examination of its commercialisation through the informal sector, and explains the conundrum of around 6.4 million acres of ‘illegal’ cultivation of a GM crop. / Most popular Bt varieties under cultivation in Pakistan contain Monsanto’s genetic modification event (called MON 531), widely believed to be under patent protection in Pakistan. Not wanting to infringe Monsanto’s intellectual property rights (IPR), the Pakistani Government has refused biosafety approval to these varieties. Consequently, the Pakistani breeders of these high-yielding Bt varieties commercialised them in the informal sector. This research decriminalises seed provision in the informal sector and shows that rather than being discrete categories, the formal/informal sectors are locations across which breeders and varieties travel. / For its part, Monsanto is not willing to enter the Pakistani seed market, considering it too disorderly in which to operate. It seeks to operate in the ‘high-differential’ end of the market, therefore requiring active engagement of the Government to keep the farmer from dropping out. Alternatively, Monsanto proposes that the Government licenses MON 531 on payment of an annual technology fee for use by Pakistani farmers and breeders. This technology fee is compared with Monsanto’s cost of development of Bt products, and Pakistan’s budgetary allocation for agriculture. On both counts, the technology fee demanded by Monsanto is excessive. / An examination of Pakistan’s patent law and the patents granted to Monsanto reveals that neither MON 531 nor biotechnological products/processes required for its insertion in local cotton varieties are patented in Pakistan. Thus Pakistan presents a unique case where the Government has consistently honoured patents that it never issued. It is argued that Monsanto’s non-existent IPR has been honoured due to the particular social relations between Monsanto and Pakistani farmers and breeders. Since MON 531 is a commodity objectifying the labour of a particular social group, a patent thereupon becomes a means to operationalise the social relations between this social group and those who consume this commodity. / An alternate route for commercialisation is through the hybrid seed. Monsanto is willing to enter the Pakistani seed market if its technology can be carried in hybrid seeds. But the use of hybrid seed is economically unfeasible in cotton production, and there are significant problems with hybrid seed production in large quantities for the Pakistani market. Yet Monsanto and other companies prefer the hybrid route to technology commercialisation because of an important latent function that hybrids perform – they stop the farmer from saving seed. / It is argued that IPR and the use of hybrid seed are key social and technical strategies for accumulation by dispossession. They represent the commodification of seed, which is a pre-requisite for the process of accumulation. At the same time, these appear to be the only available strategies within existing social relations for improving cotton germplasm and for providing quality Bt seed to the Pakistani farmer.
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Formalising the informal: the commercialisation of GM cotton in PakistanRana, Muhammad Ahsan January 2010 (has links)
Genetically modified insect-resistant (Bt) cotton is widely cultivated in Pakistan, although the Pakistani Government has yet to approve its commercial cultivation. This thesis is the first in-depth, systematic and critical examination of its commercialisation through the informal sector, and explains the conundrum of around 6.4 million acres of ‘illegal’ cultivation of a GM crop. / Most popular Bt varieties under cultivation in Pakistan contain Monsanto’s genetic modification event (called MON 531), widely believed to be under patent protection in Pakistan. Not wanting to infringe Monsanto’s intellectual property rights (IPR), the Pakistani Government has refused biosafety approval to these varieties. Consequently, the Pakistani breeders of these high-yielding Bt varieties commercialised them in the informal sector. This research decriminalises seed provision in the informal sector and shows that rather than being discrete categories, the formal/informal sectors are locations across which breeders and varieties travel. / For its part, Monsanto is not willing to enter the Pakistani seed market, considering it too disorderly in which to operate. It seeks to operate in the ‘high-differential’ end of the market, therefore requiring active engagement of the Government to keep the farmer from dropping out. Alternatively, Monsanto proposes that the Government licenses MON 531 on payment of an annual technology fee for use by Pakistani farmers and breeders. This technology fee is compared with Monsanto’s cost of development of Bt products, and Pakistan’s budgetary allocation for agriculture. On both counts, the technology fee demanded by Monsanto is excessive. / An examination of Pakistan’s patent law and the patents granted to Monsanto reveals that neither MON 531 nor biotechnological products/processes required for its insertion in local cotton varieties are patented in Pakistan. Thus Pakistan presents a unique case where the Government has consistently honoured patents that it never issued. It is argued that Monsanto’s non-existent IPR has been honoured due to the particular social relations between Monsanto and Pakistani farmers and breeders. Since MON 531 is a commodity objectifying the labour of a particular social group, a patent thereupon becomes a means to operationalise the social relations between this social group and those who consume this commodity. / An alternate route for commercialisation is through the hybrid seed. Monsanto is willing to enter the Pakistani seed market if its technology can be carried in hybrid seeds. But the use of hybrid seed is economically unfeasible in cotton production, and there are significant problems with hybrid seed production in large quantities for the Pakistani market. Yet Monsanto and other companies prefer the hybrid route to technology commercialisation because of an important latent function that hybrids perform – they stop the farmer from saving seed. / It is argued that IPR and the use of hybrid seed are key social and technical strategies for accumulation by dispossession. They represent the commodification of seed, which is a pre-requisite for the process of accumulation. At the same time, these appear to be the only available strategies within existing social relations for improving cotton germplasm and for providing quality Bt seed to the Pakistani farmer.
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Address and the Semiotics of Social RelationsPoynton, Cate McKean January 1991 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis is concerned with the realm of the interpersonal: broadly, those linguistic phenomena involved in the negotiation of social relations and the expression of personal attitudes and feelings. The initial contention is that this realm has been consistently marginalised not only within linguistic theory, but more broadly within western culture, for cultural and ideological reasons whose implications extend into the bases of classical linguistic theory. Chapter 1 spells out the grounds for this contention and is followed by two further chapters, constituting Part I: Language and Social Relations. Chapter 2 identifies and critiques the range of ways in which the interpersonal has been conventionally interpreted: as style, as formality, as politeness, as power and solidarity, as the expressive, etc. This chapter concludes with an argument for the need for a stratified model of language in order to deal adequately with these phenomena. Chapter 3 proposes such a model, based on the systemic-functional approach to language as social semiotic. The register category tenor within this model is extended to provide a model of social relations as a semiotic system. The basis for the identification of the three tenor dimensions, power, distance and affect, is the identification of three modes of deployment or realisation of the interpersonal resources of English in everyday discourse: reciprocity, proliferation and amplification. Parts II and III turn their attention to one significant issue in the negotiation of social relations: address. The focus is explicitly on Australian English, but there is considerable evidence that most if not all of the forms discussed in Part II occur in other varieties of English, especially British and American, and that some at least of the practices discussed in Part III involve the same patterns of social relations with respect to the tenor dimensions of power, distance and affect. Because most varieties of contemporary English do not have a set of options for second-person pronominal address, as is the case in many of the world's languages, English speakers use names and other nominal forms which need to be described. Part II is descriptive in orientation, providing an account of the grammar of VOCATION in English, including a detailed description of the nominal forms used. Chapter 4 investigates the identification and functions of vocatives, and includes empirical investigations of vocative position in clauses and vocative incidence in relation to speech function or speech act choices. Chapter 5 presents an account of the grammar of English name forms, organised as a paradigmatic system. This chapter incorporates an account of the processes used to produce the various name-forms used in address, including truncation, reduplication and suffixation. Chapter 6 consists of an account of non-name forms of address, organised in terms of the systemic-functional account of nominal group structure. This chapter deals with single-word non-name forms of address and the range of nominal group structures used particularly to communicate attitude, both positive and negative. Part III is ethnographic in orientation. It describes some aspects of the use of the forms described in Part II in contemporary address practice in Australia and interprets such practice using the model of social relations as semiotic system presented in Part I. The major focuses of attention is on address practice in relation to the negotiation of gender relations, with some comment on generational relations of adults with children, on class relations and on ethnic relations in nation with a diverse population officially committed to a policy of a multiculturalism. Part III functions simultaneously as a coda for this thesis, and a prologue for the kind of ethnographic study that the project was originally intended to be, but which could not be conducted in the absence of an adequate linguistically-based model of social relations and an adequate description of the resources available for address in English.
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Gender Relationships: Male Teachers in Primary EducationMr Malcolm Haase Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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A relação treinador-atleta-a relação entre o treinador e o jogador suplente em basquetebolRolla, Mario Toledo January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
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Contribuição das danças circulares para a interação de pessoas idosasMiranda, Ana Paola Palhares Ferreira de January 2001 (has links)
No description available.
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Os imigrantes alemães no bairro rural de Ferraz: terra, identidade, memórias e patrimônio cultural / German immigrants in the rural district of Ferraz: land, identity, memories and cultural heritageVarussa, Éder Rodrigo [UNESP] 25 October 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-10-25 / A imigração alemã no bairro rural de Ferraz é marcada por um caminho de lutas e histórias de vida, que perpassaram gerações e se mantêm vivas até os dias atuais. O trabalho no campo, a educação, a religiosidade e as festividades são marcas que possibilitaram reafirmar os laços de pertencimento e identidade das famílias alemãs em Ferraz. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar e analisar através da história social, como os imigrantes alemães que habitaram as terras da comunidade de Ferraz, conseguiram ali adaptar-se e criar raízes, desenvolvendo o local e deixando como herança o fortalecimento do sentimento de identidade e pertencimento aos seus descendentes. Nesse sentido, foram realizadas: pesquisa bibliográfica; revisão teórica (categoria de análise geográfica lugar e conceitos de patrimônio cultural, paisagem cultural, memória, identidade e bairros rurais); coleta de dados secundários; levantamento documental e coleta de dados primários, com imigrantes e descendentes antigos de Famílias Alemãs de Ferraz. Assim, foi possível apresentar características que propiciaram, a essas famílias alemãs, a garantia da sobrevivência e, ao mesmo tempo, a permanência de uma cultura que, apesar do tempo se manteve viva, sendo expressa pelas relações sociais, práticas rurais, espírito de integração, tradições e memórias, preservadas entre seus atuais sucessores. A recuperação da história social dessa comunidade alemã foi construída a partir de registros fotográficos e entrevistas, mostrando a forte ação humana na construção e formação do lugar. / German immigration in the rural district of Ferraz is marked by a path of struggles, and life experiences, which have spanned generations, and have been alive today. Job in the countryside, education, religiosity and festivities are trademarks that have made it possible to reaffirm the bonds of belonging and identity of the German families in Ferraz. In this context, the objective of this research is to identify and analyze through social history, how as the German immigrants who inhabited the lands of the community of Ferraz, managed to adapt and settle down, developing the place, and leaving as inheritance the Identity and belonging to their descendants. In this sense a bibliographic research was carried out; Theoretical review (category of geographical analysis Place and concepts of Cultural Heritage, Cultural Landscape, Memory, Identity and Rural Districts); Secondary data collection; Documentary collection and primary data collection (with immigrants and former descendants of German Families of Ferraz). In this way, it was possible to present characteristics that provided these German families with survival guarantee and, at the same time, the permanence of culture, despite of time, was kept alive, being expressed by social relations, rural practices, spirit of integration, traditions and memories, preserved among their current successors. The recovery of the social history of this German community was constructed from photographic records and interviews, showing the strong human action in the construction and formation of the place.
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A construção histórico social de gênero: significados sociais e sentidos para professoras de Ciências / The social historical construction of gender: social meanings and sense of science teachersSouza, Dianne Cassiano de 19 February 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2018-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Muitos dos significados transmitidos pelos professores, principalmente os de Ciências e Biologia, sobre as temáticas que envolvem sexualidade e gênero podem estar carregados de influências biologicistas e naturalizantes, sem a presença de conteúdos históricos referentes à construção social dos gêneros ou mesmo da expressão da sexualidade. Entendendo a importância dos conceitos de gênero e sexualidade, no Ensino de Ciências e tendo como referência teórico-metodológica o materialismo histórico-dialético, o objetivo deste estudo é compreender quais os sentidos de professores de Ciências sobre gênero e sexualidade e os significados sociais transmitidos aos estudantes, sob a luz da perspectiva histórico-cultural. Entrevistamos três professoras de Ciências do sétimo, oitavo e nono ano de escolas públicas de uma cidade do interior de São Paulo. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi uma entrevista semiestruturada e a análise dos dados foi feita a partir dos núcleos de significação, propostos por Aguiar e Ozella. Buscando a superação da imediaticidade dos fenômenos observados, nossa proposta foi analisar como se expressa no Ensino de Ciências as relações sociais de sexo, a partir dos significados e sentidos dos professores de ciências dos conceitos de gênero e à sexualidade. As análises revelam falta de domínio de conceitos como gênero, orientação sexual ou ainda transexualidade nos sentidos e significados identificados a partir dos núcleos de significação bem como a predominância do tratamento biologicista e naturalizante das questões de gênero e sexualidade no ensino de Ciências e a não formação dos professores para o tratamento do tema, corroborando com alguns estudos sobre a temática / Many of the meanings transmitted by teachers, especially those of Science and Biology, on the themes that involve sexuality and gender may be marked by biological and naturalizing influences, without the presence of historical contents related to the social construction of the gender or even the sexuality expression. Considering the importance of concepts of gender and sexuality, in Science Teaching, and having as theoretical-methodological reference the historical-dialectical materialism, the objective of this study is to understand the senses of Science teachers about gender and sexuality and the social meanings transmitted to the students, in the light of the historical-cultural perspective. We interviewed three Science teachers from the seventh, eighth and ninth-year of public schools in one city in the interior of São Paulo. The instrument used for the data collection was a semi structured interview and the analysis of these data was made from the nuclei of meanings, proposed by Aguiar and Ozella. Seeking to overcome the immediacy of observed phenomena, our proposal was to analyze how it is expressed in Science Teaching the social relations of sex, from the meanings and senses of science teachers of gender concepts and sexuality. The analysis reveals a lack of mastery of concepts such as gender, sexual orientation or even transsexuality in the senses and meanings identified from the nuclei of meanings as well as the predominance of biological and naturalizing treatment of gender and sexuality issues, in the science teaching and a nonformation of teachers for the theme’s treatment, corroborating with some studies on the thematic
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Uso da terra, técnica e territorialidade : os assentamentos de Santana do Livramento/RSAguiar, Júlia Saldanha Vieira de January 2011 (has links)
A presente pesquisa busca compreender o processo de territorialização e a territorialidade existente nos assentamentos da Reforma Agrária do município de Santana do Livramento, situado na Campanha Gaúcha, extremo sul do Brasil, fronteira com o Uruguai. O município conta com 31 assentamentos e cerca de mil famílias assentadas sobre 26 mil hectares de terras. Observamos o processo de territorialização como um evento de grandes proporções (SANTOS, 1996), que agrega mudanças às regiões onde ocorre, transformando o uso da terra e as relações sociais nesses lugares. A pesquisa se apóia na utilização de uma série de representações para estudar os assentamentos em escalas diferentes, tais como cartografia, fotografia e o registro audiovisual. A opção por utilizar os vários procedimentos relaciona-se com a natureza dos processos em observação, quais sejam, a materialização dos processos produtivos nos assentamentos, as técnicas utilizadas e as relações sociais envolvidas. Partimos da compreensão do território como manifestação complexa multidimensional, implicando necessariamente em uma relação entre material e imaterial (SAQUET, 2007). A territorialidade, assim, pode ser compreendida como produto de uma relação entre pessoas e espaço, uma articulação, que supõe uma interação dinâmica entre forma, ação e representação (HEIDRICH, 2010). O conceito base é o de espaço geográfico (SANTOS, 2008), ao qual o assentamento e suas pessoas, como subsistemas estão articulados. Procuramos assim reconhecer, de modo sobreposto, o uso da terra, as formas de organização social ali encontradas e as relações com o meio no qual os assentamentos se inserem. A análise é balizada por duas hipóteses. A primeira sugere que o meio no qual os assentamentos se inserem, por ser dotado de infraestrutura de produção e de distribuição já estabelecida, condiciona os projetos produtivos lá desenvolvidos a seguirem as linhas de produção já estabelecidas na região. A segunda hipótese sugere que, apesar desses condicionamentos vindos do meio, muitas famílias assentadas executam projetos produtivos autônomos, gerando novas relações, novos mercados e, em última instância, desde o ponto de vista da territorialidade, novos arranjos espaciais. Essa segunda hipótese, de superação dos condicionantes do meio, apóia-se no conceito de evento, tomado de Santos (1996). Observa-se que na condição precária de assistência por parte do Estado, e diante da necessidade de reproduzir a existência no novo lugar, inúmeras relações espontâneas se estabelecem nos assentamentos, em boa parte, classificadas sob o genérico nome de parcerias. O assentamento é assim observado como um lugar onde intensos processos auto-organizativos se manifestam, e onde esses processos produzem uma expressiva estratificação social dentro do próprio assentamento. / This study seeks to comprehend the territorialization process and the territorialities in agrarian reform settlements situated in the municipality of Santana do Livramento, extreme south of Brazil, bordering Uruguay. The municipality has 31 settlements that occupy 26 thousand hectares with around one thousand settled families. We observe the process of territorialization as an event of large proportions that brings changes to the regions where it is carried out, transforming land use and social relations in the regions where it is carried out. The research methodology comprises a series of representations to study the settlements in different scales, such as cartography, photography and audiovisual recording. The option for utilizing such procedures is due to the nature of the processes in observation, such as the materialization of the productive processes in the settlements, the techniques utilized and the social relations involved. We part from the idea of territory as a complex multidimensional manifestation, that implicates necessarily in a relation between the material and the imateiral (SAQUET, 2007). Territoriality, thus, can be comprehended as product of a relation between people and space, an articulation that supposes a dynamic interaction between form, action and representation (HEIDRICH, 2010). The base concept is geographic space (SANTOS, 2008), to which the settlement and its people, as subsystems are articulated to. We seek to acknowledge, in a superposed manner, land use, social organization forms and the relations with the context where the settlements are put. The analysis is surveyed by two hypothesis. The first suggests that the medium in which the settlements are put, as is endowed with the infrastructure for production and distribution, conditions the productive projects in the settlements to follow those already established in the region. The second hypothesis suggests that, despite this conditioning, many settled families execute autonomous productive projects, that generate new social relations, new markets and, from the point of view of territoriality, new spatial arrangements. This second hypothesis, bases itself on the idea of event (SANTOS, 1996). We observe that in the precarious conditions of assistance by the State, and due to the necessity of reproducing the family life in the new place, many spontaneous relationships take part in the settlements, generically named partnerships. The settlement is so observed as a place where intense auto-organized processes manifest, and where these processes produce an expressive social stratification inside the perimeter of the settlement.
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